黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛土壤种子库及其自然更新潜力评估

[目的]对黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛植被土壤种子库的特征及红砂灌丛植被自然更新潜力进行分析和评估,以说明红砂灌丛土壤种子库在植被恢复与重建中的重要作用。[方法]采用土壤种子库"萌发法"(每个地段10个2m×2m样方内分表土层0—2cm和2—5cm土层采集土样)及野外植被调查方法,对黄土丘陵沟壑不同坡位红砂灌丛土壤种子库进行研究。[结果]黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛植被土壤种子库发芽试验共观察到的4 251株幼苗,分属于9个物种。土壤种子库密度在100~1 000粒/m2,物种数在0.8~1.2种/0.01m2,下坡段的土壤种子库平均种子密度和平均物种数均比上坡段高。3个坡段的2个层次的平均种子密度和平均物种数均随土层加深而减小。3个坡段土壤种子库和地上植被的组成物种多为草本植物和红砂灌丛,地上植被与其土壤种子库的密度及物种数均呈不显著相关;物种组成的Sorensen相似性指数较高,均达到0.60以上,且土壤种子库比地上植被具有更高的物种丰富度。[结论]黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛具有依靠土壤种子库实现自然更新的潜力,但由于物种组成种类较少,现存灌丛植被一旦遭到破坏,仅靠土壤种子库恢复现存植被是困难的,需要在对自然恢复潜力评估的基础上,积极采取人工保护促进自然恢复的策略。     

汶川地震不同次生地质灾害类型区土壤种子库特征

为了解地震后次生地质灾害土壤种子库特征及其植被恢复特点,在四川省北川县采用野外取样和在当地自然环境下萌发相结合的办法,研究了5种不同灾害类型(包括滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、落石及堰塞湖)土壤种子库大小、物种组成及其与地上植被之间的关系。研究结果表明,不同灾害类型土壤种子库密度介于30133.33±6776.03~93383.33±26499.81粒/m2方差分析显示,只有落石损毁类型种子库密度与其它几种灾害类型差异显著,各灾害类型土壤种子库种子密度在0-5cm和5-10cm土层之间无明显分层区别。土壤种子库中一年生和多年生草本所占比例为90.48%,灌木所占比例为9.52%,没有观察到乔木种。各土壤种子库之间Sorensen相似性指数较高,为0.529~0.714土壤种子库与相应样地地上植物之间相似性不高,相关性也不密切,其相似性指数介于0.167~0.292。建议灾害损毁地植被恢复以自然恢复为主,若采取简易的水土保持措施和适量客土措施,将会促进种子的萌发和植被的更新种子库中缺乏乔木种,快速乔木化需要人工输入种子雨。     

安塞黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地的土壤种子库特征

 采用野外调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,研究安塞黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库的物种组成、密度特征、物种多样性以及相似性特征。结果表明:阴、阳坡12个样地的土样中,共萌发了28种2442株幼苗,隶属于11科23属;05 cm土层的土壤种子库密度变动于（900.1±351.3）6 466.8±1 708.4粒.m-2之间,510cm土层的值变动于（116.7±61.4）2466.7±914.4粒.m-2之间;随着退耕年限的增加,土壤种子库的总密度都呈明显的递减趋势;阳坡的土壤种子库密度为阴坡的2.23.4倍;猪毛蒿和臭蒿是退耕地阳坡样地土壤种子库的优势物种,阴坡样地的优势物种是猪毛蒿;随着退耕年限的增加,土壤种子库的均匀度与退耕年限呈显著正相关,丰富度和多样性基本上呈上升趋势,生态优势度则呈下降趋势,说明随着退耕年限的增加,优势种趋向不明显;样地种子库组成成分的相似性分析表明,退耕演替的过程基本上也是土壤种子库空间异质性加大的过程。     

