保水剂与磷肥的相互影响及节水保肥效果

采用茶袋法测定保水剂在磷酸一铵、过磷酸钙溶液中的吸水倍率,并以差减法计算保水剂对磷素养分的吸持量,研究不同磷肥对保水剂吸水性能以及保水剂对不同磷肥的吸持作用的影响;盆栽条件下以玉米为供试作物,研究保水剂和不同磷肥配合施用下的节水保肥效果。结果表明:保水剂在不同磷肥溶液中的吸水倍率随肥料浓度的增加而下降,过磷酸钙对保水剂吸水倍率的影响大于磷酸一铵;保水剂在大量吸水的同时,也对溶于水中的磷素养分有吸持作用,吸持量随肥料浓度的增加出现先增大后减小的规律;保水剂和磷肥配合施用能增加叶片净光合速率和气孔导度,提高玉米生物量和水肥利用效率,保水剂与磷酸一铵配合施用水肥调控效果较好。     

江淮丘陵地区玉米农业保水(抗旱)剂应用研究

通过几种农业保水(抗旱)剂对江淮丘陵地区玉米的节水及提高肥料利用率进行田间应用研究。结果表明,施用土壤保水剂(苗乐宝)、抗旱保水剂(旱地龙)玉米增产7.6%、6.4%;氮吸收量提高7.6%、5.1%;磷吸收量提高13.2%、8.7%。节水效果显著。     

高分子保水剂农业应用研究进展

高分子化合物作为一种新型保水抗旱材料在农业上得到了广泛的应用。保水材料通过自身的吸水供水,增加土壤团粒结构,降低土壤容重,增加孔隙度,抑制蒸发达到保水效果,减小了降雨对土壤的侵蚀。通过减少养分淋失,达到提高肥料利用效率和减少肥料污染的作用。大量试验结果表明高分子保水剂能够促进种子的出苗及植物生长,但必须结合土壤含水率正确使用。未来研究应重点开发低成本保水保肥多功能保水剂,不断扩大保水剂的应用领域和范围。     

高分子保水剂在土壤水肥保持和污染治理中的应用进展

高分子保水剂(super absorbent polymer,SAP)是一种具有高吸水和保水能力的高分子聚合物,应用土壤具有水肥保持和土壤改良等多重效应,近年在农业生产、水土保持和污染治理中应用受到重视。该文通过作者多年研究积累和文献综合分析,回顾了高分子保水剂发展历程,提出其效应原理的理论体系,包括保水剂自身吸水、保水和释水原理,保水剂促进土壤改良和保持效应原理;保水剂提高肥料等农化产品利用效率原理;保水剂调节植物生理节水效应原理和固化土壤重金属效应原理。此外,文章对保水剂在农业水肥保持与高效利用、土壤重金属污染治理等方面的研究进展进行了系统分析,并根据其存在问题,指出加强新型产品研制及其应用基础研究,加快应用技术推广是保水剂发展的主要方向。     

保水剂包膜尿素的特征与性能

保水肥料是缓/控释肥料研究的新方向,本文利用聚合化学反应制备出了一种保水剂包膜尿素肥料,并对该肥料的包膜特征、养分控释性能及其对土壤水分的影响进行了研究。结果表明:保水剂包膜尿素的实际包膜量低于设计包膜量,一般低10%～12%。扫描电镜成像图显示:保水剂包膜尿素包膜上存在纤维网状孔隙,膜厚度为0.15～0.25mm。7d水溶出率的实验结果表明,保水剂包膜尿素养分控释效果低于塑料包膜尿素,保水剂包膜尿素的养分缓释作用主要来自包膜对尿素的吸附作用。保水剂包膜尿素处理土壤的土壤水分脱水曲线测定结果说明,保水剂包膜尿素可提高土壤水分含量,增加土壤水分的有效性,改善土壤的保水、释水性能。因此,保水剂包膜尿素肥料是具有开发应用前景的新型缓/控释肥料。     

