Selection of cowpea genotypes based on grain mineral and total protein content

Grain legumes, including cowpea, are the cheapest sources of minerals and protein to enhance human nutrition. Cultivar development and deployment of cowpea with increased grain mineral content and protein composition rely on selection of genetically unique and complementary breeding lines. The objective of this study was to assess the grain minerals and protein composition of diverse cowpea collections of eastern, southern and western Africa to select promising parents to develop a breeding population. Twenty-two genetically diverse cowpea genotypes were field evaluated using a randomised complete block design with three replications in two locations in South Africa. The dried grain mineral contents were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometre, while the protein content was determined by the combustion method. Analyses of variance showed significant (P?<?0.05) effects of genotypes, locations and their interactions. The test genotypes showed considerable variation for the following nine mineral contents: calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) varying from 0.07 to 0.12?mg?kg^?1; 4.46 to 7.81?mg?kg^?1; 0.06 to 0.11?g; 11.82 to 14.45?g; 1.86 to 2.27?g; 9.24 to 13.30?mg?kg^?1; 0.26 to 0.80?g; 4.63 to 5.92?g and 0.03.00 to 0.05?g, respectively. Further, the total protein content varied from 23.16 to 28.13%. Significant correlations were detected among some mineral elements and total protein content, suggesting the possibility of simultaneous selection for these traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified four principal components (PCs) contributing to 70.93% of the total explained variation amongst genotypes. Overall the following genotypes with desirable grain mineral and protein attributes were selected: IT90K-59 (Ca), 98K-5301 (Ca and protein), ITOOK-1060 (Cu), ITOOK-1217 and IT845-2246 (Fe), Bensogla (K, Na, and P), TVU11424 and ITOOK-1217 (Mg), CH14 (Mn and Na), TVU12637 (Mn) and Glenda and Vuli (Zn). The selected cowpea genotypes are useful genetic resources for population and cultivar development for grain nutrients composition.     

MINERAL ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION AND ACCUMULATION PATTERNS WITHIN TWO BARLEY CULTIVARS

Growth stage effects on distribution of mineral nutrients or beneficial elements phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), chloride (Cl), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), sodium (Na), silicon (Si) and nickel (Ni), and the elements bromine (Br), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and uranium (U) in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars and how the distribution of these elements changed were determined during the 2006–2007 growing season in a field experiment. Barley plants were sampled from the field at shooting, heading, soft dough, hard dough and harvest stages, and mineral nutrients and other elements concentrations of spike, flag leaf, old leaf, and stem samples were determined by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). Distribution patterns varied considerably from element to element. At the end of the season much of the Ca, Mg, S, Si, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Sr, Ba, La, Ce, and U were located in the spikes. However, much of the P, K, Zn, Cl, Na, Br, and Rb remained in the old leaves or stem.     

The dynamic state of the ionome in roots,nodules, and shoots of soybean under different nitrogen status and at different growth stages

The relative distribution of 22 mineral elements in the roots, nodules and shoots of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Tsurumusume) at R1 (beginning of the flowering stage) and R7 (beginning of the mature stage) was investigated in response to ammonium and manure N treatment. Plants receiving only atmospheric nitrogen served as the negative control. The addition of ammonium sulfate to the soil caused soil acidification, induced Al and Mn toxicities, and significantly reduced the biomass production in roots and nodules. Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in shoots, and those of Mo and Co higher in nodules. The addition of manure to the soil significantly enhanced the levels of Sr, Ba, Cr, and Cd in shoots, whereas the concentration of Cs was decreased at R7. Moreover, when the soybean developed from R1 to R7, the levels of essential elements in nodules decreased, whereas those of nonessential elements increased, irrespective of the nitrogen source. Furthermore, the variation in the concentrations of many elements was not consistent for nodules and roots when soybean developed from R1 to R7. The variation of Mn, Zn, B, and Al concentrations was independent of N treatments. However, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mo, and Se levels were affected strongly by N treatments. This study is the first to document the dynamic variation of the soybean ionome in nodules, roots, and shoots from vegetative to reproductive stage of soybean.     