安徽沿江农区秋熟田杂草种子库特征

研究了安徽沿江农区作物成熟期秋熟田杂草种子库的物种组成、物种多样性、空间格局,调查了地上部分杂草及相关环境因子,分析了杂草种子库与地上杂草群落和环境因子的关系.结果表明:秋熟田种子库有杂草40科124种,夏熟田杂草为优势杂草,自土壤表层至下层杂革种类数逐渐减少;不同农田类型中,物种多样性指数棉花田高于其他秋熟田,同一农田类型中,物种多样性指数表层中层下层;种子库总密度为289 865粒·m-2,其中秋熟田杂草种子占61.00%,杂草种子集中分布于土壤表层;杂草种子库与地上杂草群落Sorenson相似性指数为0.53,线性拟合表明二者密切相关;CCA分析表明土壤速效氮为影响种子库的最大环境因子.     

陕北安塞退耕地持久土壤种子库与地上植被的对应关系

通过研究陕北安塞退耕3~31 a的阴阳坡10个样地的持久土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系,分析持久土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用。结果表明：调查样地持久土壤种子库由15个科36个物种组成,种子密度在1 908~12 617粒/m2之间,1年生物种占80%,随着退耕演替的进行,种子库中1年生物种比例呈下降趋势,多年生物种比例呈上升趋势,地带性物种在持久种子库中的比例也随退耕时间的延长而增加,物种数和种子库密度均随退耕演替先增大后降低;持久土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性较低,Serensen相似性系数为0.21~0.42;通过对适宜物种的确限度及土壤种子库大小的分析,认为该区退耕地的持久土壤种子库具有一定的植被恢复潜力。     

汶川地震灾区典型区不同植被类型土壤种子库特征——以北川县苏保河、魏家沟流域为例

为了解汶川地震灾区典型区不同植被类型土壤种子库特征及其与灾害受损程度间的关系,采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了北川县苏保河与魏家沟流域4种植被类型(未受损林地、受损林地、灾后恢复草地和灾后裸地)土壤种子库的物种组成、种子密度、多样性及其与地上植物群落的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型样地中,土壤种子库密度为212.5~1 758.3个·m-2,每样带(200 m2)平均物种数为4.3~14.7个。4种植被类型土壤种子库的组成物种多为多年生或一年生草本植物,土壤种子库与相应地上植被的物种数仅受损林地与灾后恢复草地中呈显著相关;物种组成的Sorensen相似指数除裸地低于0.250外,其余均高于0.250。基于以上分析结果,在灾区进行植被恢复,需要考虑次生灾害对植被的持续破坏可能性,采用工程措施及人为引种的方式增加成活率和延续性。     

汶川地震生态治理区土壤种子库及其与地上植被的关系

为了比较地震灾区不同气候类型植被恢复区土壤种子库时空分布特征,采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了四川省汶川县威州镇和绵竹市汉旺镇4类生态治理区[干旱干暖河谷受损治理区(DHD)、干旱干暖河谷未受损区(DHU)、亚热带湿润季风气候受损治理区(HMD)、亚热带湿润季风气候未受损区(HMU)]土壤种子库的萌发动态、数量特征、物种组成、多样性特征及其与地上植被之间的关系。结果表明:未受损区具有2个萌发高峰期,受损治理区只有1个萌发高峰期,不同气候类型治理区土壤种子库在不同土壤深度表现出不同的萌发潜力;4类治理区土壤种子库平均密度为192~1 544粒·m?2,表层密度和平均密度均为未受损区受损治理区,干旱干暖河谷气候区亚热带湿润季风气候区;4类治理区共有50种植物萌发,草本植物占显著优势;HMU、HMD、DHU、DHD地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成的S?rensen相似性系数分别为26.23%、44.9%、30.77%、16.00%,Jaccard相似性系数分别为15.09%、28.95%、18.18%、9.09%;不同类型样地土壤种子库特有种和共有物种均表现出不同的生活型格局。基于以上分析结果,在灾区进行植被恢复时,应该考虑治理区的气候环境,因地制宜的进行人工引种和制定恢复措施。     

