白菜型多室黄籽油菜农艺性状的典型相关分析

以研究西藏油菜特异种质白菜型多室黄籽油菜的农艺性状表现为目的,采用单因素随机区组设计并结合典型相关分析方法,对白菜型多室黄籽油菜主茎性状(4个变量)、分枝性状(2个变量)、角果性状(4个变量)、产量性状(4个变量)等4组农艺性状(共含14个变量)间的典型相关关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)白菜型多室黄籽油菜单株产量主要靠增大千粒重来提高单株产量;(2)影响白菜型多室黄籽油菜产量性状最主要的是主茎性状、分枝性状和角果性状;(3)增加主花序长度和主花序角果数是提高白菜型多室黄籽油菜产量的主要育种目标.本试验所得结论能为白菜型多室黄籽油菜品种资源的开发和利用提供科学依据.     

中国西部芥菜型油菜遗传多样性研究

利用23对SRAP引物、11对AFLP引物和10对SSR引物对我国西部地区的芥菜型油菜及其近缘种108份材料进行了遗传多样性分析, 共检测到313个等位变异, 3种标记的每对引物平均分别可检测到6.8、12.5和1.9个等位变异。包括白菜型和芸芥在内的108份品种间遗传相似系数在0.378~0.936之间, 103份芥菜型油菜品种间遗传相似系数在0.545~0.936之间。聚类分析结果表明, 在相似系数0.558处, 5个参照品种白菜型油菜、小白菜以及芸芥首先被聚出芥菜型油菜之外; 在相似系数0.70处, 103份芥菜型油菜可分为云贵陕南冬播(A)、关中冬播(B)、新疆I (C)、新疆II (D)和西部春播(E)五个类群, 其中A、B基本为冬播品种, C、D、E为春播品种。A类群品种间遗传差异最大, B类群其次。陕西和新疆的品种均分别被聚到3个类群, 表现出更广泛的遗传多样性。春播类型绝大部分被聚到E类群, E类群可分为3个亚类, 其中陕北及其邻近一带春播黄芥为一类, 形成一个独立的遗传群体, 群内遗传多样性较高; 西藏的10个品种为一类, 相似系数高达0.83以上, 表现出西藏品种遗传系统的独立和遗传基础的单一; 澳大利亚2个品种单独为一类, 与我国的春播品种关系较近。由此说明, 地理和生态条件是影响芥菜型油菜类群的主要因素, 我国的冬播品种间的遗传多样性高于春播品种, 陕西和新疆的芥菜型油菜遗传多样性较高。     

贵州芥菜型油菜栽培管理现状及对策

芥菜型油菜,是油菜三大类型之一。多数学者认为它起源于亚洲,其多样性中心在中国。有的学者认为它起源于我国西部,已有6800年以上的历史。我省农民习惯称芥菜型品种为“苦油菜”、“黄油菜、“马尾油菜”、“竹桠油菜”、“高油菜”等。据《黔西县志》记     

芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜嫁接嵌合体的性状表现

以芥菜型油菜(B. juncea)作砧木,以甘蓝型油菜(B. napus)作接穗,形成嫁接嵌合体（以下简称“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体）,对其植物学性状、农艺性状和32P标记的难溶性磷矿粉的吸收能力进行了研究。结果表明,“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体除叶片出现紫色性状外,其他性状与甘蓝型油菜没有差异,但其农艺性状明显优于甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜。其根系对肥料中难溶性磷吸收能力强,而且多数转移到地上部分,在体内分布较合理。     

贵州芥菜型油菜地方品种的配合力分析

对贵州芥菜型油菜地方品种用双列杂交并测定配合力表明, 品种间存在显著的遗传差异, 其中, 株高、一二次总有效分枝数、单株结角数、单株产量受加性和非加性两种遗传效应共同作用; 千粒重以加性效应为主。品种单株产量及其因子一般配合力差异显著。平坝苦油菜 （一） 和贵定苦油菜 （一） 的一般配合力较高。单株产量的特殊配合力以贵定苦油菜 （一） ／平坝苦油菜 （一） 组合最高。     

