不同保存方法对蜡梅总DNA提取效果的影响及ISSR-PCR验证

本文以蜡梅新鲜成熟叶片为对照,比较了真空冷冻干燥、硅胶干燥、压标本干燥、45℃烘干、75℃烘干5种叶片干燥方法和4℃保鲜、-20℃冻存、-70℃冻存法对蜡梅总DNA提取效果的影响.结果表明硅胶干燥的样品提取的DNA完整无降解,纯度高,DNA得率为鲜叶的1/3多,压标本干燥的样品可以提到完整的DNA,DNA得率与硅胶干燥的样品相近,提取的DNA含多酚,纯度低.真空冷冻干燥样品的DNA在冷冻干燥过程中小部分受到损伤,DNA得率较鲜叶稍有下降.45℃烘干的样品可以提取到完整的DNA,纯度高,DNA得率约为鲜叶的1/2,75℃烘干的样品的DNA全部降解.ISSR扩增结果表明75℃烘干的样品提取的DNA没有获得扩增产物,其他4种干燥方法提取的DNA的扩增结果与鲜叶相同.鲜叶可在4℃冰箱保鲜存放6 d,在-20℃冰箱中冷藏半月,可在-70℃超低温冰箱中长期放置而不影响总DNA的提取质量和ISSR扩增结果.     

表面活性剂LAS在棉花高通量DNA提取中的应用

本研究以棉花种子和叶片为材料,探索一种适用于棉花DNA高通量提取的方法。通过在裂解液中加入APG、LAS、CPB、DTAB、Tween80、SDS和CTAB 7种不同表面活性剂,比较其在棉花种子和叶片中的DNA提取效果,并与磁珠法和氯仿抽提法两种高通量纯化方法结合,对比传统SDS和CTAB提取液提取效果。结果表明,加入LAS表面活性剂的裂解液提取的DNA效果较好,提取棉花种子和叶片的浓度可达2 127.61和572.70 ng/μL,OD260/280分别为1.97和1.98,上清液清澈透明。LAS与两种纯化方式结合的DNA提取效果都明显优于传统CTAB和SDS提取液的提取效果,其中LAS与氯仿抽提的纯化方法结合提取效果最好,且DNA提取通量可达到600个样品/2 h。LAS表面活性剂能在棉花种子和叶片DNA提取中都能起到促进作用,与氯仿抽抽提纯化方法相结合可兼顾DNA提取通量与质量,能满足后续大部分分子实验要求。     

大白菜基因组DNA快速提取方法的研究

快速高效的DNA提取是作物大规模分子育种的关键一步。旨为构建一种快速提取大白菜基因组DNA的方法,以大白菜叶片为试验材料,比较了CTAB法、二步CTAB法以及4种碱裂解法提取DNA的质量,分析了不同方法提取的DNA为模板的PCR扩增效果,还对不同方法提取的基因组DNA的保存时间和保存条件进行了比较,选择最优的方法在抗根肿病基因分子标记辅助选择中进行了应用。结果表明,CTAB法和3种碱裂解法提取的基因组DNA作为模板的PCR扩增产物,都可以通过8%的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测到清晰的条带。其中碱裂解法Ⅲ,不仅提取质量好,而且提取过程简单、快速,能够满足大白菜高通量DNA提取的需要,提取的DNA在4℃和-20℃的条件下保存,将保存至30 d的基因组DNA作为模板进行PCR扩增,产物仍然可以通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测到清晰的条带,说明这种方法保存时间较长,经验证,该方法在抗根肿病基因分子标记辅助选择中的应用效果也较好。碱裂解法Ⅲ显著提高了大白菜分子标记辅助筛选的效率,可广泛应用于大白菜分子标记辅助选择育种。     

一种适用于棉花种子的DNA快速提取方法

对已报道的小麦、玉米等作物基因组DNA快速提取方法进行改良,首次在棉花上进行了尝试。以棉花种子为材料,用SDS法、NaOH法和简化法提取基因组DNA。结果表明,3种方法提取的DNA条带均较为清晰,完整性好,PCR扩增效果明显,结果稳定可靠。但DNA简化提取法整个提取过程操作简单、花费时间少、成本低,能在较短时间内完成大量样品的DNA提取。相比常规的以棉花叶片为材料的DNA提取法,本方法在降低试验成本的同时大大提高了工作效率。     