Accumulation and distribution of Zn and Mn in soybean seeds after nutrient seed priming and its contribution to plant growth under Zn- and Mn-deficient conditions

Nutrient seed priming is a strategy to increase the seed reserves of mineral nutrients as primary source for mineral nutrition during seedling development and early growth. The present study investigates the effects of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) seed priming on growth and nutritional status of soybean under conditions of Zn and Mn limitation. Nutrient seed priming increased the natural seed reserves for Zn by, approximately, sixfold and by fivefold for Mn; however, 40–60% of the primed nutrients were adsorbed to the seed coat. Zinc seed priming was able to maintain plant growth for 5 weeks in the same way as Zn supply via the nutrient solution. It is concluded that nutrient seed priming offers perspectives to improve seed quality of soybean for early seedling development under limited nutrient supply or availability and needs further investigation on performance under various stress conditions.     

水稻种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组的影响

亚细胞、细胞、器官乃至有机体内所有矿质元素的组合称为离子组。离子组是植物化学元素指纹,能够定量、精准地反映环境因子驱动下植物体产生的无机化学响应。为探求不同种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组的影响,采用大田试验,研究比较了长期常规种植、绿色蛙稻和有机蛙稻3种水稻种植模式水稻籽粒中矿质元素含量的差异和元素间的相关关系,并探讨了土壤中可利用态元素向水稻籽粒中的转移效率。21种元素含量通过高通量元素分析电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定,并利用主成分分析和方差分析等统计方法分别对数据进行综合分析和各元素处理间差异分析。结果表明,各元素在水稻籽粒中的浓度顺序为:KPMgCaMnZnFeCuRbNaBaMoBNiSrAsCrCdSeCoCs。主成分分析结果表明,不同水稻种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组有显著影响,第1主成分占总变量的32.7%,区分了有机和绿色种植模式;第2主成分占总变量的27.1%,将常规种植模式和另外两种模式区分开。不同水稻种植模式对水稻籽粒离子组有显著影响。与常规种植相比,绿色蛙稻模式下籽粒第1主族元素K、Na、Cs、Rb含量显著增加21%、31%、59%、72%,Mn、Cd的含量显著增加23%、441%,B和Cr的含量显著降低63%和51%;有机模式下水稻籽粒中Co、Ni和Cd含量分别增加60%、286%和488%,而Ca、B、Mo、Sr和Cr的含量显著降低38%、60%、20%、27%和96%,而同主族元素间的竞争并未发现。因此,从水稻必需元素吸收角度出发,绿色蛙稻种植模式优于有机和常规种植模式;但绿色和有机蛙稻种植模式对一些非必需元素的吸收也为水稻食品安全带来隐患。因此,科学的养分管理和合理种植结构的调整对保证水稻食品的安全有非常重要的意义和价值。     

硒对烤烟生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响

为探讨不同浓度的硒(Se)对植物生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响,本研究以云烟87为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同硒浓度对烤烟生长、化学指标及烤烟根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu累积的影响。结果表明,土壤施硒(亚硒酸钠)4.4 mg·kg-1时,烟叶中烟碱、蛋白和还原糖等含量处于最适范围,根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量达到最大值。低硒处理(Se≤4.4 mg·kg-1)显著提高了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、K、Ca、Mg、Mn的影响最为显著,从而促进了烤烟的生长,烟叶化学成分更加协调;而高硒处理(Se≥11.1 mg·kg-1)则降低了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、P、K的影响最显著,从而抑制了烤烟的生长。土壤中不同硒浓度通过调控植物对矿质元素的吸收进而影响植物的生长和化学指标,该研究结果为指导富硒烟叶的生产提供了理论依据。     

Variation of major minerals and trace elements in seeds of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) contains protein of high nutritional value, polyphenols, vitamins and minerals. It is one of the most important minor crops in China and has a great potential as a health and functional food. However, information on the elemental mineral composition of its seeds remains limited. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, K, and Mg in seeds of 123 tartary buckwheat accessions from the same cultivation were studied by means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results revealed that the average concentrations of Cu (x₁), Zn (x₂), Fe (x₃), K (x₄), and Mg (x₅) elements in the accessions are 19.49 (with a range of 5.74–36.01 mg/kg), 27.41 (8.44–66.63 mg/kg), 656.24 (21.8–3,990 mg/kg), 3,639.23 (1,737–5,831 mg/kg), and 1,523.89 mg/kg (729–3,104 mg/kg) respectively. Among them, Fe concentration has the highest coefficient of variation (114.7 %). The results also revealed five significant positive correlations among Cu, Zn, Fe, K, and Mg concentrations. Therefore, distinct genotypes with high concentration of mineral elements should be effective for the development of special buckwheat varieties and improvement of its food nutritional quality.     