晋北地区应用芥菜型油菜打造园林景观的措施

为丰富晋北地区的园林景观,应用芥菜型油菜发展园林种植可以实现农业种植与旅游产业生态化的有机结合。根据晋北地区芥菜型春油菜的生长发育特点和高产种植经验,从选地、播种、田间管理等多方面介绍了芥菜型油菜的高产栽培技术,以期为晋北地区的芥菜型油菜生产提供技术参考。     

白菜型油菜srb多室性状的遗传分析与分子鉴定

油菜多室角果是一种高产相关性状,本研究对桑日白油菜(srb)多室性状的遗传调控机制进行研究。性状分析表明,该突变体具有稳定的多室角果表型,单株多室角果比例为94.7%～100.0%,每角果平均3.5个心皮。遗传上srb突变体中的多室性状受1对隐性核基因控制。比较测序分析发现, srb中BrCLV3基因的CLE motif中存在一种新的单核苷酸突变(C/G),可导致其保守结构域的第12位组氨酸突变为天冬氨酸,将该位点命名为Brclv3Asp12。利用SNP标记进行分离群体的鉴定,证实Brclv3Asp12中的C/G单核苷酸变异与多室表型共分离。转基因互补测验和体外多肽的处理试验进一步证实,该材料中控制多室性状位点Brclv3_Asp12突变导致了CLV3多肽活性的减弱,是形成多室角果性状的原因。本研究初步阐明了白菜型油菜srb多室性状形成的机制。     

甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜杂种小孢子培养获得再生植株

利用分离小孢子培养首次从甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油莱种间杂种(甘芥杂种)中获得了胚和再生植株。所用的培养程序是,将甘芥杂种小孢子在蔗糖浓度为13％的液体NLN培养基中32℃下暗培养2天,转入25℃暗培养3周,再在光照条件下振荡培养一周后转入再生培养基(B_5)。供试的8个正反交甘芥杂种,有4个对培养有反应,其中3个均为以甘蓝型油菜为母本的杂种。杂种911186(甘蓝型)×851336(芥菜型)的胚产量明显高于其他杂种,未发现杂种花粉育性与小孢子胚产量存在显著相关。多数再生植株形态上介乎两个亲本之间,已开花的植株多为不育类型。讨论了亲本基因型对杂种小孢子胚胎发生的影响和小孢子衍生植株的可能用途。     

芥菜型油菜黄籽性状的遗传、基因定位和起源探讨

油菜种皮颜色既是一个形态指示性状, 又与种子休眠和品质有关。以芥菜型油菜种皮颜色分离的2个BC₆F₂群体为作图群体,用微卫星(SSR)等标记进行连锁定位, 并用定位标记对22份材料进行关联分析, 通过反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分析12份材料种皮中4-二氢黄酮醇还原酶(DFR)、花色素合酶(ANS)和花色素还原酶(ANR)基因的表达, 对6份黄籽材料的种皮颜色基因等位性进行测定, 结果将芥菜型油菜控制种皮颜色的2个基因位点分别定位到A9和B3连锁群, 并找到其两侧紧密连锁标记, 发现黄籽材料种皮颜色基因位点附近0.9 cM和1.5 cM区域高度保守, 所有黑色种皮中DFR、ANS和ANR基因均表达, 所有黄色种皮中DFR和ANS均不表达,但ANR基因表达或不表达,黄籽材料的种皮颜色基因等位。根据这些结果结合前人研究, 认为芥菜型油菜种皮颜色基因是调控基因,黄籽为单一起源。     

