两种非饱和导水参数推求方法在紫色土上的应用

土壤非饱和导水参数的难于获取,限制了非饱和水流数值模拟技术的实际应用。本研究选择颇具代表性的土壤水分特征曲线推求法和简单入渗法两种方法,分别推求不同质地紫色土导水参数,并进行了分析比较。结果显示,土壤水分特征曲线推求法和简单入渗法,推求的非饱和导水率与计算值均具有较好的一致性。鉴于土壤水分特征曲线的易测优势和简单入渗法实验简便省时特点,采用这两种方法进行紫色土非饱和导水参数的推求或预报是可行的。     

根据土壤水平一维入渗推求紫色土水动力学参数

选择3种不同质地的紫色土,通过室内土壤水平一维入渗试验,探讨简单入渗法和入渗特性法推求水动力学参数对于紫色土的适用性。结果显示,简单入渗法和入渗特性法推求的水动力学参数中,水分特征曲线准确性较高,水分扩散率和非饱和导水率准确性较差。简单入渗法推求的水分扩散率和非饱和导水率均低于实测值1～2个数量级,但推求值与实测值曲线趋势较为一致。入渗特性法推求的水分扩散率和非饱和导水率在高含水量小于实测值,在低含水量大于实测值,推求值随含水量变化趋势响应缓慢。     

室内基于土壤水分再分布过程推求紫色土导水参数

选择三峡库区3种不同质地的紫色土,室内通过土壤水分再分布试验,探讨基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数对于紫色土的适用性.结果显示,结合土壤水分垂直和水平再分布过程推求的紫色土水分扩散率与实测值具有很好的一致性,但推求的非饱和导水率偏差较大.然而,选用单一的土壤水分再分布过程结合实测水分特征曲线推求的紫色土非饱和导水率与实测值具有良好的一致性.湿润锋湿度与湿润剖面平均湿度不同函数关系对推求非饱和导水率和水分扩散率差异不明显.此外,基于土壤水分再分布过程推求导水参数方法比较适合低湿土壤的非饱和导水参数推求.     

推求土壤水分运动参数的简单入渗法Ⅰ.理论分析

预报非饱和土壤水分运动必须首先获得土壤水分运动参数。土壤水分运动参数包括土壤水分特征曲线和导水率。本文使用积分方法求解了一维水平非饱和土壤水分运动问题,根据其建立了椎求非饱和土壤水分运动参数的简单人渗法,用以推求ｖａｎ Ｇｅｎｕｃｈｔｅｎ特征曲线模型中的参数α和ｎ。α和ｎ是根据湿润区的特征长度、吸渗率和土壤的饱和导水率（ｋ）来确定的,而非饱和导水率可由α、ｎ和ｋｓ确定。这一项的简单人渗法是基于Ｒｉ     

南方红壤丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤水力学性质研究

非饱和导水率是研究土壤水分和溶质运移的重要参数。本论文利用压力膜仪法以及FDR和Watermark(R) granular matrix田间原位测定数据,分别获得室内和田间的水分特征曲线,并利用van Genuchten模型间接推求非饱和导水率。同时,以原位的零通量内排水法直接测得的非饱和导水率作为标准,分析了不同方法所获得的非饱和导水率的异同。研究结果表明：在花生地,压力膜仪法测得的VG曲线参数推求非饱和导水率和实际非饱和导水率相近;而在橘园地由于根系空间分布异质性导致室内与田间所获得非饱和导水率差异性较大。同时, 直接法测得的非饱和导水率结果也说明在该地区两种不同土地利用方式下水分运动的特征存在差异。     

田间非饱和土壤水分运动参数测定

在秦王川灌区利用双环入渗仪在现场进行了积水入渗试验，同时利用γ射线测定土壤水分剖面，进而根据室内外所测定的土壤水分特征曲线，推求了该灌区非饱和土壤水分运动参数，并对室内外所确定的结果进行了对比分析。     

推求土壤水分运动参数的简单入渗法──Ⅱ.实验验证

预报土壤中水分流动需要的土壤导水特性可通过观察水平土柱的入渗过程来确定,这一观测过程的分析是基于对Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ方程求积分解。土壤水分特征曲线中的参数由观测的水平土柱和特征湿润长度和吸力为确定,非饱和土壤导水率由已确定的特征曲线中的参数和测定的饱和导水率导出。供试土壤有三种,它们的质地从砂壤到粘壤。由这种方法所确定的这三种土壤的水分特征曲线与实测的特征曲线符合良好,所确定的砂壤的非饱和导水率与实     

