A New Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve for Rice Nitrogen Status Diagnosis in Northeast China

In-season diagnosis of crop nitrogen(N) status is crucial for precision N management. Critical N(N_c) dilution curve and N nutrition index(NNI) have been proposed as effective methods to diagnose N status of different crops. The N_c dilution curves have been developed for indica rice in the tropical and temperate zones and japonica rice in the subtropical-temperate zone, but they have not been evaluated for short-season japonica rice in Northeast China. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the previously developed N_c dilution curves for rice in Northeast China and to develop a more suitable N_c dilution curve in this region. A total of17 N rate experiments were conducted in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China from 2008 to 2013. The results indicated that none of the two previously developed N_c dilution curves was suitable to diagnose N status of the short-season japonica rice in Northeast China. A new N_c dilution curve was developed and can be described by the equation N_c = 27.7 W~(-0.34) if W ≥ 1 Mg dry matter(DM) ha~(-1) or N_c = 27.7 g kg~(-1) DM if W 1 Mg DM ha~(-1), where W is the aboveground biomass. This new curve was lower than the previous curves. It was validated using a separate dataset, and it could discriminate non-N-limiting and N-limiting nutritional conditions. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate it for diagnosing N status of different rice cultivars in Northeast China and develop efficient non-destructive methods to estimate NNI for practical applications.     

华北平原夏玉米临界氮稀释曲线的验证

The concept of critical N concentration （Nc） has been widely used in agronomy as the basis for diagnosis of crop N status, and allows discrimination between field situations of sub-optimal and supra-optimal N supply. A critical N dilution curve of Nc= 34.0W-0.37, where W is the aboveground biomass （Mg DM ha-1） and Nc the critical N concentration in aboveground dry matter （g kg-1 DM）, was developed for spring maize in Europe. Our objectives were to validate whether this European critical N dilution curve was appropriate for summer maize production in the North China Plain （NCP） and to develop a critical N dilution curve especially for summer maize production in this region. In total 231 data points from 16 experiments were used to test the European critical N dilution curve. These observations showed that the European critical N dilution curve was unsuitable for summer maize in the NCP, especially at the early growth stage. From the data obtained, a critical N dilution curve for summer maize in the NCP was described by the equation of Nc = 27.2W-0.27, when aboveground biomass was between 0.64 and 11.17 Mg DM ha-1. Based on this curve, more than 90% of the data for the N deficiency supply treatments had an N nutrition index （NNI） 〈 1 and 92% of the data for the N excess supply treatments had an NNI 〉 1.     

Critical nitrogen content and nitrogen nutrition index for sweetpotato crop

Abstract

Sweetpotato is an important tuber crop for the food security in Island countries of the South Pacific. The allometric relationship between tissue nitrogen (N) concentration and aerial dry matter is unknown. We determined critical N (N_c) content from vegetative stage to harvesting, and estimated the range of variation in N nutrition index (NNI) from two field experiments with varied rates of N (0, 25, 60, 125 and 180?kg N ha^?1 in 2015 and 0, 50, 125, 175 and 250?kg N ha^?1 in 2017). A unified critical N curve (N_c = 3.338?W^?0.307) where W?=?aerial dry matter with W?≥?1.38 t ha^?1, was constructed based on the N concentration in the aerial dry matter. The calculated NNI ranged from 0.69 to 1.23 in 2015 and 0.54 to 1.17 in 2017. The preliminary N_c dilution curve and NNI determined could potentially be used as a parameter for N management.     

Key variable for simulating critical nitrogen dilution curve of wheat: Leaf area ratio-driven approach

Nitrogen (N) dilution curves, a pivotal tool for N nutrition diagnosis, have been developed using different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tissues. However, few studies have attempted to establish critical nitrogen (N_c) dilution curves based on the leaf area ratio (LAR) to improve the monitoring accuracy of N status. In this study, three field experiments using eight N treatments and four wheat varieties were conducted in Jiangsu Province of China from 2013 to 2016. The empirical relationship of LAR with shoot biomass (expressed as dry matter) was developed under different N conditions. The results showed that LAR was a reliable index, which reduced the effects of wheat varieties and years compared with the traditional indicators. The N nutrition index (NNI) based on the LAR approach (NNI-LAR) produced equivalent results to that based on shoot biomass. Moreover, the NNI-LAR better predicted accumulated N deficit and best estimated the relative yield compared with the other two indicator-based NNI models. Therefore, the LAR-based approach improved the prediction accuracy of N_c, accumulated N deficit, and relative yield, and it would be an optimal choice to conveniently diagnose the N status of winter wheat under field conditions.     