青海大黄油菜Brsc1基因的精细定位及图谱整合

大黄油菜是源于青海湟源的地方品种,种皮颜色鲜黄,其大黄油菜的黄籽性状受1对隐性基因(Brsc1)控制,该基因被定位于白菜A9染色体上一段1.7 Mb的区间内。为了更好地利用这一黄籽资源,对Brsc1基因进一步精细定位。利用青海大黄油菜和褐籽白菜型油菜09A-126构建BC4及F2分离群体。利用白菜同源区段内已公布的SSR标记,同时利用该区段序列信息开发新的SSR引物,共获得6个与目标基因紧密连锁的标记(Br ID10711、Br A5~Br A9),其中Br A5与目标基因共分离,Br A9为一侧最近标记,它与目标基因之间的遗传图距为0.69 c M。至此,Brsc1基因进一步被限定于标记Y06和Br A9之间约1.2 Mb的区间内。利用本研究中获得的标记检测F2群体中3种类型单株,鉴定出一个共显性标记Br A8。将本研究中获得的SSR标记与前人研究结果进行整合,加密了Brsc1基因所在区间的标记密度。同时,特异片段与拟南芥基因组进行序列比对的结果表明,共有5个标记与拟南芥的第1染色体有较好的共线性关系,暗示Brsc1基因的同源基因可能位于拟南芥的第1染色体上。本研究中获得的标记将为Brsc1基因的克隆及利用Brsc1基因进行黄籽油菜的分子辅助育种提供有利条件。     

Possibilities of direct introgression from Brassica napus to B. juncea and indirect introgression from B. napus to related Brassicaceae through B. juncea

The impact of genetically modified canola (Brassica napus) on biodiversity has been examined since its initial stage of commercialization. Various research groups have extensively investigated crossability and introgression among species of Brassicaceae. B. rapa and B. juncea are ranked first and second as the recipients of cross-pollination and introgression from B. napus, respectively. Crossability between B. napus and B. rapa has been examined, specifically in terms of introgression from B. napus to B. rapa, which is mainly considered a weed in America and European countries. On the other hand, knowledge on introgression from B. napus to B. juncea is insufficient, although B. juncea is recognized as the main Brassicaceae weed species in Asia. It is therefore essential to gather information regarding the direct introgression of B. napus into B. juncea and indirect introgression of B. napus into other species of Brassicaceae through B. juncea to evaluate the influence of genetically modified canola on biodiversity. We review information on crossability and introgression between B. juncea and other related Brassicaseae in this report.     

Persistent C genome chromosome regions identified by SSR analysis in backcross progenies between Brassica juncea and B. napus

Given that feral transgenic canola (Brassica napus) from spilled seeds has been found outside of farmer’s fields and that B. juncea is distributed worldwide, it is possible that introgression to B. juncea from B. napus has occurred. To investigate such introgression, we characterized the persistence of B. napus C genome chromosome (C-chromosome) regions in backcross progenies by B. napus C-chromosome specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We produced backcross progenies from B. juncea and F₁ hybrid of B. juncea × B. napus to evaluate persistence of C-chromosome region, and screened 83 markers from a set of reported C-chromosome specific SSR markers. Eighty-five percent of the SSR markers were deleted in the BC₁ obtained from B. juncea × F₁ hybrid, and this BC₁ exhibited a plant type like that of B. juncea. Most markers were deleted in BC₂ and BC₃ plants, with only two markers persisting in the BC₃. These results indicate a small possibility of persistence of C-chromosome regions in our backcross progenies. Knowledge about the persistence of B. napus C-chromosome regions in backcross progenies may contribute to shed light on gene introgression.     

Development of IP and SCAR markers linked to the yellow seed color gene in Brassica juncea L.

Previous studies showed that the yellow seed color gene of a yellow mustard was located on the A09 chromosome. In this study, the sequences of the molecular markers linked to the yellow seed color gene were analyzed, the gene was primarily mapped to an interval of 23.304 to 29.402M. Twenty genes and eight markers’ sequences in this region were selected to design the IP and SCAR primers. These primers were used to screen a BC₈S₁ population consisting of 1256 individuals. As a result, five IP and five SCAR markers were successfully developed. IP4 and Y1 were located on either side of the yellow seed color gene at a distance of 0.1 and 0.3 cM, respectively. IP1, IP2 and IP3 derived from Bra036827, Bra036828, Bra036829 separately, co-segregated with the target gene. BLAST analysis indicated that the sequences of newly developed markers showed good collinearity with those of the A09 chromosome, and that the target gene might exist between 27.079 and 27.616M. In light of annotations of the genes in this region, only Bra036828 is associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. This gene has high similarity with the TRANSPARENT TESTA6 gene, Bra036828 was hence identified as being the gene possibly responsible for yellow seed color, in our research.     