子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库特征研究

采用野外调查取样和室内观测试验相结合的方法,研究了子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征.结果表明:(1)土壤种子库储量密度平均为5 711粒/m~2,最大密度是9 537粒/m~2,最小密度是3563粒/m2.(2)土壤种子库的种子的垂直分布主要集中在0-2.5 cm,2.5-5 cm和5-7.5 cm这3个层次,占75.38%～79.32%,枯枝落叶层和7.5-10 cm层分布较少,占20.68%～24.62%.(3)土壤种子库物种组成主要为灌木和草本两个种类,无乔木植物,多年生草本在物种数和种子数上占据明显优势.     

子午岭辽东栎天然林土壤种子库研究

结合野外调查与室内试验对子午岭辽东栎天然林的种群生长状况,枯落层种子库.不同坡位土壤种子库物种组成、数量特征、生活型及其与地上植被的相似性进行了较为系统的研究.结果表明:(1)试验萌发鉴定出的幼苗共有24种,隶属于16科.其中多年生草本和落叶灌木物种比例最高,分别占种子库物种总数的58.33%和12.5%;(2)整个子午岭天然辽东栎林土壤种子库总密度为1 2 761.44粒/m2,种子主要分布在枯枝落叶层和0-2.5 cm土层中,其中.辽东栎种子密度为752.5粒/m2,占整个样地土壤种子库总密度的5.89%,表明辽东栎种子萌发能力很差.该林分群落天然更新缓慢.(3)子午岭天然辽东栎林的下坡位物种多样性指数较其它坡位高,但各个样地物种多样性指数均高于对照;(4)天然辽东栎纯林的种群生长状况良好.树龄均为成年树种;(5)方差分析表明:辽东栎的胸径、地径在不同坡位之间均具有显著性差异(P>0.05);(6)相关分析表明:枯枝落叶层厚度,重量与土壤种子库密度之间具无显著相关性(P<0.05).     

元谋干热河谷山地植被修复区土壤种子库研究

 为了解干热河谷不同植被修复方法的土壤种子库的变化模式,采用对不同处理地段(包括水平阶间坡面、自然坡面、沟底)和对照(放牧地)的土壤种子库组成、大小进行比较研究的方法,研究元谋干热河谷山地植被修复区的土壤种子库。结果表明:1)植被修复区土壤种子库密度、丰富度均大于对照区;2)修复区内第2年土壤种子库密度、丰富度均大于第1年;3)水平阶间坡面和各类型间的土壤种子库密度差异显著;4)种子库中草本植物占很大比例;5)孔颖草和扭黄茅是种子库2大优势种。研究项目所采取植被修复措施在很大程度上改善土壤种子库的数量结构和物种组成。     

草炭与珍珠岩对土壤种子库种子萌发特征的影响

[目的]探究基质添加对土壤种子库种子萌发特征的影响,为今后土壤种子库应用于植被恢复工程提供有价值的参考。[方法]借鉴日本植被恢复的先进经验,采用温室萌发法探究有机基质(草炭)、无机基质(珍珠岩)及混合基质(草炭与珍珠岩)添加对土壤种子库种子萌发特征的影响。[结果]草炭与珍珠岩混合基质对土壤种子库密度、物种多样性的促进作用更为明显,当混合基质与表土配比为20%和30%时,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和种子库密度分别达到最高值;种子库萌发曲线中,混合基质组的萌发效果明显高于空白组和其他组;种子库密度与土壤因子的多元回归分析中,C,N,P,K元素均对种子库密度影响显著,进一步通过CCA排序法,分析发现大部分植物均对土壤含水率和C,N,P,K等元素有一定程度上的要求。[结论]向表土中添加混合基质作为一种人工措施,能有效地促进种子库密度和物种多样性,可为植被恢复工程提供具有实用价值的参考。     