保水剂与肥料互作及保水缓/控释肥料研究展望

保水剂在农业上的作用日益重要,肥料与保水剂一体化使用是水肥调控的重要技术,是肥料研究的国际前沿。保水剂是吸水量超过自身重量数百倍以上的亲水性高聚物。保水剂一般分为天然的,合成的及半合成的。保水剂与肥料可以通过物理混合、包膜或化学合成三种方式结合为一体化的保水缓/控释肥料。保水剂具有吸水吸肥功能,保水剂可吸附大量中性分子,对阳离子养分也有较强吸附作用,对阴离子养分吸附弱。肥料种类与盐浓度影响保水剂的吸附作用与膨胀能力。保水缓/控释肥料在土壤中对肥料养分有延迟释放作用。保水缓/控释肥料可改善土壤持蓄水分和水肥交互作用,促进植物对养分的吸收和作物增产。保水缓/控释肥料发展方向是包膜和化成保水缓/控释肥料。保水缓/控释肥料湿润及养分控释机理研究也需要加强。     

控释尿素对小麦-玉米产量及土壤氮素的影响

利用田间试验研究了包膜控释尿素对小麦-玉米产量、氮素利用效率、土壤氮素积累及移动的影响。结果表明,与施用普通尿素比较,小麦-玉米周年施用包膜控释尿素,在肥料用量减少20%和40%情况下,小麦-玉米总产量分别是100%普通尿素处理的97.4%和97.7%;控释尿素施氮量为60%处理的肥料农艺利用率和偏生产力分别比普通尿素提高11.57%和54.14%。控释尿素施氮量为80%处理的肥料农艺利用率和偏生产力分别提高6.40%和22.09%。施用控释尿素显著增加了0-20 cm土层的碱解氮和0～40cm土层的硝态氮含量;60-100 cm土层中,控释氮肥处理土壤硝态氮含量与不施氮肥处理差异不显著,普通尿素处理小麦收获后60～80 cm土层、玉米收获后60～100 cm土壤硝态氮显著高于不施氮肥处理,肥料氮素下移明显。试验结果显示,施用控释尿素增加了耕层（0～20 cm）土壤的氮素积累,减少了氮素向土壤深层移动的数量,有利于减少施肥对环境的不利影响。     

玉米专用型腐殖酸长效尿素肥效研究

为延长普通尿素的肥效期, 在前期关于风化煤腐殖酸脲酶抑制剂研究的基础上, 采用盆栽培养和田间试验, 进行了玉米专用型腐殖酸长效尿素的肥效研究。结果表明：就玉米产量而言, 尿素与腐殖酸（HA4）的比例以32.5∶1~121.7∶1较为适宜;加工而成的腐殖酸长效尿素（UHAⅢ）对玉米不同生育期土壤脲酶活性的抑制作用在苗期最强, 达24.1%, 拔节期后逐渐减弱;UHAⅢ在玉米后期供氮能力明显高于普通尿素, 土壤中碱解氮含量较普通尿素增加31.58%~32.73%;与普通尿素相比, 施用UHAⅢ后玉米籽粒产量增加40%, 产投比增加40%, N利用率提高39.70%, 表明UHAⅢ比普通尿素肥效高, 适于作玉米专用型长效尿素。     

玉米专用型腐殖酸长效尿素肥效研究

为延长普通尿素的肥效期, 在前期关于风化煤腐殖酸脲酶抑制剂研究的基础上, 采用盆栽培养和田间试验, 进行了玉米专用型腐殖酸长效尿素的肥效研究.结果表明:就玉米产量而言, 尿素与腐殖酸(HA4)的比例以32.5∶1～121.7∶1较为适宜;加工而成的腐殖酸长效尿素(UHAⅢ)对玉米不同生育期土壤脲酶活性的抑制作用在苗期最强, 达24.1%, 拔节期后逐渐减弱;UHAⅢ在玉米后期供氮能力明显高于普通尿素, 土壤中碱解氮含量较普通尿素增加31.58%～32.73%;与普通尿素相比, 施用UHAⅢ后玉米籽粒产量增加40%, 产投比增加40%, N利用率提高39.70%, 表明UHAⅢ比普通尿素肥效高, 适于作玉米专用型长效尿素.     

