Optimizing Fertilizer Nitrogen for Winter Wheat Production in Yangtze River Region in China

Excessive nitrogen (N) application has been considered as one of the reasons for restricting yield increases in rice-wheat rotation system in the Yangtze River area. From 2007 to 2009, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of optimized N management on grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and N surplus of winter wheat in Jianghan Plain (Hubei province, China). Results indicated that grain yield and crop N uptake of treatments with reducing fertilizer N (N₁₃₅₍₂₎ for the first year and N₁₂₀₍₃₎ for the second season) did not significantly reduce yield compared to farmers’ practice (FP). Under the same amount of N application, three-time splitting improved grain yield and enhanced NUE as compared with two-time splitting. The optimized N treatment of N₁₃₅₍₂₎ and N₁₂₀₍₃₎ was observed with higher NUE parameters, i.e. recovery efficiency (RE_N), agronomic efficiency (AE_N) and partial factor productivity (PFP_N). Positive correlation between SPAD value and leaf N concentration provided the effective tool to evaluate N status during the growth season. The optimized N rate and top dressing frequency could reduce the residual N retained in the 0–20 cm soil layer after harvest, which could reduce the possibility of soil N loss to the environment. This paper provides insights into N management strategy based on farmers’ practices, which could be regarded as a guideline to improve agricultural management for wheat growth season.     

Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer rate under integrated rice management in a hilly area of Southwest China

China has the world''s highest nitrogen (N) application rate, and the lowest N use efficiency (NUE). With the crop yield increasing, serious N pollution is also caused. An in-situ field experiment (2011-2015) was conducted to examine the effects of three N levels, 0 (i.e., no fertilizer N addition to soil), 120, and 180 kg N ha^-1, using integrated rice management (IRM). We investigated rice yield, aboveground N uptake, and soil surface N budget in a hilly region of Southwest China. Compared to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM integrated raised beds, plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting, which significantly improved rice grain yield, straw biomass, aboveground N uptake, and NUE. Integrated rice management significantly improved ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (by 10%) and significantly reduced the ratio of potential ¹⁵N loss (by 8%-12%). Among all treatments, the 120 kg N ha^-1 level under IRM achieved the highest ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (32%) and ¹⁵N residual efficiency (29%), with the lowest ¹⁵N loss ratio (39%). After rice harvest, the residual N fertilizer did not achieve a full replenishment of soil N consumption, as the replenishing effect was insufficient (ranging from -31 to -49 kg N ha^-1). Furthermore, soil surface N budget showed a surplus (69-146 kg N ha^-1) under all treatments, and the N surplus was lower under IRM than TRM. These results indicate IRM as a reliable and stable method for high rice yield and high NUE, while exerting a minor risk of N loss. In the hilly area of Southwest China, the optimized N fertilizer application rate under IRM was found to be 100-150 kg N ha^-1.     

