长期定位施肥对黑垆土剖面养分分布特征的影响

对黄土高原旱地 15年连续施肥后土壤剖面养分分布的研究发现 ,施化肥对土壤剖面有机质、全N、全P含量的影响深达 100cm以下 ,所有施肥处理有机质、全N、全P、NO3--N、有效P含量在耕层 (0～20cm)都有不同程度增加 ;40～60、60～80cm土层有机质、全N、全P都低于长年不施肥处理 ,造成土壤下层养分的亏缺。长期大量施用氮肥造成N素养分下淋累积 ;长期大量施用磷肥土壤耕层有效P显著提高 ,而 20cm以下土层变化不大。     

长期不同施肥处理红壤旱地剖面养分分布差异

【目的】 研究长期不同施肥措施下红壤旱地的培肥效果、养分迁移特征以及环境风险,对制定红壤旱地合理的养分管理和培肥技术,促进畜禽粪便的循环利用具有重要意义。 【方法】 依托始于1986年的红壤旱地肥料定位试验,选取不施肥 (CK)、氮磷钾肥配施 (NPK)、2倍氮磷钾肥配施 (2NPK)、有机肥 (OM) 和有机肥和氮磷钾肥配施 (NPKM) 5个处理,采集0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm、60—80 cm、80—100 cm土壤样品,分析了pH值、有机质及氮磷钾养分含量。 【结果】 连续施肥28年后,红壤旱地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、速效钾等含量均随着土壤深度增加逐步降低。与对照相比,施用有机肥显著提高了0—40 cm土壤的pH值,其余处理pH有所下降。长期施用化肥后,红壤旱地土壤有效磷、全磷、碱解氮和全氮在0—20 cm耕层累积,土壤速效钾的累积则达到40 cm深;与化肥处理相比,有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理0—40 cm土壤的全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷和全磷的含量显著增加,土壤全氮和碱解氮的下移累积达到40 cm,而土壤全磷和有效磷的下移累积则达到了60 cm。红壤旱地长期施用猪粪等有机肥主要增加了0—40 cm耕层土壤的磷素累积,而在剖面80 cm以下未表现出明显累积现象。 【结论】 长期施用化肥 (28年)处理养分主要在0—20 cm红壤旱地耕层土壤累积,而长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施还可以明显提高20—40 cm土壤养分含量,养分下移累积作用明显。此外,红壤旱地长期施用有机肥可以缓解耕层土壤的酸化、提高耕层土壤肥力水平,是增加培肥深度的有效措施,但是长期施用猪粪导致的氮磷下渗深度增加可能引起的环境风险也应引起重视。      

长期施肥对关中土微量元素有效性的影响

以28年的长期肥料定位试验为基础,探讨了对照不施肥（CK）,单施有机肥（M2）,单施氮、磷肥（N2P2）,有机肥+氮、磷肥配合施用（M2N1P1和M2N2P2）5个施肥处理对关中土微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施肥对耕层土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量影响较大,在耕层土壤（0—20cm）中,长期不施肥土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量均处于亏缺边缘; 长期单施氮、磷化肥处理的土壤Fe,Cu,Zn也接近亏缺边缘; 而长期单施有机肥、有机肥与氮、磷化肥配合处理,土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量丰富。与CK相比,M2、M2N1P1、M2N2P2均可显著增加0—10 cm土层中有效Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量, 10 cm以下土层中,土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn在一定程度上也有增加趋势; N2P2也可增加0—10 cm土层中土壤有效Fe和Mn含量（有效Mn达到显著水平）,有效Cu含量降低,对有效Zn含量没有影响,而10 cm以下土层中土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn与CK无明显差异。因此,土在不施用有机肥的情况下,应施用微肥以保证作物需求; 即使施用有机肥,也应适当补充铁肥和锰肥。有机肥和氮、磷化肥配合施用的土壤微量元素养分状况较好。     

长期施肥对关中塿土微量元素有效性的影响

以28年的长期肥料定位试验为基础,探讨了对照不施肥(CK),单施有机肥(M2),单施氮、磷肥(N2P2),有机肥+氮、磷肥配合施用(M2N1P1和M2N2P2)5个施肥处理对关中塿土微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施肥对耕层土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量影响较大,在耕层土壤(0—20 cm)中,长期不施肥土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量均处于亏缺边缘;长期单施氮、磷化肥处理的土壤Fe,Cu,Zn也接近亏缺边缘;而长期单施有机肥、有机肥与氮、磷化肥配合处理,土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn含量丰富。与CK相比,M2、M2N1P1、M2N2P2均可显著增加0—10 cm土层中有效Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量,10 cm以下土层中,土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn在一定程度上也有增加趋势;N2P2也可增加0—10 cm土层中土壤有效Fe和Mn含量(有效Mn达到显著水平),有效Cu含量降低,对有效Zn含量没有影响,而10 cm以下土层中土壤有效Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn与CK无明显差异。因此,塿土在不施用有机肥的情况下,应施用微肥以保证作物需求;即使施用有机肥,也应适当补充铁肥和锰肥。有机肥和氮、磷化肥配合施用的土壤微量元素养分状况较好。     

长期不同施肥处理对棕壤氮储量的影响

为揭示施肥对棕壤氮素状况的影响,利用29年长期肥料定位试验,研究了不同施肥处理条件下土壤全氮在0―60 cm土层的分布特征,并在此基础上计算0―60cm土层氮库的储量变化。结果表明,不同施肥处理土壤全氮含量、C/N比值均随土层深度增加而降低,其影响主要表现在表层;而对0―60cm 土层全氮储量有显著性影响（P0.05）。长期不同施肥处理后土壤全氮及其储量变化趋势是:高量有机肥区＞低量有机肥区＞化肥区＞无肥区＞试验前（1979年）,特别是高量有机肥和化肥配合施用效果最显著;单施化肥处理土壤全氮含量和储量虽有缓慢提高,但差异不显著。说明土壤氮素含量的提高与施肥措施密切相关,有机肥和化肥配合施用能提高土壤全氮含量和储量,是维持土壤肥力的最优施肥方式。     