甘蓝型油菜BnTT3基因的表达与eQTL定位分析

类黄酮途径中,TT3编码的4-二氢黄铜醇还原酶是参与原花色素和花青素合成的关键酶。为了明确该基因可能的上游调控网络,利用黄籽母本GH06和黑籽父本ZY821构建的遗传图谱,以Bn TT3基因在高世代重组自交系群体中随机选取的94个株系花后40 d种子的表达量作为性状,采用复合区间作图法进行e QTL分析。结果共检测到5个表达量相关的e QTL,分别位于A03、A08、A09和C01染色体,单个e QTL解释表型变异的5.22%~24.05%。A09染色体上存在2个主效e QTL,单个e QTL分别解释24.05%和16.55%的表型变异,分别位于标记KS10260~KBr B019I24.15和B055B21-5~KS30880之间,微效e QTL分布于A03、A08和C01染色体上。A09染色体上的2个主效e QTL区间(包含200 kb侧翼序列)与拟南芥、白菜、甘蓝和芸薹族近缘物种基因组同源区段具有很好的共线性关系。基因注释结果表明检测到的e QTL均为trans-QTL,2个主效e QTL区段共包含78个基因,包括MYB51、MYB52和b ZIP5转录因子,可能为Bn TT3基因的上游直接调控因子,对这些基因功能的深入分析将有助于阐明甘蓝型油菜黄籽性状形成的分子调控机制,为黄籽候选基因的克隆筛选奠定基础。     

Heterosis breeding in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss): Analysis of component characters contributing to heterosis for yield

Summary Divergence of 25 accessions of Brassica juncea of Indian, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States, former USSR) and synthetic origin was studied by D² analysis. On the basis of divergence, ten accessions were selected and crossed in a diallel fashion without reciprocals to study the combining ability and heterosis. None of the accessions was found to be a good general combiner for all the nine quantitative characters that were studied. Significant heterosis over better parent for single plant yield was recorded in CIS x Indian and synthetic x CIS crosses (5 each) followed by Indian x synthetic types (3). The analysis of component characters showed that the mean performance of the majority of hybrids was intermediate for five out of six yield attributing traits, thus exhibiting dominance or partial dominance effect. To estimate the contribution of such yield attributing traits towards heterosis for yield, a comparison was made among three parameters viz. heterosis over mid parent (MP), better parent (BP) and better yielding parent (BYP) of the concerned hybrid. It was observed that estimation of heterosis from BYP was a more accurate method to determine the contribution of component characters towards yield heterosis than the analysis based on MP and BP. From the component character analysis, it was concluded that characters like number of primary and secondary branches, number of siliqua per plant and siliqua density contributed significantly towards heterosis in yield. Plot level yield trials of two selected hybrids (Skorospieka II x RH30 and Donskaja IV x Varuna) over two growing seasons revealed 29.4 to 91.8% heterosis over BYP.     