贵州黄壤小白菜生长、品质、光合特性及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应

为探究不同新型肥料对贵州省酸性黄壤小白菜产量、品质、光合特性及肥料利用的影响,同时筛选出适合贵州黄壤施用的新型肥料产品,以贵州酸性黄壤为基础,通过盆栽试验设置对照(CK,不施氮肥)、西洋复合肥(常规施肥)、保水型功能性肥和稳定性缓释肥4个处理,研究了新型肥料对小白菜产量、品质、光合特性以及养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明:施用保水型功能性肥和稳定性缓释肥可显著增加小白菜播种后34 d的生物量,较常规施肥处理相比鲜重分别增加4.16%和22.28%,干重分别增加41.55%和62.35%;施用新型肥料还可以改善小白菜的营养品质,与常规施肥处理相比,保水型功能性肥可显著降低硝酸盐含量18.61%,而还原性糖、V_c和游离氨基酸含量分别增加25.74%、130.95%和16.91%;而稳定性缓释肥则使硝酸盐、还原糖和Vc含量分别提高26.68%、15.35%和50.00%,但是游离氨基酸含量则较常规施肥相比降低14.43%;而且新型肥料还增强了小白菜叶片的光合能力(净光合速率Pn、气孔导度gs、胞间CO_2浓度Ci以及蒸腾速率Tr),其中以稳定性缓释肥处理的小白菜光合能力最佳,且气孔因素是导致净光合速率增加的主要原因。施用新型肥料小白菜对氮素的吸收显著增加,氮肥利用效率显著提高,新型肥料处理的氮肥农学效率(AEN)、偏生产力(PFPN)、生理利用率(PE_N)和表观利用率(REN)平均分别为48.30 kg·kg~(-1)、59.85 kg·kg~(-1)、95.46 kg·kg~(-1)和52.79%,以稳定性缓释肥处理的氮肥利用效率最佳,尤其是氮肥表观利用率达66.66%。此外,相关性分析结果显示,小白菜产量与叶片净光合速率P_n、气孔导度g_s以及蒸腾速率T_r均呈显著正相关关系,说明提高小白菜叶片的气体交换参数P_n、g_s和T_r可以增加小白菜产量;同时小白菜叶片氮含量与氮肥生理利用率和氮肥表观利用率存在极显著相关性,r值分别为-0.937和0.978,表明增加小白菜叶片氮含量可以提高小白菜对氮肥的利用效率。综上所述,新型肥料对贵州酸性黄壤上小白菜的生物增产效应以及光合特性提高等效果显著,可为将来在贵州农业生产中推广应用提供参考和理论依据。     

不同品种油菜子粒产量及氮效率差异研究

采用大田试验,以16个冬油菜品种为试验材料,系统研究了油菜子粒产量、氮素吸收量、氮素响应度和氮素利用效率的品种间差异,并初步探讨了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率对不同品种油菜氮效率差异的贡献。结果表明,无论施氮水平如何,不同品种的子粒产量、氮素利用效率和氮素响应度均有显著差异,而氮素吸收量只有在不施氮条件下品种间差异才达到显著水平。根据不施氮时的氮效率和氮素响应度将16个油菜品种分为4种不同类型:1）氮高效–高氮响应（NHE-NHR）型,包括Xy1、Xy16、Xy17、Xh19、Xh20和Xy21; 2）氮低效--低氮响应（NLE-NLR） 型,包括Xy6、Xy8和Xy9;3）氮高效–低氮响应（NHE- NLR）型,包括Xy7、Xy12、Xy14、Xy15和Xy24;4）氮低效–高氮响应（NLE-NHR） 型,包括Xy11和Xy13。无论供氮水平如何,氮素利用效率的变异系数均大于氮素吸收效率的变异系数,说明氮素利用效率对油菜氮效率差异的贡献大于氮素吸收效率。但是,氮素吸收效率的变异系数不施氮时大于施氮条件,氮素利用效率的变异系数则相反,说明在氮胁迫条件下,氮效率的差异中来源于氮素利用效率的变异减少,来源于氮素吸收效率的变异增加。     

我国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率

总结了我国19个省13 667个地块施肥调查结果和22个省的32个养分监测村田间试验结果,分析研究了我国三大粮食作物化肥施用状况、增产率和化肥利用效率。结果表明,水稻、小麦和玉米施肥量分别为294.8、263.6和269.6 kg/hm2,氮肥增产率分别为28.4%、30.9%和26.4%,磷肥增产率为9.2%、14.3%和12.2%,钾肥增产率为11.1%、7.1%和11.0%;氮肥利用率分别为27.3%、38.2%和31.0%,磷肥利用率为13.0%、16.9%和15.3%,钾肥利用率为28.1%、25.6%和30.5%;氮肥农学效率分别为11.3、11.1和10.1 kg/kg,磷肥农学效率为9.1、7.9和9.8 kg/kg,钾肥农学效率为7.2、5.6、8.1 kg/kg。按当时的农业生产条件和产量水平,氮肥过量施用约占25%~40%,施用不足占10%~25%。我国谷物氮肥利用率低于同期世界平均水平20%~30%左右,氮肥农学效率与世界平均水平相比均低10%左右。中国粮食生产高投入并没有实现高利用效率,化肥减量增效是施肥调控政策的首要目标。     

