γ射线和高能混合粒子场辐照紫花苜蓿品质变异的比较分析

分别用109、145、195、284和560Gy5个剂量的60Coγ射线和高能混合粒子场处理龙牧803紫花苜蓿干种子,种植后田间观察,测定株高、鲜草产量和品质含量来比较2种不同诱变方法所造成的损伤效应。结果表明,高能混合粒子场处理过的植株在株高和产量上均高于同剂量γ射线处理的植株;而γ射线处理组的粗纤维含量普遍低于高能混合粒子场处理组,粗蛋白含量普遍高于高能混合粒子场处理组;粗脂肪含量在低剂量条件下(109、145和195Gy)γ射线处理高于高能混合粒子场处理,高剂量(284~560Gy)条件下则低于高能混合粒子场处理。     

高能混合粒子场辐照小麦M_1代变异的SSR分析

本试验利用北京正负电子对撞机直线加速器E2束流打靶产生高能次级混合粒子场,模拟次级宇宙射线,分别以0、109、145、195、284和560Gy剂量处理两个冬小麦品种ZY9和ZH7,并与相同剂量的60Coγ射线相比较,研究混合粒子场辐射处理对小麦幼苗生长和微卫星(SSR)标记谱带变化的影响。试验结果表明,随着混合粒子场处理剂量的增加,小麦幼苗生长受到的损伤逐渐增加。SSR标记分析结果发现,小麦B基因组的多态性位点频率占总多态性频率的46%,在3个基因组中最高,可能为“热点”突变基因组。高能混合粒子场对冬小麦幼苗的生长抑制和微卫星DNA的损伤效应大于γ射线。     

高能混合粒子场诱变小麦的细胞学效应研究

利用北京正负电子对撞机直线加速器E2束流打靶产生高能混合粒子场,以0、109、145、1952、84和560Gy的剂量处理两个冬小麦品种ZY9和ZH7,并与相同剂量的60Coγ射线相比较,研究其细胞学效应。试验结果表明,混合粒子场辐照小麦种子可抑制根尖细胞有丝分裂,诱发染色体出现单微核、双微核、多微核、环状染色体、落后染色体、游离染色体、染色体断片等多种畸变类型。混合粒子场与γ射线诱发的微核畸变率和染色体畸变率均存在明显的剂量效应,但混合粒子场的损伤效应明显高于γ射线。混合粒子场可诱发高频率的环状染色体和染色体断片,显示出混合粒子场处理小麦具有比γ射线处理更高的相对生物学效应。     

高能重离子束和X射线辐射水稻幼苗的当代生物学效应研究

为探究高能重离子束和X射线辐射对水稻幼苗生长发育和生理特性的影响,使用5~40 Gy的高能碳离子束和10~80 Gy的X射线辐射处理粳稻Kitaake幼苗,测定根长、芽长、苗高、株高、分蘖数、结实率、千粒重、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及遗传物质多态性指标。结果表明,高能重离子束或X射线辐射水稻幼苗后,其根长和芽长均呈现随辐射剂量增加而降低的趋势,但存活植株成熟期的株高与未辐射组相比差异不显著;M₁植株结实率及种子千粒重随剂量升高呈下降趋势,在较高剂量下表现为显著降低。辐射处理后相对根长约为69%时,两种辐射对幼苗的根及芽在较短时间内的抗氧化系统存在显著影响。与未辐射组相比高能碳离子束辐射组的叶绿素含量和F_v/F_m值均无显著差异,而X射线辐射处理组的叶绿素含量较高、F_v/F_m值降低。20 Gy高能碳离子束辐射处理水稻幼苗简单重复序列间扩增(ISSR)多态率为29.31%,40 Gy X射线辐射处理水稻幼苗ISSR多态率为37.76%。本研究结果为不同电离辐射处理水稻幼苗提供了推荐的诱变剂量区间:高能碳离子束20~30 Gy,X射线30~40 Gy。     