风沙黄土区排土场不同恢复类型植物群落与土壤种子库特征

风沙黄土区排土场作为一种人造生态系统,自然条件恶劣,土壤贫瘠,植被恢复困难。为了探明有效的人工促进植被恢复措施,采用植被调查与种子库萌发试验相结合的方法,通过研究不同植被类型地上植物群落与土壤种子库特征及二者的关系,探讨了其植被恢复效益及潜力。结果表明:研究区人工植被恢复下地上植物群落中共47种植物,分属16科40属,土壤种子库共14种植物,分属5科13属,其中均以禾本科、菊科、藜科、豆科占主导地位; 灌木植被的地上植被和土壤种子库的物种多样性均表现为最优; 地上植被与土壤种子库密度的变化范围为88.48～495.47株/m²,74.74～1422.91粒/m²,且均在草地类型下最大。土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性普遍较低,相似性系数仅为0.16～0.23。因此,风沙黄土区排土场的植被恢复与重建需要加强保护与管理,可以考虑构建以草灌配置为主的人工植被恢复模式,保障群落的恢复潜力,并提高群落多样性与稳定性,亦可考虑引入外源种子库提升群落恢复的潜力。     

Weed seed bank affected by tillage intensity for barley in Alaska

The weed seed bank of a long-term tillage study in subarctic Alaska was studied at the end of 10 years of continuous spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Tillage treatments were: no-till, disked once (spring), disked twice (spring and fall), and chisel plow (fall). Soil cores were obtained from each tillage treatment and seeds were manually separated from soil after washing through sieves. Tillage treatment had a significant effect on seed density of shepherds purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.), cinquefoil (Potentilla norvegica L.), foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.), and on total seed density. Seed density was higher for these species and total seed density was greater under no-till than under other tillage treatments. Seed density was higher near the soil surface under no-till and chisel plow treatments than under disked treatments, which helps explain the greater difficulty of controlling weeds under reduced tillage.     

The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia,China

Although the functions and characteristics of soil seed banks in topsoil layers have been described for various ecosystems, the spatiotemporal pattern of the seed bank in deep soil and its ecological implications for vegetation restoration of active sand dune have not been fully explored. In 2007 and 2008, seed densities with regard to dune position, soil depth and season were investigated on an active and a stabilized sand dune of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Seeds in the 0–10 cm topsoil layer accounted for 60% of total soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while more than 40% of seeds were stored in the 50–100 cm layers on the active sand dune. Seed density declined significantly with soil depth on the stabilized sand dune, but it was relatively constant across the 0–100 cm soil profile on the active sand dune. Seed density fluctuated with soil depth on the active sand dune suggesting that seeds were either relocated upward or downward over time. Seeds of annual non‐psammophytic species accounted for the majority of soil seed bank on the stabilized sand dune, while pioneer psammophytes contributed more to the soil seed bank of the active sand dune. Our data suggest that seeds in the deep soil layers of active sand dunes account for a large proportion of the whole soil seed bank. Because of the effect of wind erosion, seeds in deep soil could be gradually exposed to shallow soil layers and potentially contribute to population recruitment and vegetation restoration on active sand dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of experimental restoration on the diaspore bank of an upland moor degraded by Pteridium aquilinum invasion