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

在双季稻北缘地区,以常规品种早籼65和杂交组合香两优68为试验材料,在施氮量150.kg/hm2的条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对早稻产量及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明:减少基、蘖肥,提高穗肥比例可增加抽穗成熟期的叶片含氮量,使SPAD值维持较高水平,提高齐穗后的绿叶面积和有效叶面积率,提高群体光合势,有利于促进干物质积累而提高产量和氮素吸收,常规稻和杂交稻均以基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25运筹模式产量最高;前氮后移增施穗肥因能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可促进氮素的吸收;氮肥当季利用效率随穗肥比例提高而增加,但氮肥的农学利用率与产量有更好的对应关系。基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25的运筹模式是双季稻北缘地区早稻合理的施肥技术。     

控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻氮肥利用效率和氨挥发的影响

为探究控释掺混肥结合增密对水稻产量、氮素吸收、施肥经济效益和氨挥发损失的影响,该研究以扬籼优418为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（Farmer''s Fertilization Practice,FFP）、优化施氮（Optimized Nitrogen Application,OPT）、控释掺混肥（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer,CRBF）和控释掺混肥结合增密（Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer Combined with Dense Planting,CRFDP）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的水稻产量及构成因子、氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率、经济效益和氨挥发损失的差异。结果发现,CRFDP处理的水稻有效穗数和每穗实粒数显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）,较FFP分别增加26.1%和18.7%。CRFDP处理较FFP处理水稻增产33.3%。与FFP相比,CRFDP的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率分别提高160%、22.8 kg/kg、16.27 kg/kg。CRFDP较CRBF处理的氮肥吸收利用率显著提高10.0个百分点,氮肥偏生产率、氮肥农学利用率和氮素生理利用率则没有显著差异（P>0.05）;与FFP处理相比,3个优化施氮处理（OPT、CRBF和CRFDP）在氮肥用量降低20%的情况下,水稻每公顷净收益增加3 328～8 968元,其中CRFDP处理的水稻产值和净收益最高。施氮显著提高了水稻生长季的田面水铵态氮浓度和土壤脲酶活性,与FFP处理相比,CRFDP处理的氨挥发强度和累积氨挥发损失分别降低62.5%和46.3%。综上,控释掺混肥与增密结合可兼顾水稻高产、氮肥高效利用和氨减排。研究结果可为水稻高产及环境友好和资源高效的水稻种植新模式数据支持和理论支撑。     

Developing nitrogen management strategies under drip fertigation for wheat and maize production in the North China Plain based on a 3‐year field experiment

The intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) rely on the heavy use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers. As the fertigated area of wheat and maize in the NCP has grown rapidly during recent years, developing N management strategies is required for sustainable wheat and maize production. Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2012–2015 to assess the influence of different N fertigation rates on N uptake, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency [NUE: recovery efficiency (RE_N) and agronomic efficiency (AE_N)]. Five levels of N application, 0 (FN₀), 40 (FN_40%), 70 (FN_70%), 100 (FN_100%), and 130% (FN_130%) of the farmer practice rate (FP: 250 kg N ha^?1 and 205.5 kg N ha^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively), corresponding to 0, 182.2, 318.9, 455.5, and 592.2 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, were tested. Nitrogen in the form of urea was dissolved in irrigation water and split into six and four applications for wheat and maize, respectively. In addition, the treatment “drip irrigation + 100% N conventional broadcasting” (DN_100%) was also conducted. All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the significant influence of both N fertigation rate and N application method on grain yield and NUE. Compared to DN_100%, FN_100% significantly increased the 3‐year averaged N recovery efficiency (RE_N) by 0.09 kg kg^?1 and 0.04 kg kg^?1, and the 3‐year averaged N agronomic efficiency (AE_N) by 2.43 kg kg^?1 and 1.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Among N fertigation rates, there was no significant increase in grain yield in response to N applied at a greater rate than 70% of FP due to excess N accumulation in vegetative tissues. Compared to FN_70%, FN_100%, and FN_130%, FN_40% increased the RE_N by 0.17–0.57 kg kg^?1 and 0.03–0.34 kg kg^?1and the AE_N by 4.60–27.56 kg kg^?1 and 2.40–10.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Based on a linear‐response relationship between the N fertigation rate and grain yield over three rotational periods it can be concluded that recommended N rates under drip fertigation with optimum split applications can be reduced to 46% (114.6 kg N ha^?1) and 58% (116.6 kg N ha^?1) of FP for wheat and maize, respectively, without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing NUE.     