从甘蔗种茎茎汁中提取基因组DNA的方法

摘 要： 为探索从甘蔗种茎茎汁中提取基因组DNA的有效方法,分别采用CTAB法、SDS-Ⅰ法和SDS-Ⅱ法进行提取,并以叶片为对照。对所提取的DNA质量进行了检测,结果表明：从茎汁中提取DNA时,SDS-Ⅰ法的产率最高。整体而言,种茎中提取到的DNA产率不如叶片高,但其浓度和纯度足以满足下游分子实验的要求,且其操作过程较叶片简便。     

一种适用于SSR-PCR的棉花干种子DNA快速简便提取方法

利用改良的SDS法提取棉花干种子的基因组DNA,所得基因组DNA经分光光度计、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和随机SSR引物扩增效果检测,结果表明利用改良的SDS法直接所提取棉花干种子的基因组DNA,符合棉花SSR-PCR反应对DNA质量的要求。本研究为棉花SSR分析建立了一种快速、简便的干种子DNA提取方法,为SSR标记在棉花遗传育种研究中的应用奠定了基础。     

以PCR为目的的大豆叶片DNA提取方法的比较研究

模板DNA的质量直接影响PCR扩增的结果,而不同提取方法及其缓冲液的成份与浓度对提取DNA的质量有重要影响。本文以5个栽培大豆品种的叶片为材料,比较分析了SDS与CTAB两种提取方法以及不同浓度CTAB提取缓冲液对所提取的DNA质量的影响,并通过PCR进行检验。实验结果表明：用1％(W/V)、2％(W/V)浓度的CTAB提取缓冲液和1．25％(WV)SDS提取缓冲液所提取的大豆叶片DNA的质量较好,均能满足PCR扩增模板的需求,其中以1．25％(W／V)SDS提取得到的大豆叶片DNA质量最好,以其为模板扩增的效果最佳,而4％浓度的CTAB不适宜提取大豆叶片DNA。     

水稻干燥组织DNA模板的快速制备

用碱处理水稻干燥组织,浸出液直接用作PCR扩增的模板,扩增结果稳定、准确,与CTAB法和SDS法提取的DNA扩增效果相比没有显著差异。用此法提取水稻自然干燥的叶片、叶鞘、茎杆、颖壳和根DNA,质量良好,能够满足SSR分析要求。     

基于TksGlfex DNA聚合酶SSR扩增的棉花DNA一步提取法

DNA提取是SSR-PCR检测的前提,但因棉花中富含多酚、多糖和蛋白质等干扰物质,使得提取棉花DNA较其他植物困难,这也导致棉花分子辅助育种明显滞后。本研究探索出适用于SSR技术的一步快速提取棉花DNA的方法。该方法 DNA提取液成份包括0.1 mol/L Na OH、0.7 mmol/L NaCl、20 mmol/Lβ-巯基乙醇、2%SDS和2%PVP。该方法的具体步骤是:将液氮下研磨成粉状的棉花幼嫩叶片,放入含0.5 m L DNA提取液的离心管中。热裂解后加入盐酸离心,取上清,直接用于SSR-PCR扩增。将该方法提取的DNA片段较大,质量较好,能很好地用于TksGlfex DNA聚合酶的SSR-PCR扩增,扩增电泳条带清晰。此棉花DNA提取操作简单、高效,相比传统的棉花DNA提取而言,显著地节约DNA提取时间。     

利用PCR仪快速提取甜菜基因组DNA

为了寻找一种快速提取甜菜基因组DNA的方法,以甜菜干种子、幼苗、种仁以及甜菜叶片干粉为原料,利用PCR仪结合碱裂解法快速提取甜菜基因组DNA,利用微量分光光度计检测取DNA的浓度,并用甜菜SSR引物对提取的DNA进行扩增。结果表明,在4 种材料中均检测到了DNA,干种子、幼苗、种仁以及叶片干粉中提取的DNA平均浓度分别为432、197、158、448 ng/μL,无论是DNA原液还是稀释到20 ng/μL的工作液,均能在SSR-PCR反应中扩增出清晰的条带。该方法提取甜菜基因组DNA简单、快速,仅需要NaOH和HCl两种药品,提取的DNA完全可以用于SSR-PCR反应,为快速鉴定甜菜品种纯度和真实性提供了技术支持。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.