高能混合粒子场辐照对花生胚小叶组织培养及植株再生的影响

采用不同剂量的高能混合粒子场(0、67、105、150和196Gy)辐照花生鲁花11号干种子,取其胚小叶外植体,先后置于添加10mg/L 2,4-D的MSB5诱导培养基和添加4mg/L BAP的MSB5培养基上进行培养,研究了不同剂量辐照对外植体存活率、体胚诱导率和植株再生率的影响。结果表明:外植体存活率,除67Gy辐照组和对照无显著差异外,其他处理随辐照剂量的增大而显著下降;体胚诱导率,辐照剂量为67Gy时和对照无显著差异,当辐照剂量分别增加至105Gy和150Gy时,其体胚诱导率显著低于67Gy时的体胚诱导率,而二者之间无显著差异,当辐照剂量再增加至196Gy时,未观察到体胚的形成;植株再生率,除105Gy和150Gy剂量时无显著差异外,其他处理随辐照剂量的增大而显著下降。在辐照剂量为105Gy时,外植体存活率、体胚诱导率和植株再生率均约为对照的一半,因此推断105Gy可作为鲁花11号适宜的诱变剂量。再生苗嫁接后移栽于试验田正常结实。     

60Co-γ射线对菊花组培苗的诱变效应

对菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种秋之山的组培苗, 采用5～30 Gy的60Co-γ射线照射处理。研究了γ射线对组培苗生长、增殖和生根的影响以及对组培再生植株移栽后生长开花的影响。结果表明20 Gy是γ射线处理菊花组培苗的致死剂量；从生根和继代培养生长和增殖的结果看，诱变处理的最佳剂量在10 Gy左右；组培再生植株移栽后发现，10 Gy处理的植株中花色变异率为8.2%。与对照花鲜艳的纯黄色相比，变异花增加了不同深浅的红色素，且突变植株均为同质稳定突变。     

~(60)Co-γ射线对树兰蒴果辐照生物学效应研究

为探讨辐照处理对树兰种子的生物学效应,以树兰蒴果为研究对象,~(60)Co-γ射线为辐照源,设置不同剂量(0~200 Gy)进行辐照处理,在组织培养条件下研究其生物学效应。结果表明,当辐照剂量为20 Gy时可提高种子萌发率,并缩短种子萌发时间,而当辐照剂量为200 Gy时,种子不再萌发;树兰种子的半致死剂量为78.08 Gy。辐照处理对树兰再生植株的影响明显,与辐照剂量呈正相关,对株高、叶长影响最大,叶片数量次之,叶宽最小。本研究结果为树兰属植物离体诱变育种提供了一定的科学依据。     

~(60)Coγ射线对荷兰鸢尾的辐照效应

以60Coγ射线对‘展翅’荷兰鸢尾种球进行辐照,对各处理的出苗率、成活率、株高、植株形态变化、子球繁育等指标做调查统计。结果表明,在3~10Gy范围内,随着剂量的加大,植株的辐照损伤效应也逐渐加强;且大种球耐辐照能力大于小种球;辐照对M2代植株开花仍有很大的影响,其中7Gy处理的M2代植株变异率相对最高,成活率也较高,并能得到优变单株。根据结果确定‘展翅’荷兰鸢尾小种球适宜的辐照剂量为7~8Gy。     

60Co-γ射线辐射对姜黄的诱变效应研究

为探讨⁶⁰Co-γ射线对姜黄的诱变效应,本研究以姜黄种根为研究对象,采用不同剂量(60、70、80、90 Gy)的⁶⁰Co-γ射线进行辐射处理,分析VM₁和VM₂材料的田间表现。结果表明,姜黄种根经 ⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射后VM₁生长受到明显的抑制,植株的出苗率、株高、叶长、叶宽、地上部分干重、根茎鲜重等指标均显著低于对照(CK)。VM₂中辐射处理的抑制作用仍然存在,但抑制效应减弱。适宜剂量辐射对姜黄VM₂的姜黄素类成分有促进作用,其中辐射剂量为60 Gy时,姜黄VM₂的姜黄素含量较CK显著提高30.7%(P<0.05);在姜黄VM₂中,随着辐射剂量的增加,挥发油呈先增加后降低的趋势。⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射对姜黄具有诱变作用,其辐射的半致死剂量(LD₅₀)在70~80 Gy之间。本研究结果为姜黄药材的诱变育种提供了参考依据。     