Impact of nitrogen fertilization and tillage practices on nitrous oxide emission from a summer rice ecosystem

ABSTRACT

Identification of the combination of tillage and N fertilization practices that reduce agricultural Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions while maintaining productivity is strongly required in the Indian subcontinent. This study investigated the effects of tillage in combination with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on N₂O emissions from a rice paddy for two consecutive seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015). The experiment consisted of two tillage practices, i.e., conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 0 kg N ha^–1 (F1), 45 kg N ha^–1 (F2), 60 kg N ha^–1 (F3) and 75 kg N ha^–1 (F4). Both tillage and fertilizer rate significantly affected cumulative N₂O emissions (p < 0.05). Fertilizer at 45 and 60 kg N ha^–1 in RT resulted in higher N₂O emissions over than did the CT. Compared with the recommended level of 60 kg N ha^?1, a 25% reduction in the fertilizer to 45 kg N ha^?1 in both CT and RT increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and maintained grain yield, resulting in the lowest yield-scaled N₂O-N emission. The application of 45 kg N ha^?1 reduced the cumulative emission by 6.08% and 6% in CT and RT practices, respectively, without compromising productivity.     

Deep root growth and nitrogen uptake by rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilizer,plant density and leaf harvesting on a coarse sandy soil

This study investigated management strategies to increase deep root growth and crop nitrogen (N) uptake by rocket grown as baby leaf in coarse sandy soil. Stage I (sowing to first harvest) measured the effects of two sowing densities and two N fertilizer rates on root growth and total N uptake. In Stage II (first to second harvest), effects of leaf harvesting and late season N fertilizer application on root growth, total N uptake and deep ¹⁵N uptake were measured. At the end of Stage I, root depth was 0.68–0.90 m, and the large fertilizer application increased N uptake. Plant density increased root depth, N uptake and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) early in this stage and biomass production at harvest. Leaf harvesting in Stage II affected root density but not root depth that reached 1.4 m. The ability for N uptake was greater from 0.6 m due to more roots and larger N inflow than from 1.1 m depth. Late season fertilizer increased N concentration and uptake but did not affect NUE and deep N uptake. During the growing season, 330–349 kg N_inorg/ha was lost from 0 to 1.0 m depth most likely by leaching. Management practices that increased root growth and N uptake were found to increase NUE in rocket production early in the season. The production system used N inefficiently and smaller applications, plant density, leaf harvesting and other changes of management are required to reduce leaching.     

不同肥力稻田晚稻水氮耦合效应研究

在不同土壤背景氮稻田中,采用不同的水氮管理模式,研究了灌水和施氮方式对晚稻的产量、农艺性状、氮肥利用率及节水效果的影响。结果表明,与淹水灌溉相比,湿润灌溉技术能使晚稻产量提高5.1%~6.5%;土壤氮残留量增加0.4%~2.3%;氮肥农学利用率、吸收利用率、生理利用率分别提高12.6%~113.4%、0.4%~19.7%、11.3%~92.9%,且增幅随着土壤背景氮的上升而提高;节省水资源18.0%~34.3%。施氮方式上,以氮素基肥:追肥为50:50的效果最佳,与农户传统的70:30比例相比,产量提高0.3%~8.9%,并表现出低肥田淹水条件下增幅大、高肥田湿润条件下增幅大的现象;氮肥利用率虽都有一定的提高,但除低肥田外,中、高肥田中差异不显著。试验还发现,氮肥利用率与稻田土壤背景氮呈直线负相关,r = -0.9919;氮肥流失量随着土壤背景氮的增加而上升。研究表明,采用合理的灌溉和施肥,能有效地提高氮肥利用率、增加水稻产量,并节省灌溉用水。但在土壤高背景氮的稻区,最主要的问题是大量减少氮肥用量,以减少氮素流失,降低氮肥对环境的污染。     