Developing nitrogen management strategies under drip fertigation for wheat and maize production in the North China Plain based on a 3‐year field experiment

The intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) rely on the heavy use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers. As the fertigated area of wheat and maize in the NCP has grown rapidly during recent years, developing N management strategies is required for sustainable wheat and maize production. Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2012–2015 to assess the influence of different N fertigation rates on N uptake, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency [NUE: recovery efficiency (RE_N) and agronomic efficiency (AE_N)]. Five levels of N application, 0 (FN₀), 40 (FN_40%), 70 (FN_70%), 100 (FN_100%), and 130% (FN_130%) of the farmer practice rate (FP: 250 kg N ha^?1 and 205.5 kg N ha^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively), corresponding to 0, 182.2, 318.9, 455.5, and 592.2 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, were tested. Nitrogen in the form of urea was dissolved in irrigation water and split into six and four applications for wheat and maize, respectively. In addition, the treatment “drip irrigation + 100% N conventional broadcasting” (DN_100%) was also conducted. All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the significant influence of both N fertigation rate and N application method on grain yield and NUE. Compared to DN_100%, FN_100% significantly increased the 3‐year averaged N recovery efficiency (RE_N) by 0.09 kg kg^?1 and 0.04 kg kg^?1, and the 3‐year averaged N agronomic efficiency (AE_N) by 2.43 kg kg^?1 and 1.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Among N fertigation rates, there was no significant increase in grain yield in response to N applied at a greater rate than 70% of FP due to excess N accumulation in vegetative tissues. Compared to FN_70%, FN_100%, and FN_130%, FN_40% increased the RE_N by 0.17–0.57 kg kg^?1 and 0.03–0.34 kg kg^?1and the AE_N by 4.60–27.56 kg kg^?1 and 2.40–10.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Based on a linear‐response relationship between the N fertigation rate and grain yield over three rotational periods it can be concluded that recommended N rates under drip fertigation with optimum split applications can be reduced to 46% (114.6 kg N ha^?1) and 58% (116.6 kg N ha^?1) of FP for wheat and maize, respectively, without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing NUE.     

Determination of a critical dilution curve for nitrogen concentration in cotton

Several nitrogen (N)‐rate field experiments were carried out in cotton to define dilution curves for critical N concentrations in individual plants (i.e., the minimum N concentration required for maximum growth at any growth stage). Nitrogen application rate had a significant effect on aboveground dry matter, N accumulation, and N concentration. As expected, shoot N concentration in plants decreased during the growing period. These results support the concept of critical N concentration in shoot biomass of single plants as described by Lemaire et al. (2007) and reveal that a dilution curve for critical N concentrations in cotton plants can be described by a power equation. The pattern of critical–N concentration dilution curves was consistent across the two sites. Nitrogen concentration for a given biomass varied greatly with the supply of N. After initial flowering, the N‐nutrition index (NNI) for aboveground biomass of individual plants increased with increasing N rates. Relationships between plant total N uptake and accumulated dry matter in the aboveground biomass can be described by the allometric‐relation equations for each dose of N. Nitrogen‐dilution curves can be used as a tool for diagnosing the status of N in cotton from initial flowering to boll opening. The relationship can also be used in the parameterization and validation of growth models for predicting the N response and/or N requirement of cotton.     