基于长期定位试验的水稻土氮素剖面分布及养分供应特性研究

基于已持续26年的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,不同施肥方式下土壤氮素矿化曲线和硝化强度变化,以及累积矿化量与有效积温的关系,结果表明:(1)长期施肥使土壤表层氮素累积量明显增加,土壤剖面含氮量分布曲线呈"S"形。0-20 cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理,20-30 cm土层,化肥氮 磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮 磷 钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆 化肥氮处理(CRN)和不施肥对照C0的含氮量高于有机肥 氮 磷处理(MNP)、有机肥 氮 磷 钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆 有机肥 氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40-50 cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)土壤矿化曲线在前期差异明显,7 d后的矿化量普遍达最大,28 d后趋于稳定,施有机肥处理7 d后的矿化量明显高于施化肥处理。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式,矿化常数K和n值反映了施有机肥土壤氮素的矿化潜力较大,而施化肥土壤的矿化过程达稳定状态需更长时间;(3)长期施肥使土壤的硝化强度明显提高,施有机肥处理普遍高于施化肥处理。MNPK最高,比C0提高了6.44倍,秸秆还田处理CRN高于CNP和CNPK;(4)施有机肥或秸秆使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0-10 cm表层土壤的C/N值,CNPK>MNPK,C0>M0,而秸秆还田处理MRN的C/N值最低。20-50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。     

定位施肥对黑垆土剖面养分的影响

根据９年的田间定位试验资料，我们分析了９种不同施肥处理黑垆土耕层（０－２０ｃｍ）、古耕层（２０－５０ｃｍ）和垆土层（５０－８０ｃｍ）三层土壤养分的变化。结果表明：施肥对黑土剖面养分的影响随深度的增加而减弱，一般为，耕层＞古耕层＞垆土层。不同处理耕层土壤养分差异比较明显，耕层以下土尽管异减小，但其归变化与耕层趋势一致。各层土壤速效养分对照比裸地均有下降。综合评价施肥对黑垆土剖面的培肥效果，ＮＰＭ＞Ｍ     

黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地土壤剖面中矿质氮的分布特征

以黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域为基础,选择不同利用年限的坡地果园分析了矿质氮在土壤剖面中的分布特征及其影响因素。研究发现,化肥投入显著提高了硝态氮在100～200cm土层分布与积累。随着果园利用年限的延长,土体剖面硝态氮的积累量呈显著增加的趋势,但施肥不影响铵态氮在土层的分布特征。坡地果园中化肥的挖沟深施,长期的氮肥投入和果园土壤水分的逐渐耗竭降低是产生硝态氮深层积累的重要因素。     

长期施用化肥和有机肥对土壤有机碳和容重的影响

在长期定位试验的基础上,探讨了施用化肥和作物秸秆对土体土壤容重和有机碳空间变异的影响.研究结果表明,化肥的施用不仅影响耕层肥力性状,而且会使耕层以下的土壤容重降低和有机碳增加,从而立体地促进土壤肥力的提高,而施用秸秆则只能改善耕层范围的土壤肥力.不同施肥措施造成土壤肥力性状的立体差异主要是由于不同施肥对作物生长和土壤根系的影响差别造成的.化肥对土壤根系的促进作用要比作物秸秆大许多倍,从而使耕层以下有大量残根分布,这些残根促进了深层土壤容重的降低和有机碳的提高.     

耕层厚度对潮土中化肥氮素转化的影响

耕层厚度是影响土壤肥力的重要因素之一,但其对潮土中化肥氮素转化的影响尚不清楚。利用田间?土柱模拟试验,采用15N示踪技术,探究在不同耕层厚度处理下,化肥氮在3种质地潮土0~40 cm土层中有机氮、无机氮与固定态铵库中的动态变化以及作物对化肥氮的吸收利用。结果表明：耕层厚度显著影响化肥氮在土壤不同氮库中的转化及其在土壤-作物系统中的去向,且在不同质地潮土中的作用效果一致。在不同质地潮土中,残留于土壤中的化肥氮83%以上以有机氮的形式存在,影响化肥氮的保蓄与供给。增加耕层厚度虽然降低了化肥氮向固定态铵库的转化,但提高了0~40 cm土层中的肥料来源有机氮储量,尤其是在施肥当季,耕层厚度25 cm（PLT-25）处理下的肥料来源有机氮储量平均较耕层厚度15 cm（PLT-15）处理提高8.9%。增加耕层厚度显著（P < 0.05）提高了施肥当季与后茬作物生长季内肥料来源无机氮的供给,在此期间PLT-25处理下作物对化肥氮的利用率较PLT-15处理提高8.0%左右,而化肥氮的当季损失率与累积损失率则较PLT-15处理分别降低12.3%与9.1%。就土壤质地的角度而言,砂粒含量高制约着化肥氮向有机氮库的转化,不利于作物对化肥氮的吸收利用,增大了氮肥损失。由此可见,在不同质地潮土中,增加耕层厚度在提高化肥氮素当季利用率的同时也增大了化肥氮在土壤中的残留量,减少了化肥氮的损失。残留的化肥氮在后茬作物生长季释放出来供作物吸收利用,促进了化肥氮累积利用率的提高。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。