Mualem模型中的饱和导水率修正研究

[目的]提高Mualem模型计算非饱和导水率的准确性。[方法]采用理论推导结合数据统计的方法研究该模型中的饱和导水率ks修正问题。基于Brooks—Corey土壤水分特征曲线模型,建立修正导水率ko与土壤水分特征曲线之间的理论关系式;通过回归分析得到ko与土壤水分特征曲线之间的理论关系式中相关参数。[结果]利用原状黄土的非饱和渗透试验数据,对考虑修正导水率ko的Mualem模型的准确性进行了验证,得到了比较满意的结果。[结论]研究成果可用于依据土壤水分特征曲线直接确定非饱和土导水率,对非饱和导水率预测研究具有一定参考价值。     

不同含盐土壤圆盘入渗特征试验

不同含盐土壤水分入渗特征是获得准确的土壤水力参数的基础。该文通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个（-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm）负水头下的入渗特征。结果表明,随着水头的减小,4种土壤的吸湿率线性减小,稳定入渗率和非饱和导水率呈不同程度减小。随土壤含盐量增加稳定入渗率和导水率呈增大规律。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。     

温度对土壤水分运动和保持影响的研究进展

本文对温度影响土壤水分运动和保持的诸多方面，如土壤水势，非饱和土壤导水参数，土壤水分入渗、蒸发及再分布过程，土壤水热耦合运移等，进行了介绍，并侧重对温度影响土壤水分运行和保持的机制进行了评述和综述。     

Soil hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China measured by various field-scale and laboratory methods

Knowledge of hydraulic properties is essential for understanding water movement in soil. However, very few data on these properties are available from the Loess Plateau of China. We determined the hydraulic properties of two silty loam soils on agricultural land at sites in Mizhi and Heyang in the region. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from seven layers to one meter depth to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (by the hot-air method). Additional field methods (internal drainage and Guelph permeameter) were applied at the Heyang site to compare differences between methods. Soil water retention curves were flatter at Mizhi than at Heyang. Water contents at saturation and wilting point (1500 kPa) were higher at Heyang than at Mizhi. However, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was lower at Heyang than at Mizhi, with maximum differences of more than six orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, the two soils had similar saturated hydraulic conductivities of about 60 cm day^− 1. Comparison between the methods showed that soil water retention curves obtained in the laboratory generally agreed well with the field data. Field-saturated conductivities had similar values to those obtained using the soil core method. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities predicted by the Brooks–Corey model were closer to field data than corresponding values predicted by the van Genuchten model.     

基于两组负水头入渗数据推求Brooks-Corey模型中的参数

非饱和土壤水分运动和溶质运移的研究需要准确的土壤水动力特性信息，然而土壤水动力特性的测定往往费时费力且较难。该研究假设土壤水力动力特性可用Brooks-Corey模型来描述，结合Darcy定理和质量守恒推导了基于两组负水头下入渗数据来估计Brooks-Corey模型参数的方法。利用负水头下一维土壤水分运动中累计入渗量和湿润峰之间的关系实现了参数的求解，大量的数值模拟数据检验了该方法，并与Wang的方法进行了比较和分析，结果表明本研究提供了一种简单而且精确的确定土壤水动力参数方法。     

A new equation for the soil water retention curve

The soil water retention curve is a fundamental characteristic of unsaturated zone flow and transport properties. Recent studies show that an air‐entry value is needed in a soil water retention equation in order to provide a better prediction of relative hydraulic conductivity. A new equation considering the air‐entry value is proposed to describe the soil water retention curve. The performance of the proposed equation is contrasted with a well‐supported equation by comparing measured and calculated data for 14 soils, representing various soil textures, which range from sandstone to clay. Results show that the proposed equation provides adequate characterization of the soil water retention curves. The equation for predicting relative hydraulic conductivity is derived from the proposed soil water retention equation. An empirical equation for relative hydraulic conductivity is also used. Our results show that the agreement between the predicted and measured relative hydraulic conductivities is improved by the combinations of the proposed equation and the relative hydraulic conductivity equations. The proposed equation is mathematically simple and it can easily be implemented in unsaturated flow and multiphase flow numerical models.     