~(60)Co-γ射线对彩色马蹄莲Parfait的辐照效应及其在高温高湿胁迫下的生理响应

为了研究物理射线辐射对彩色马蹄莲外部性状和生理特性的影响,分别采用20、40、60和80 Gy的60Co-γ射线对彩色马蹄莲Parfait丛生芽进行辐照。结果表明,除80Gy辐射的丛生芽全部死亡外,其余剂量辐射处理后的组培苗叶形指数和株高呈逐渐降低的趋势,增殖系数逐渐增加,且呈现出剂量效应,但辐射对叶片叶绿素总量影响不大;对诱导苗进行温室越夏高温栽培,发现对照及3个剂量辐射处理的幼苗成活率分别为38.54%、19.10%、56.77%和41.27%;在模拟高温高湿条件下,辐射处理后组培苗的SOD和CAT和活力及MDA的含量在6h时达到峰值,之后逐渐下降,且各处理大都高于对照;40Gy处理的各项指标变化幅度最大,这与其较高的越夏存活率相吻合。以上结果表明60、40Gy的剂量分别为诱导彩色马蹄莲形态和抗性变异较为适宜的剂量,同时也说明60Co-γ射线辐射可以作为培育彩色马蹄莲新品种的一种有效途径。     

EARLY FLOODING OF TWO CULTIVARS OF TROPICAL MAIZE. II. NUTRITIONAL RESPONSES

The level of oxygen in soils affects the bio-availability of nutrients as well as the ability of root systems to uptake and transport water and mineral nutrients. However, efforts addressing management practices to reduce yield losses after transient flooding have had limited success. Since after-drainage nitrogen (N) fertilization has been proposed to mitigate crop damage, a closer examination of plant nutrient acquisition during this period is required. In this work, we compare the short-term changes in the tissue levels of macronutrients [N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] in two varieties of tropical maize differing in tolerance to poor soil drainage, after a six day period under water saturated conditions, early during the vegetative growth. Two Venezuelan varieties, one labeled as tolerant and the other as susceptible to limited soil drainage, were planted in 10-kg pots and flooded at the seventh-leaf-tip (V4) stage. Treatments included a post-drainage N fertilization. Plant responses were compared to corresponding non-flooded plants. Flooding the soil reduced concentrations of macronutrients in shoots, compared to well aerated plants. Calcium and Mg levels were also reduced in roots, whereas K concentrations increased. After a post-drainage recovery period, nutrient concentration in shoots of flooded plants were above those of non-flooded ones, due to higher uptake rates. The only exception was P, where reduced acquisition appears to limit plant recovery. A post-flood N-urea fertilization increased the concentrations of N, Ca and Mg in shoots, but failed to increase shoot growth after 15 days. Differences in the pattern of Ca accumulation suggested a possible role of Ca nutrition in the tolerance of maize to flooding.     

THE PATH OF CARBON IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS. XXXI. THE ROLE OF LECTINS

Radish (Raphanus sativus) and Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris) seedlings, grown hydroponically, exhibited significantly greater increases in height and weight in medium containing α-mannoside supplemented with calcium and manganese salts, than in control treatments lacking one or more of those components. Furthermore, seeds sown on medium containing α-mannoside plus Ca²⁺and Mn²⁺showed accelerated germination. Calcium and manganese are necessary to maintain the protein conformation of mannose-binding lectins. In the presence of those cations, glycosides displace specific sugars bound to lectins, making them available to support plant growth.     