不同氮肥水平下水稻产量以及氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异比较

采用田间试验在施氮量为06、0、120、1802、40、3003、60.kg/hm27个水平下研究了不同水稻子粒产量、产量构成因子以及氮素吸收和利用的差异。结果表明,水稻品种4007的子粒产量在各个施氮水平下显著高于品种ELIO对氮肥的响应度高。施氮水平显著影响子粒产量构成因子。有效穗数与子粒产量存在显著正相关:ELIO和4007的相关系数(r)分别为0.839**和0.933**,表明有效穗数对水稻子粒产量起着非常重要的作用。本试验条件下,ELIO和4007获得最高产量所需的有效穗数分别为332、561个/m2;两者的氮素吸收效率在各施氮素水平下差异很小,均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮素利用效率均随着施氮量的增加而下降。4007的氮素利用效率在各个施氮水平下显著高于ELIO,较高的氮素收获指数(NHI)是主要原因之一。水稻氮素利用效率与成熟期茎秆、叶片的氮含量显著负相关,说明开花期后植物将吸收的氮素从营养器官有效地转运到子粒中是氮素利用效率高的重要原因之一。     

Application technique affects the potential of mineral concentrates from livestock manure to replace inorganic nitrogen fertilizer

It has been suggested that mineral concentrates (MCs) produced from livestock manure might partly replace inorganic N fertilizers, thereby further closing the nitrogen (N) cycle. Here, we quantified nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and N loss pathways associated with MCs, compared with inorganic fertilizer and manure. In a 26‐day greenhouse experiment with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), the effects of application technique (surface application vs. injection) and N source (control, two types of MC, three inorganic fertilizers or pig slurry) were compared. We measured yield, ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission and denitrification. With surface application, NUE for MCs (38% for MC1 and 22% for MC2) was significantly lower than for calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN; 61%) and comparable with PS (25%). This was most likely due to higher ammonia emissions. After injection, the NUE of MC was comparable with that of CAN. Denitrification and N₂O emission from surface‐applied MC were comparable with those from surface‐applied PS. After injection, MC behaved similarly to inorganic fertilizers. We conclude that MCs should be injected to maximize NUE and to fulfil their potential as inorganic fertilizer replacement. Significant NUE differences between MCs suggest the possibility for further optimization of the MC production process.     

基于高氮投入和基因型差异的水稻氮素营养特征

采用氮素低效品种武育粳3(WY3)、氮素吸收高效品种连粳7(LJ7)和氮素吸收利用双高效品种南粳9108(NJ9)，开展了包括不施氮肥(LN)、适宜或减量氮肥投入(MN, 200 kg/hm2)和过量施氮(HN, 350 kg/hm2)三个条件的田间试验，探究了不同基因型差异的水稻植株整体和关键功能叶含氮量对施氮水平的响应，及其导致的光合特征的变化对氮素利用效率的作用特征。结果表明：在生育后期，氮高效品种的干物质和氮素积累强于氮低效品种。在MN条件下，LJ7和NJ9在齐穗期至完熟期干物质积累量相比WY3分别高46.44%和29.12%，氮素积累量分别高26.28%和32.31%；在该条件下，施用穗肥后27 d的时间段内(灌浆阶段)，WY3的剑叶氮含量降低21.86%,LJ7和NJ9的剑叶氮含量分别降低26.3%和34.74%，降幅次序为NJ9>LJ7>WY3,LJ7和NJ9的剑叶干重、光合速率、气孔导度、单穗重和产量显著高于WY3，氮高效品种的氮素利用效率指标优于WY3。在HN条件下，LJ7和NJ9在灌浆阶段的干物质和氮素积累量仍高于WY3，剑叶干重、气孔导度和单穗重显著优...     