基于矿质元素指纹的粉葛产地溯源研究

为明确矿质元素指纹对粉葛产地鉴别的可行性,筛选出鉴别粉葛产地的有效指标,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定陕西、湖北、广西3个地域粉葛和土壤样品中B、Na、Mg、P、K、Ca、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、Rb、Sr、Mo、Cd、Cs、Ba、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm和Ti 22种矿质元素含量,并结合主成分分析、逐步判别分析和聚类分析对不同地域样品进行分类。结果表明,除B、Cu元素外,其余元素含量在不同地域粉葛间均存在显著差异(P<0.05);不同地域间粉葛矿质元素含量表现出独有的地理指纹特征,经逐步判别分析筛选出Mg、P、Co、Rb和Sr 5种元素,经回代检验和交叉检验的整体判别率分别为97.7%和93.0%;相关性分析结果表明,粉葛中Rb、Sr和Ti元素含量与对应土壤中的元素呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。因此,矿质元素指纹结合多元统计分析能够在一定程度上实现不同产地粉葛的鉴别,这为粉葛产地溯源的可行性提供了技术支持。     

Dynamics of Macro- and Micronutrients in Cuphea

Temporal dynamics of nutrient densities, their interrelationships, and remobilization from leaves to seeds of cuphea were quantified in growth chamber and field studies. Temporal nutrient densities in leaf samples exhibited large levels of variation, whether remobilized and largely accumulated in the seed [copper, (Cu), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn)], remobilized and accumulated in the seed coat [boron (B), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na)] or almost excluded from the seed [barium (Ba), selenium (Se) and strontium (Sr)]. The temporal seed-to-leaf nutrient density “[S]/[L]” ratios and the proportion of variance unique to each nutrient separated the nutrients into a group (Cu, Fe, S, and Zn) with large [S]/[L] ratios and large unique variances, and another group (B, Ca, Mg, Mn and Sr) with small [S]/[L] ratios and small unique variances; the first group was selectively stored in the developing embryo. Nutrients with large densities in leaves at harvest may constitute a resource potentially available for subsequent crops.     

不同生态区对油菜薹营养品质的影响及摘薹后产量表现

为明确油菜薹的营养品质、不同“油蔬”两用型油菜薹品质、菜薹产量与环境之间的关系,通过测定碳水化合物、维生素类物质和微量元素含量,比较了油菜薹、红菜薹和白菜薹3种菜薹的营养品质;6个“油蔬”两用型油菜品种(系)油菜薹营养品质;杭州余杭和丽水龙泉2个生态区的油菜薹产量、籽粒产量以及经济效应。结果表明,油菜薹可溶性糖、3种维生素类物质(维生素C、B₁和B₆)、有效Zn和全Se含量分别是白菜薹的1.82、2.61、4.44、1.68、1.81和1.67倍,表明油菜薹具有优良的营养品质。6个油菜品种(系)的油菜薹的糖类物质(除果糖)和维生素类物质含量在丽水龙泉均显著高于杭州余杭。就微量元素而言,有效Fe、有效Cu、有效Zn和全Se含量在杭州余杭显著高于丽水龙泉,有效Mn含量则相反。说明油菜薹中需要经过代谢、运转的营养物质(如碳水化合物)在丽水龙泉具有显著优势,而从土壤中吸收的营养元素则相反。“油蔬”两用型油菜品种(系)籽粒和菜薹产量受生态区影响显著。通过增加采收一季菜薹,油菜的经济效益可增加一倍。本研究为“油蔬”两用型油菜品种利用以及不同生态区优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。