生物质炭保水剂的吸水保水性能研究

以生物质炭为原料,选择保水性和黏结性较强的MW型、阴型和阳型等聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对生物质炭进行了亲水性改性,分析了改性后的生物质炭保水剂吸水特性的变化以及对土壤水分蒸发和苗期玉米生长的影响。研究结果表明,施用3%生物质炭两周后可降低土壤水分蒸发量4.1%施用2.5%和5%的生物质炭后盆栽土壤含水量分别比对照显著提高了39.7%和50.4%。通过PAM改性后的生物质炭可显著提高保水能力,施用改性的生物质炭后盆栽土壤含水量较生物质炭本身提高了10.5%~63.0%。3种生物质炭保水剂的吸水倍率均表现为2:10型>1.5:10型>1:10型,说明生物质炭保水剂的吸水倍率随PAM的质量比的升高而升高,且MW型的吸水效果最好。施用2.5%和5%保水剂的土壤含水量分别比对照提高了54.3%~84.0%和119.5%~145.1%,但从土壤保水作用和对作物生长两方面出发,2.5%的生物质炭保水剂对其持水性和玉米植株的生长较为适宜。     

Effect of high rates of zinc on several crops grown on an irrigated plainfield sand

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to determine whether Zn applied for pathogen control could accumulate to a level which would be toxic to snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn. Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) was applied at rates varying from 0 to 363 kg Zn/ha on a Flainfield loamy sand to approximate 3, 9, 27 and 81 years of fungicidal treatment.

Even at the high rate of Zn, yields of snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn generally were not reduced. As rates of applied Zn increased, there was a corresponding increase in the level of Zn in the leaf tissue of all crops grown. At the high Zn rate, snapbean and cucumber leaf tissue accumulated over 350 ppm Zn. Available soil Zn was extracted with 0.1N HCl, EDTA, or DTPA. Highly significant correlations were observed between the Zn removed by each extractant and plant tissue Zn, thus, indicating that the various extractants were equally effective in predicting Zn uptake.

Very little downward movement of Zn was observed. Two and one‐half years after application, the Zn had leached to a depth of only 30 cm in the soil profile at the higher Zn rates.

These data indicate that application of Zn‐containing fungicides and bactericides should not cause a Zn toxicity problem on the Plainfield sand in the foreseeable future.     

Effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence: 2. Effects of aggregate size,sowing depth and initial water content under dry weather conditions

Abstract

Rapid and uniform crop establishment is a prerequisite for efficient crop production and minimal environmental impact. Extensive experiments were carried out in shallow plastic boxes placed in the field directly on the ground for studies of the effects of seedbed properties on emergence of small-grain cereal crops in a cool, temperate climate. This paper presents studies of the seedbed as a protective layer against evaporation and the requirements for good emergence under dry weather conditions. Without rainfall after sowing, nearly complete emergence of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was obtained, when rapidly germinating seed was placed on a moderately compacted basal layer containing at least 5% (w/w) plant-available water and covered by a 4 cm deep surface layer consisting of aggregates < 5 mm. This applied even when initial water content in the surface layer was below the wilting point and potential evaporation was high. If the soil at 4 cm depth is drier or if a sufficiently fine seedbed cannot be obtained, then seedbed and sowing depth should be somewhat greater, and if the soil is wetter, then the depth may be smaller. There were only small differences in emergence between surface layers consisting of aggregates < 2 mm, 2–4 mm or 2–5 mm, or dominated by these aggregate fractions, but when the surface layer consisted of coarser aggregates, emergence was usually much lower. Determinations of water losses from the soil during the experimental period showed that the differences in emergence were caused by differences in efficiency of the seedbed to control evaporation. The results indicate that, in an initially wet soil, it is always possible to find a time and method for seedbed preparation and sowing that lead to good emergence of small-grain cereal crops, even with a lengthy period without rainfall after sowing.     