内蒙古中西部玉米临界氮浓度稀释模型的构建与验证

  【目的】  建立内蒙古中西部地区玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,利用相应的氮营养指数对玉米进行氮素营养诊断,并验证曲线的可靠性,以期为实现内蒙古中西部玉米合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2019—2021年,分别在内蒙古中部的达拉特旗和西部的五原县、乌拉特前旗 3个典型区域,以新玉12、晋单42、先玉1225、泽玉19、宏育203和晋单542以及东农258为试验材料,进行建模田间试验。6个氮肥处理包括传统氮肥(N 400 kg/hm2)、不施氮 (对照)、推荐优化施氮(N) 180 kg/hm2 (OPT)以及70% OPT、130% OPT、170% OPT,分别在玉米拔节期 (V6)、八叶期（V8）、十叶期（V10）、大喇叭口期 (V12)、吐丝期 (R1)、乳熟期 (R3) 和蜡熟期 (R5)进行植株取样,测定植株地上部生物量和植株氮浓度,利用地上部生物量和植株氮浓度构建临界氮浓度稀释模型。2021年在达拉特旗进行验证试验,设置推荐施氮示范田和传统习惯生产田,测定玉米植株地上部生物量和植株氮浓度,利用氮营养指数(NNI)对临界氮浓度稀释模型进行验证。  【结果】  内蒙古中西部不同品种玉米产量水平相当,为10.60～12.72 t/hm2。达拉特旗、五原县、乌拉特前旗3个典型区域的临界氮浓度稀释曲线分别为Nc = 3.09DM－0.32、Nc = 3.30DM–0.28 和Nc = 3.58DM–0.35,生物量与临界氮浓度拟合的决定系数(R2)分别为0.98、0.82和0.88。整合3个试验地点的7个玉米品种数据,将临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型跨地点和品种进一步拟合,建立了内蒙古中西部玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线Nc = 3.32DM–0.305,R2为0.89,且达到显著水平,模型验证的均方根误差RMSE为2.39 g/kg。根据新构建的临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,内蒙古中西部玉米合理施氮量为N 180～220 kg/hm2。  【结论】  在同一区域,产量水平接近的玉米品种可以共用一条临界氮浓度稀释曲线。内蒙古中西部玉米产量在10.60～12.72 t/hm2,构建的内蒙古中西部地区春玉米临界氮浓度稀释曲线为Nc = 3.32DM–0.305;模型验证结果表明,该模型稳定性较好,可以有效地对内蒙古中西部玉米植株氮素营养状况进行诊断。通过模型推断,内蒙古中西部玉米合理施氮(N)量为 180～220 kg/hm2。     

BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN RYEGRASS UNDER WATER AND NITROGEN SUPPLIES

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in grassland is known to sustain with water and nitrogen (N). This study investigates biomass and N partitioning in plant organs (roots, main and the youngest tillers) under water-nitrogen interactions. Nitrogen was applied at the rates of 50 and 100 mg N kg^?1 as N₁ (low N) and N₂ (high N) treatments, respectively, with uniform irrigation until 440 growing degree-days (GDD). Thereafter, the water supply was restricted to 50 mL on a weekly basis (W₁) against 50 mL on a daily basis (W₂) and concurrently, N enriched with 1 atom% ¹⁵N isotopes. Cumulative tillers’ biomass increased linearly from 1st to 8th order, but thereafter reached a plateau with further increases in number of negligible weights. Initially tiller mass and number per plan did not differ (P < 0.05) with water and/or N applications but changed at 788 GDD with clear differences at 911 GDD with the highest under N₂W₂ and lowest under N₁W₁. Nitrogen concentration sharply decreased from 530 to 700 GDD and then levelled off with age. The decline was more pronounced in tillers than roots. The high N treatment showed elevated N-concentration under both water treatments. Watering on a daily basis promoted vegetative growth. High water and N levels significantly (P < 0.05) influenced concentration of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (N_L) in all organs with relatively pronounced N_L under N₂. The additive positive effect of W₂ and N₂ was obvious on N_L as compared to N_T, which showed that plants discriminate N-uptake on mass basis. Nitrogen (mobile) was higher in young and ¹⁵N (heavier) was low in young tillers and vice versa. Accumulation of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (¹⁵N_A) was significant knowing that water is a strong determining factor of N concentration in ryegrass organs.     