Salt-tolerance in Brassica juncea L. II. Salt-stress induced changes in polypeptide pattern of in vitro selected NaCl-tolerant plants

Summary The effect of salt-stress was studied on SDS-PAGE pattern of polypeptides in seedling, leaf and siliqua tissues of four genetically stable lines (SR2P1-2, SR3P2-1, SR3P6-1 and SR3P6-2) of in vitro selected NaCl-tolerant plants, a non-selected somaclone (CP5-2) and parent variety Prakash of Brassica juncea L. Seedlings were raised in 0, 50, 100 and 150 meq/l NaCl solutions and plants were irrigated with nutrient solution with 0, 30, 60 & 90 meq/l NaCl. Salinity induced distinct genotype specific changes in polypeptide pattern of leaf and siliqua tissues, while it had no effect on the polypeptide pattern of seedlings, radicle or hypocotyl tissues in any of the lines. In leaves, at vegetative stage, a high molecular weight protein of 53.2 kD while disappered at 60 mM and higher NaCl level in cv. Prakash and SR3P2-1, it appeared in SR2P1-2 and CP5-2 only at these higher salt levels and in SR3P6 lines it was present irrespective of stress conditions. Differences were also observed for a 93.8 kD protein which appeared anew under stress in cv. Prakash, CP5-2 and SR2P1-2, while it was absent in SR-3 lines. Intensity of the 57.3 kD protein decreased in cv. Prakash, increased in SR-2 and CP-5 lines whereas remained unchanged in SR-3 lines under salt-stress. In siliquae, salt stress induced the expression of four new polypeptides (56.1–70.8 kD) at 60 mM NaCl in cv. Prakash, and at 30 mM in SR2P1-2, SR3P2-1 and SR3P6-1 lines, while these were present in CP5-2 and SR3P6-2 even in the absence of NaCl stress.     

水稻单叶独立转绿型黄化突变体grc2的鉴定与基因精细定位

转绿型叶色突变体是研究植物叶绿体分化与发育的基础材料。grc2是利用60Co-γ射线诱变籼型三系保持系T98B后获得的单叶独立转绿型黄化突变体。grc2植株上任一叶片刚抽出时为黄色,在生长10 d左右后变绿,具有单叶不依赖于植株特定发育阶段而独立转绿的特性。与野生型T98B相比,grc2黄化叶片的总叶绿素和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿体滞留在黄化质体阶段,表明grc2可能在叶片早期发育中起关键作用。遗传分析表明,grc2受1对隐性核基因独立控制;利用源于grc2/Nipponbare的F2群体的960个突变单株,将grc2基因定位在STS标记S254与S258之间约31 kb的范围内,该区域含有5个未报道过的注释基因。这些结果为grc2的克隆及功能研究提供了重要信息。     

Salt-tolerance in Brassica juncea L. I. In vitro selection,agronomic evaluation and genetic stability

Summary In vitro selection of salt tolerant plants of Brassica juncea L. (Indian mustard) cv. Prakash has been accomplished by screening highly morphogenic cotyledon explant cultures on high NaCl media. Out of a total of 2,620 cotyledons cultured on high salt medium, 3 survived, showed sustained growth and regenerated shoots. They were multiplied by axillary bud culture on NaCl free medium. The salt-selected shoots retained salt tolerance following 3 month of growth and multiplication on control medium. While two of these somaclones flowered and set seeds, third one grew slowly, had abnormal leaf morphology and was sterile. The seed of the two fertile plants were sown in the field to raise R₁ segregating generation. Data were recorded for field, other agronomic components and oil content. The somaclonal lines, both selected salt-tolerant and non-selected, showed tremendous amount of variation for all the characters studied. One of the two tolerant somaclones invariably showed reduced height, longer reproductive phase and higher 1000 seed weight. Based on the agronomic performance of R₁ plants of these somaclones, some plants were selected and their progeny were evaluated for agronomic performance under standard field conditions and salt-tolerance in the greenhouse using sand pot culture method. Most of the lines bred true for their specific characteristics. In the greenhouse, selected salt-tolerant somaclones (SR-2 and SR-3) performed better for plant growth, yield and other agronomic traits at higher salt treatments, indicating thereby that salt-tolerance trait selected in vitro was expressed in the whole plants and is genetically stable and transmitted onto the progeny. The two tolerant lines, however, differed in their salt-tolerance during vegetative and reproductive phases as indicated by their salt-tolerance and stress susceptibility indices. The mechanism of salt-tolerance is not clear and needs to be further investigated.