不同种类绿肥翻压对土壤肥力的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了旱地翻压箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）、苕子（Vicia villosa Roth. Var.）和山黧豆（Lathyrus palustris l. Var. Pilosus ledeb）三种绿肥对土壤肥力特性的影响。试验结果表明,在绿肥翻压腐解过程中,土壤pH（原始pH值为5.95）均呈现出先升高后降低最后趋于平缓的趋势,在翻压0～25 d内高于不翻压绿肥对照,之后始终低于对照。翻压绿肥处理的土壤有机碳含量均高于对照,增幅为1.6%～6.2%。土壤无机氮含量显著高于对照,无机氮形态0～20 d以铵态氮为主,30～70 d以硝态氮为主,翻压70 d时,硝态氮含量较对照增加了15倍以上。翻压绿肥后土壤速效磷的含量均高于对照,增幅为11.9%～37.7%。翻压绿肥的土壤速效钾含量在翻压15 d时达最高且均比对照增加1.5倍以上。不同绿肥对土壤养分特性的影响不同,山黧豆处理的土壤pH变化幅度最大,土壤有机碳和无机氮含量最高,箭筈豌豆处理的土壤速效钾和速效磷含量最高。本试验条件下,三种绿肥翻压均能够改变土壤pH值,提高土壤硝态氮和速效钾含量,土壤有机碳和速效磷含量略有增加。     

苜蓿对旱地土壤有机碳氮变化的驱动作用

根据旱地长期定位试验和分离土壤有机质中微粒有机质及矿物结合有机质的方法,研究了长期生长苜蓿对土壤有机碳、全氮变化的驱动作用。结果表明:不施肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳、全氮的含量比裸地土壤中的含量明显增加,土壤有机碳和氮库中的微粒有机碳、氮的含量没有显著增加,而增加的有机碳、氮主要分布在矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。在施用有机肥及氮、磷化肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳和全氮的含量显著地提高,增加的有机碳、氮几乎平均地分布在微粒有机碳、氮和矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。由此表明,保持适宜的苜蓿生产力并采用合理的施肥措施,长期生长苜蓿能够有效地驱动土壤固定有机碳和氮素,从而保持和提高土壤肥力。     

Effects of Soil Fertility Management on Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Selected Soil Properties

Maize was grown for two cropping years to investigate the supplementary effect of inorganic fertilizer with cow dung on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, and soil properties. Five treatments were imposed: unfertilized control and four different fertilization packages comprising two different levels of inorganic fertilization with cow dung as supplements, sole inorganic fertilizer, and sole cow dung. Results analyzed after the two cropping years showed significant differences in growth and yield. A reduction in yield was observed for the unfertilized plots, whereas yields in the plots of supplemented inorganic fertilizer with cow dung increased and were significantly at par with the sole inorganic fertilizer plot. Water-use efficiency was improved for the fertilized plots. Significant improvement was observed in the water-stable aggregates with plots that received cow dung as organic manure either in part with inorganic fertilizer or as sole cow dung.     

Seasonal P uptake by corn under no‐till and conventional‐till management

Abstract

This study was conducted to measure season‐long uptake of P by corn grown under no‐till and conventional‐till management at three levels of P supply‐low, adequate, and high as defined by grain yield‐to test the feasibility of using whole‐plant P uptake as an indicator of the P supply in soil; and to calibrate soil P extractable with both Mehlich No. 1 (HC1 + H₂SO₄) and Mehlich No. 2 (HC1 + H₂SO₄ + NH₄F) versus whole‐plant P uptake over the response region.

Rates of P uptake were essentially linear over about 10 weeks of the growing season. P uptake rates were consistently higher under no till than conventional till, and these uptake rate differences were magnified under low moisture conditions. The critical P uptake rate for corn on this Matapeake soil was between 25 and 30 mg P/plant/week. Rates below these resulted in significant grain yield reductions in a good growth year. The soil P extractant containing F was a more consistant indicator of soil P sufficiency.     