不同氮效率夏玉米临界氮浓度稀释模型与氮营养诊断

【目的】建立豫中地区玉米临界氮稀释曲线,比较不同氮素利用率玉米品种模型差异,探讨基于此的氮营养指数用于诊断、评价玉米氮素营养的可靠性,为实现玉米合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】以伟科702和中单909两个不同氮利用效率的品种为试验材料进行连续三年的田间定位试验,共设5个氮肥水平(0、120、180、240和360 kg/hm^2),分析不同施氮量对两个玉米品种拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期、收获期干物质的影响,基于不同时期干物质和植株氮浓度建立两个品种临界氮稀释曲线,分析不同氮利用率品种玉米临界氮稀释曲线模型的差异和氮营养指数及其与相对地上部生物量和相对产量的关系。【结果】中单909的氮利用率显著高于伟科702。在各生育时期,两个玉米品种地上部生物量随施氮量变化表现为N0 –0.341,中单909 Nc=30.801DM^–0.370)具有很好的稳定性。相比中单909的模型参数,伟科702的参数a提高了15.70%,参数b降低了7.84%,且参数a变化值大于参数b。同一时期两个品种基于此模型的氮营养指数均随施氮量的增加而上升;施氮量低于180 kg/hm^2时,随着玉米生育时期的推进,氮营养指数随施氮量的增加呈先升高再降低的趋势,当施氮量超过240 kg/hm^2时,氮营养指数一直升高。氮营养指数与相对地上部生物量、相对产量相关性均达到显著水平。【结论】本文建立的豫中地区的两个品种玉米临界氮稀释曲线模型及氮营养指数,可以很好地诊断和评价玉米植株氮素营养状况。不同氮利用率品种间临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型参数存在差异,氮高效的品种具有较低的单位生物量氮浓度和较高的曲线斜率,其各时期临界氮浓度低于氮利用率低的品种。     

Nitrogen budget and relationships with riverine nitrogen exports of a dairy cattle farming catchment in eastern Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

Dairy farming regions are important contributors of nitrogen (N) to surface waters. We evaluated the N budget and relationships to riverine N exports within the Shibetsu River catchment (SRC) of a dairy farming area in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Five drainage basins with variable land-cover proportions within the SRC were also evaluated individually. We quantified the net N input (NNI) to the catchment from the difference between the input (atmospheric deposition, chemical fertilizers, N fixation by crops and imported food and feed) and the output (exported food and feed, ΔS _liv and ΔS _hu, which are the differences between input and output in livestock and human biomass, respectively) using statistical and measured data. Volatilized ammonia (NH₃) was assumed to be recycled within the catchment. The riverine export of N was quantified. Agricultural N was a dominant source of N to the SRC. Imported feed was the largest input (38.1?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1), accounting for 44% of the total inputs, followed by chemical fertilizers (32.4?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1) and N fixation by crops (13.4?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1). The exported food and feed was 24.7?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1 and the ΔS _liv and ΔS _hu values were 7.6 and 0.0?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1, respectively. As a result, the NNI amounted to 54.6?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1. The riverine export of total N from the five drainage basins correlated well with the NNI, accounting for 27% of the NNI. The fate of the missing NNI that was not measured as riverine export could possibly have been denitrified and/or retained within the SRC. A change in the estimate of the deposition rate of volatilized NH₃ from 100 to 0% redeposited would have decreased the NNI by 37%, although we believe that most NH₃ was likely to have been redeposited. The present study demonstrated that our focus should be on controlling agricultural N to reduce the impact of environmental pollution as well as on evaluating denitrification, N stocks in soil and the fate of NH₃ volatilization in the SRC.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY,NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY AND NITROGEN BALANCE FOR A WHEAT-MAIZE SYSTEM

Over-application of nitrogen (N) in North Central China is primary reasons for yield restriction and low nutrient use efficiencies. This study was to determine N management practices on grain yield, N efficiency, and N balance in China. Results from four season crops indicated that no significant yield differences across different N rates for the first season wheat were observed. Treatments with N rates lower than 75 kg N ha^?1 manifested yield reduction for the following seasons, and no much yield differences existed for the rest treatments. The accumulated N recovery efficiency (NREac) values ranged from 10.1% to 44.2% over the four seasons, and over N fertilization led to low NREac. The net N balance increased with N applied. Results from current study provided the proof that in the current rotation system the N₁₅₀N₁₅₀ treatment was the best economic treatment for achieving both higher yield and N use efficiency.     