记著名荷兰土壤学家——Wim宋布鲁克

文章叙述了荷兰土壤学家W.G.宋布鲁克对土壤学的贡献及其与中国的关系。     

STUDIES ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF PLANT MATERIAL IN SOIL. IV. THE EFFECT OF RATE OF ADDITION

Different amounts of ryegrass roots and tops, both uniformly labelled with ^{1 4} C, were mixed with soil and allowed to decompose for 155 days under controlled conditions in the laboratory at 25°C. Initially the roots decomposed more slowly than the tops but by 155 days this difference had disappeared. About a third of the added plant C remained in the soil at the end of 155 days, about as much as when the same plant materials were incubated in the same soils for 6 months in the field. To a first approximation, the amount of labelled CO₂–C evolved was directly proportional to the amount of labelled plant C added. This held throughout the incubations. However, a slightly smaller percentage of the added plant C was evolved with small additions than with large, although this effect was on the limits of detection. Slightly more labelled plant C was retained in a soil rich in organic matter (2.43% C) than in an otherwise similar soil with less organic matter (0.97% C).     

衡山土壤之研究

在阐述衡山土壤形成条件的基础上，重点阐明了衡山各类土壤的性质特征和土壤垂直分布规律、并根据诊断土层和诊断特性，对其进行系统分类。衡山土壤分布自下至上依次为湿润富铁土、黄色湿润富铁土、常湿富铁土和常湿淋溶土。在各山峰顶部和陡坡处，分布有酸性常湿雏形土。     

九华山之土壤

本文在阐明九华山土壤形成条件的基础上,着重阐明了各土类的特性和土壤的垂直分布规律。九华山的基带土壤为红壤,自下而上依次分布着红壤、山地黄棕壤、山地酸性棕壤和山地灌丛草甸土。     

利用RAPD技术检测转绿型白化突变系W25基因组的变化

转绿型白化突变系Ｗ２５系γ射线辐照籼型温敏核不育水稻２１７７ｓ获得的一个叶色突变体。在整个生育阶段，其叶色呈现白色－转绿－返白－复绿规律变化。ＲＡＰＤ分析结果表明，７０个随机引物中有３个引物不能扩增出多态性ＤＮＡ，共扩增出４９３条ＤＮＡ条带，平均每个引物７．４条，其中引物Ｈ０５能扩增出Ｗ２５和２１７７ｓ多态性产物，２１７７ｓ表现出缺失２条特异性ＤＮＡ条带。     

ADSORPTION ON HYDROUS OXIDES. IV. MECHANISMS OF ADSORPTION OF VARIOUS IONS ON GOETHITE

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to investigate the complexes that are formed when acids are evaporated onto goethite. It is probable that, like HPO^2?₄, the anions SO^2?₄, SeO^2?₃, and oxalate are adsorbed by ligand exchange and form binuclear bridging complexes where two singly coordinated A-type OH groups are replaced by two oxygen atoms of one ligand. There is evidence that HPO^2?₄ and oxalate are likely to be present in this form in wet environments, and this is probably also true for SO^2?₄ and SeO^2?₃. Fluoride ions can completely replace the singly coordinated A-type OH groups but do not replace C- or B-type OH groups that are coordinated, respectively, to two and three Fe³⁺ ions. The other halides, nitrate, and benzoate partially replace the A-type OH groups, benzoate being adsorbed as a monodentate ligand. Copper ions do not appear to react with A-type OH but zinc ions are probably adsorbed on the goethite (100) face in conjunction with carbonate or bicarbonate.     

土壤中积累态磷活化动力学的研究Ⅰ.有机质的影响

研究了潮土和红壤中积累态磷的活化动力学及其有机质的影响。四种动力学方程均能很好地描述积累态磷的活化。用H2 O2 去除有机质加快了潮土中积累态磷的活化 ,对红壤影响不明显。施加 2 %葡萄糖培育促进了红壤中积累态磷的活化 ,对潮土影响不大     

少核沙田柚的辐射选育研究

用6 0 Coγ射线处理沙田柚休眠接穗 ,选育出优良变异枝系 95 7 2。该变异枝系平均单果种子数为 1 0 2粒 ,单果重为 1 1 50g,丰产性和果实其它品质特性基本上保持沙田柚的优良特性。对该变异枝系的花粉育性和染色体行为观察结果表明 :辐射诱发染色体变异 ,分裂不正常 ,导致花粉和胚胎败育 ,产生二倍体水平的无核突变。