Comparative studies on the photosynthesis of higher plants

1) CO₂ compensation points of the plants tested correlate well with the leaf anatomy. Low CO₂ compensation plants had well-developed VBS containing large and specialized chloroplasts but no plant with a high CO₂ compensation point possessed chloroplasts in the VBS.

2) CO₂ Compensation Points Closely Correlated With The Major Carboxylation Pathway In Photosynthesis. Low Compensation Plants Fixed CO₂ Via The C-4 Pathway (C-4 Plants) While High Compensation Plants Carried Out CO₂ Fixation By The Calvin Cycle (C-3 Plants).

3) Close correlations could be established for the CO₂ compensation point, the major carboxylation pathway, and glycolate oxidase activity. Glycolate oxidase activity was much higher in C-3 plants than in C-4 plants. On the other hand, dark respiration in C-4 plants was higher than that in C-3 plants.

4) TCA cycle activity in detached leaves was not inhibited to any large extent by illumination.

In C-3 plants, the release of ¹⁴CO₂ from alanine-1-¹⁴C increased with an increase in the ambient O₂ concentration; whereas, radioactivity in the sugar fraction was quite small at all O₂ concentrations. In C-4 plants the release of ¹⁴CO₂ was little affected by the ambient O₂ concentration while sugar formation was stimulated at high O₂ concentrations. This indicates that in C-3 plants CO₂ fixation is blocked at a high O₂ concentration, therefore, internal ¹⁴CO₂ is released from the leaf without being refixed, but in C-4 plants internal ¹⁴CO₂ can be efficiently refixed and metabolized to sugar by a combination of active PEP carboxylase and the ‘Kranz type’ of leaf anatomy.     

低硼对甘蓝型黄籽油菜与黑籽油菜花期生理特性的影响

为探索甘蓝型黄籽油菜与黑籽油菜花期相关生理特性对低硼的响应差异,以2个具有相同遗传来源的黄籽(L1)和黑籽(L2)油菜基因型为材料,研究了田间条件下低硼处理对甘蓝型黄、黑籽油菜花期部分生理特性的影响。结果表明,低硼处理后黄籽油菜下部叶片中养分的再利用能力降低,而黑籽油菜仍有一定的养分可供利用;无论黄籽油菜还是黑籽油菜,低硼处理均使其花器官形态变小,干重下降,低硼对黄籽油菜雌雄蕊长度的影响大于黑籽;甘蓝型黄、黑籽油菜的花粉活力在低硼处理后明显降低,但黄籽油菜无活力花粉的比率明显高于黑籽油菜;低硼使甘蓝型油菜雄蕊和雌蕊中的可溶性糖、淀粉、游离脯氨酸以及可溶性蛋白质含量降低,黄籽油菜的降低幅度明显大于黑籽油菜。与相同遗传来源的黑籽油菜相比,甘蓝型黄籽油菜花期的相关生理特性更易受低硼的影响。     

Cover cropping influences physico-chemical soil properties under direct drilling soybean

In seeking effective methods to prevent soil degradation, conservation tillage plays an important protective role. Apart from significantly reducing production costs, cover crops contributes to beneficial changes in the soil environment. A three-year field experiment included three cover crops (winter rye, winter oilseed rape, and white mustard) subjected to mulching or desiccation and to the action of a herbicide at three rates (100%, 75%, and 50%). The study evaluated soil moisture and the content of organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium in two soil layers (0–15?cm and 15–30?cm). Cover cropping had a positive effect on soil organic matter content. More organic matter (by 4.7%) was recorded in the topsoil layer (0–15?cm). Among the cover crops most favorable effect on the content of organic matter in the soil had white mustard (an increase of 14.2%) compared to the control. Moreover, rye and white mustard mulch increased the soil content of phosphorus and magnesium, while oilseed rape mulch increased the potassium content. At the critical growth stages (the flowering/pod set) of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril), soil moisture was dependent on mulching treatment and soil layers.