氮肥种类和用量对黄河三角洲玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

  【目的】  为解决黄河三角洲地区玉米氮肥合理施用问题，在该地区田间条件下应用根层氮素实时监控技术，结合施用不同种类氮肥，研究不同施氮量及氮肥种类对玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响，为区域玉米生产氮素管理提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  于2017—2018年在山东省黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业示范区开展为期2年的田间试验，以郑单958为供试品种，设计双因素试验，主处理为5个施氮水平，分别为不施氮 (CK)、基于根层氮素实时监控技术的优化施氮 (Opt)、优化下调施氮70% (Opt70%)、优化上调施氮30% (Opt130%)、农民传统施氮 (FNP)；副处理为3个氮肥种类，分别为硫酸铵 (AS)、硝酸铵钙 (CAN) 和尿素 (UREA)。于玉米六叶期 (V6) 和吐丝期 (VT) 分别采集0—60和0—90 cm土壤样品，测定土壤硝态氮和无机氮含量。于收获期测定玉米产量、生物量、玉米植株和籽粒氮含量，计算吸氮量及氮素利用效率。  【结果】  相比FNP处理，2017和2018年应用根层氮素实时监控技术的优化施氮处理分别降低氮肥用量41%和63%，而两处理间产量无显著差异。Opt处理的生物量、籽粒氮含量、秸秆氮含量及吸氮量与Opt130%以及FNP处理无显著差异，氮肥利用率显著高于FNP，两年氮收获指数分别提高7和6个百分点，氮肥偏生产力分别提高71%和190%，氮肥回收利用率分别提高32和34个百分点。优化施氮水平下，2017年施用尿素和硝酸铵钙的玉米产量较施用硫酸铵提高15%和8%。Opt处理收获期土壤无机氮含量较FNP在两年分别降低29%和39%。  【结论】  在黄河三角洲地区，应用根层氮素实时监控技术能够在大幅度减少氮肥施用量的同时，不明显降低籽粒产量，进而提高氮肥利用率。在等氮量条件下，硝酸铵钙和尿素在节肥增产方面的效果优于硫酸铵。     

利用膜进样质谱法测定不同氮肥用量下反硝化氮素损失

利用膜进样质谱仪(MIMS)测定了太湖流域典型稻田不同氮肥施用梯度下,土壤反硝化氮素损失量,同时也对氨挥发通量进行了观测。根据两年的田间试验结果得到:在常规施氮处理(N300)下,每年平均有54.8 kg/hm~2 N通过反硝化损失,有约54.0 kg/hm~2 N通过氨挥发损失,分别占肥料施用量的18.3%和18.0%,两者损失量相当。通过反硝化和氨挥发损失的氮素量随着氮肥用量增加而增加,田面水的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~–-N、DOC和pH浓度影响稻田土壤反硝化速率。在保产增效施氮处理(N_270)下,氮肥施用量比常规减少10%,水稻产量增加了5.5%,而通过反硝化和氨挥发损失的氮素量分别下降了1.1%和3.1%,氮肥利用率提高了约5.5%。在增施氮肥处理(N375)下,因作物产量增加使得氮肥利用率比N300增加,但通过氨挥发和反硝化的氮素损失量也最大。因此,通过综合集约优化田间管理措施,降低氮肥用量,可实现增产增效的目的。     