A relatively simple scaling method for describing the unsaturated hydraulic functions of stony soils

Few if any methods exist to estimate the effects of stone content (stoniness) on the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. A relatively simple scaling method is presented to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils having different stone contents. A key assumption of the method is that van Genuchten's water retention parameters α and n of the fine soil fraction are the same as those of the stony soil. The method further assumes a linearly decreasing relationship between the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the stone content, based on previous numerical simulations. Using the proposed method, it is possible to calculate the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated stony soils, knowing the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the fine soil fraction, the retention curve of the fine soil fraction, and the particular stoniness of the soil.     

Comparison of water‐retention functions obtained from the extended evaporation method and the standard methods sand/kaolin boxes and pressure plate extractor

Knowledge of the soil hydraulic functions is required for various hydrological studies and for the simulation of water and solute fluxes in unsaturated soils. Sand/kaolin boxes are frequently used to determine these properties in the low‐tension range. For higher tensions the pressure plate extractor is mainly applied. The extended evaporation method allows a more efficient determination of the water‐retention curve in an adequate range. Besides this method enables to quantify simultaneously the unsaturated hydraulic‐conductivity function. The objective of this study was to compare the water‐retention curves obtained from the standard methods (STM) with those determined with the extended evaporation method (EEM). A set of 90 natural soil samples of different texture and origin was analyzed, and the agreement between the methods was statistically evaluated. The average water‐content deviation (AWCD) of all samples was 1.83 vol.%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) 2.08 vol.%. The deviation of soil water‐storage capacity in the pore‐size classes 0–6, 6–30, 30–500, 500–1500 kPa varied between minimum –0.17 and 0.25 vol.% and maximum –2.89 and 2.36 vol.%, and confirmed the good comparability among the adopted methods. Systematic deviations between the methods were not found.     

Estimating the wetting branch of the soil water retention curve from grain-size fractions

The development of a theoretical method for estimating the wetting branch of the soil water retention curve (SWRC) is required for knowledge of the soil infiltration process. The aim of this study was to derive the theoretical functions to represent the wetting branch of the SWRC based on the Jensen method, and then compare the Jensen method and Kool & Parker (KP87) model for estimating the wetting branch of the SWRC. Fifteen soil samples with varying basic properties (e.g., grain-size distribution and bulk density (BD)) were selected from the Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Database (UNSODA) to test these two methods. Results showed that the Jensen method (root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.057 cm³ cm⁻³) produced a substantially better performance in predicting the wetting branch of the SWRC than the KP87 (RMSE = 0.089 cm³ cm⁻³) for the 15 samples. The range of the scaled mean bias error (SMBE) between the Jensen method-predicted and measured soil water contents at all pressure heads was −0.529 to 0.402. A positive linear relationship between the SMBE and silt content was observed for the Jensen method. The findings of this study have practical significance for simulating the soil infiltration in the unsaturated zone.     

Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China

Soil compaction affects hydraulic properties, and thus can lead to soil degradation and other adverse effects on environmental quality. This study evaluates the effects of three levels of compaction on the hydraulic properties of two silty loam soils from the Loess Plateau, China. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface (10–15 cm) layers at sites in Mizhi and Heyang in Shaanxi Province. The three levels of soil compaction were set by increasing soil bulk density by 0% (C0), 10% (C1) and 20% (C2) through compression and hammering in the laboratory. Soil water retention curves were then determined, and both saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were estimated for all of the samples using standard suction apparatus, a constant head method and the hot-air method, respectively. The high level of compaction (C2) significantly changed the water retention curves of both the surface and subsurface layers of the Heyang soil, and both levels of compaction (C1 and C2) changed the curves of the two layers from the Mizhi site. However, the effects of compaction on the two soils were only pronounced below water tensions of 100 kPa. Saturated hydraulic conductivities (K_s) were significantly reduced by the highest compaction level for both sampled layers of the Heyang soil, but no difference was observed in this respect between the C0 and C1 treatments. K_s values decreased with increasing soil compaction for both layers of the Mizhi soil. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were not affected by soil compaction levels in the measured water volume ratio range, and the values obtained were two to five orders of magnitude higher for the Mizhi soil than for the Heyang soil. The results indicate that soil compaction could strongly influence, in different ways, the hydraulic properties of the two soils.