We assessed the effects of a range of experimental restoration treatments on the diaspore bank (seed and spores) on an upland moor infested by dense Pteridium aquilinum, 9 years after implementation. Experimental treatment included both Pteridium control (cutting, spraying and combinations) and restoration treatments (grazing, seeding); both univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were used to assess significant effects. The seed bank was made up largely of Calluna vulgaris, Juncus effusus and Agrostis capillaris with the majority germinating from the litter (38 per cent) and upper soil layer (53 per cent). Soil depth influenced species composition and density, with greatest numbers near the surface, in keeping with a negative exponential response. In the lowest soil depth only ferns were abundant. A. capillaris seed density was greater in the most disturbed treatment (cut twice yearly with grazing), whereas C. vulgaris was greater in the low‐disturbance treatment (herbicide application only). The diaspore bank composition response identified that certain treatment combinations had a grass‐heath composition in the upper soil layer, which may assist future restoration. There was a significant effect of C. vulgaris seed addition detected in the Pteridium litter layer suggesting that this litter acted as a barrier to seed transfer to the soil. There was little evidence of coupling developing between the diaspore bank and vegetation. The most successful treatment combination was cutting twice per yr with low grazing plus C. vulgaris addition as brash. Where seed is added the Pteridium litter should be disturbed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵区撂荒地不同侵蚀带土壤种子库特征

采用野外调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵区撂荒地不同侵蚀带土壤种子库的密度、物种组成、物种多样性以及相似性特征。结果表明:各侵蚀带土壤种子库中共发现26个物种,隶属于13科24属,不同侵蚀带物种组成有所差异,菊科与禾本科为主要组成物种;0—10cm土层内土壤种子库密度随着侵蚀带的变化而变化,有明显的先减少再增大而后再急剧减少的趋势;不同侵蚀带土壤种子库物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和生态优势度存在着差异,但未达到显著相关水平;土壤种子库组成物种相似性系数变化范围为0.40～0.82,相邻侵蚀带之间的土壤种子库物种相似性较高,随着侵蚀带之间距离的增加,其相似性逐渐变小。这说明不同侵蚀带土壤种子库因受坡面径流引起的土壤侵蚀使种子流失、二次迁移和沉积以及植被的拦截而产生再分布。     

Effect of tillage intensity on weed infestation in organic farming

Conservation tillage is not yet widely accepted by organic farmers because inversion tillage is considered to be necessary for weed control. Three long-term experiments were established with combinations of reduced and conventional plough tillage and stubble tillage to determine weed infestation levels in organic farming, i.e. herbicide application being excluded. Experiment 1 (with very low stocking density of perennial weeds) showed that in presence of primary tillage by mouldboard ploughing the number of annual weeds was nearly unaffected by the mode of stubble tillage. In experiment 2, however, with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) being artificially established, thistle density was significantly affected by stubble tillage and by a perennial grass–clover forage crop. Experiment 3 combined two levels of stubble tillage (skimmer plough, no stubble tillage = control) with four implements of primary tillage in the order of decreasing operation depth (deep mouldboard plough, double-layer plough, shallow mouldboard plough or chisel plough). Primary tillage by chisel plough resulted in significantly highest annual weed density compared to all other treatments. The natural C. arvense infestation in experiment 3 showed highest shoot density in the “skimmer plough/chisel plough” treatment compared to the lowest infestation in the “skimmer plough/double-layer plough” treatment. The poor capacity of the chisel plough for weed control was also reflected by the soil seed bank (5500 m⁻² C. arvense seeds for chisel plough, <300 seeds for all other primary tillage). A reduced operation depth of the mouldboard plough (“shallow mouldboard plough”) seemed to have an insufficient effect in controlling C. arvense infestation as well. Stubble tillage by the skimmer plough in addition to nearly any primary tillage operation largely reduced both annual weeds and thistle shoots. Most effective in controlling C. arvense was also a biennial grass–clover mixture as part of the crop rotation.Double-layer ploughing is a compromise between soil inversion and soil loosening/cutting and can be regarded as a step towards conservation tillage. In terms of controlling annual weeds and C. arvense, the double-layer plough was not inferior to a deep mouldboard plough and seems to be suitable for weed control in organic farming. Tilling the stubble shallowly after harvest can support weed control in organic farming remarkably, particularly in reducing C. arvense. If no noxious, perennial weeds occur and primary tillage is done by soil inversion, an omission of stubble tillage can be taken into consideration.