养分专家系统推荐施肥对苏北地区水稻产量和肥料利用率的影响

苏北地区水稻集约化种植体系中存在氮肥施用过量、施肥时期与肥料配比不合理、肥料利用率低等现象,是农民收益增加和农业可持续发展的限制因子。为科学、系统地指导苏北地区稻田施肥,提高水稻养分利用效率并降低环境风险,本研究基于地块土壤性状、产量目标及养分管理措施等信息,运行水稻养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert System, NE)进行施肥推荐,并通过田间试验比较了NE推荐施肥对苏北地区水稻产量、经济效益、养分吸收、肥料利用率的影响。试验共设置5个处理,分别为水稻养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE),基于NE处理的减氮(NE-N)、减磷(NE-P)和减钾(NE-K)处理,以及农民习惯施肥(FP)。结果表明:与FP处理相比, NE处理的氮、磷肥偏生产力分别提高44.77%和6.32%,其中氮肥偏生产力达到显著水平(P0.05);钾肥偏生产力显著降低33.55%(P0.05);氮肥、钾肥回收利用率显著提高4.91%、19.35%,磷肥回收利用率与FP处理基本相同。相比于FP处理,NE处理在减少氮肥投入,保证氮、磷、钾肥平衡施用的条件下,水稻增产2.23%,增收6.24%,但差异不显著;水稻植株籽粒中磷和钾积累量分别增加10.32%和51.63%,其中后者达显著水平(P0.05)。综上所述,水稻养分专家系统在苏北地区依据地块信息和智能化施肥系统,指导优化了氮、磷、钾肥的施用量和施用方法,促进了水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收和利用,提高了肥料利用率,具有较好的增产增收效果,可以在苏北地区推广应用。     

15N示踪法研究生物炭施用对水稻—土壤系统氮肥去向的影响

为探究施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻产量、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留及损失的影响,采用盆栽试验结合¹⁵N示踪技术,分析了施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻生物量、氮素积累量、肥料氮去向以及氨氧化微生物的影响。研究共设置5个处理:不施氮肥(N0)、单施化肥(CF)、施化肥配施0.5%生物炭(BC1)、施化肥配施1%生物炭(BC2)和施化肥配施2%生物炭(BC3)。结果表明:与CF处理相比,BC2和BC3处理均显著提高水稻产量,增产率分别为19.3%和22.0%。施用生物炭显著增加水稻氮素积累量和表观利用率。施用生物炭的水稻籽粒肥料氮积累和总肥料氮积累量较CF处理分别提高18.6%~23.4%和18.5%~26.5%。然而,施用生物炭处理与CF处理之间的籽粒土壤氮吸收量没有显著差异。BC1、BC2和BC3处理的氮肥利用率分别为30.4%,28.5%和29.3%,均显著高于CF处理(24.1%)。施用生物炭有利于肥料氮在土壤中的 残留,从而减少损失。因此,施用生物炭的肥料氮损失率(25.7%~27.5%)显著低于单施化肥处理(38.4%)。与CF处理相比,高量施用生物炭(BC3)显著降低氨氧化细菌的amoA基因拷贝数,但施用生物炭对氨氧化古菌丰度没有显著影响。综上表明,施用水稻秸秆生物炭是提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率,同时还是有效减少氮素损失的一种有效措施。     

氮钾互作对长江流域棉花产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及适宜施肥水平研究

为了探讨氮(N)、钾(K)互作对长江流域棉花产量和氮肥利用效率的影响以及适宜的施肥水平,于2017年在武汉市黄陂区武汉市农业科学院蔬菜研究所实验基地和2018年在湖北荆州大同湖农场进行大田试验,分别于7月上旬、8月上旬、10月上旬在每处理小区挑选3株代表性植株,分类采集茎、叶、蕾铃等各个器官并测定其氮素含量和产量,研究...     

不同的水稻品种产量及生理氮素利用效率的差异

Efficient use of N in agricultural practice can increase yield, decrease production costs and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Effects of N fertilizer application rates on grain yield and physiological N use efficiency (PE) in relation to the accumulation and redistribution of biomass and N in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were studied at two experimental farms of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China in 2004. Three high N use efficiency (NUE) rice cultivars (Wuyunjing 7, Nanguang and 4007) and one low NUE rice cultivar (Elio) with similar growth patterns were studied under seven N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 kg ha^-1). Grain yield increased with the N application rate and attained plateau at 180 kg N ha^-1 for rice cultivars at each site. Increasing N rate decreased PE for biomass and grain yield. Grain yield and PE of Elio were about 20% and 18% lower than those of high NUE cultivars. Differences in biomass, N accumulation and N redistribution were observed at the post-heading stage among rice cultivars with differing NUEs. The less reproductive tillers of Elio resulted in less demand for C and N during grain filling, thus leading to lower PE of Elio compared with the high NUE rice cultivars.