Relationship between rainfall-adjusted nitrogen nutrition index and yield of wheat in Western Australia

Abstract

Insufficient nitrogen applications may contribute to yield gaps in low rainfall environments of Western Australia (WA). This study tested a nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) for wheat tailored for low rainfall regions, which is based on rainfall-scaled dilution curves. We analyzed yield, shoot biomass, and nitrogen concentration from 32 field trials in WA. An empirical rainfall threshold of 400?mm (summer?+?growing season rainfall) returned two parallel dilution curves accounting for the reduction of critical N in drier and lower yielding conditions. Scatterplots of relative yield and rainfall-adjusted NNI returned a robust boundary function that may lead to greater adoption by growers. The NNI defined in this research study can be applied and further tested by growers in WA, but may also apply to other low rainfall environments, to close nitrogen related yield gaps.     

Determining a critical nitrogen dilution curve for sugarcane

Adequate measurements of the nitrogen (N) concentration in the aboveground biomass of sugarcane throughout the growth cycle can be obtained using the critical N dilution curve (CNDC) concept, which provides an N‐nutrition index (NNI). The aim of this work was to determine the CNDC value for Brazilian sugarcane variety SP81‐3250, establish the critical concentration of N, and determine the NNI in the aboveground biomass throughout the cane plant and first ratoon crop cycles. The study was performed in three experimental areas located in São Paulo, Brazil, during the crop cycles of 2005/2006 (18‐month cane plant) and 2006/2007 (first ratoon). The plant cane crop was fertilized with treatments of 40, 80, or 120 kg N ha^–1 and a control treatment without N. After the plant cane harvest, rates of 0, 50, 100, or 150 kg N ha^–1 were applied to the control plot and the 120 kg N ha^–1–treatment plot in a split‐plot experimental design with four repetitions. Throughout both sugarcane cycles, measurements of aboveground biomass were used to determine the dry‐mass (DM) production and N concentration for each treatment. CNDC varied between the growth cycles, with a higher N concentration observed in the initial stages of the first ratoon and a lower N dilution observed throughout the plant cane cycle. The NNI value indicated excessive N storage in the initial stages and limiting concentrations at the end of the growth cycle. CNDC and NNI allow for the identification of the N‐nutrition variation rate and the period in which the nutrient concentration limits the production of aboveground biomass. The equations for the critical N (Ncr) level obtained in this study for plant cane (Ncr = 19.0 DM^–0.369) and ratoons (Ncr = 20.3 DM^–0.469) can potentially be used as N‐nutritional diagnostic parameters for sugarcane N nutrition.     

Drivers of nitrous oxide fluxes from the semi-arid Leymus chinensis grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) flux in the semi-arid Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. grassland in Inner Mongolia, China was measured for two years (from January 2005 to December 2006) with the enclosed chamber technique. The measurements were made twice per month in the growing season and once per month in the non-growing season. To evaluate the effect of aboveground vegetation on N₂O emission, the ecosystem N₂O flux over the grassland was measured, and concurrently soil N₂O flux was measured after the removal of all the aboveground biomass. The possible effect of water-heat factors on N₂O fluxes was statistically examined. The ecosystem N₂O flux ranged from 0.21 to 0.26?kg nitrous oxide-nitrogen (N₂O–N) ha^{? 1} year^{? 1}, indicating that the Leymus chinensis grassland of Inner Mongolia was a source for the atmospheric N₂O. There was no significant difference between the ecosystem N₂O flux and the soil N₂O flux. The ecosystem N₂O flux was under similar environmental control as the soil N₂O flux. Soil moisture was the primary driving factor of the N₂O fluxes in the growing season of both years; the changes in water–filled pore space (WFPS) of soil surface layers could explain 45–67% of the variations in N₂O fluxes. The high seasonal variation of the N₂O fluxes in the growing seasons was regulated by the distribution of effective rainfall, rather than the precipitation intensity. While in the non-growing season, the N₂O fluxes were restricted much more by air temperature or soil temperature, and 83–85% of the variations of the N₂O fluxes were induced by changes in temperature conditions.     

Impact of urease and nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain

Little information is available on the effects of urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), and nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain. A field experiment was conducted at the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, Henan Province, China, to study the influence of urea added with NBPT, DCD, and combination of both NBPT and DCD on N₂O emissions during the maize growing season in 2009. Two peaks of N₂O fluxes occurred during the maize growing season: the small one following irrigation and the big one after nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. There was a significant positive relationship between ln [N₂O flux] and soil moisture during the maize growing season excluding the 11-day datasets after N fertilizer application, indicating that N₂O flux was affected by soil moisture. Mean N₂O flux was the highest in the control with urea alone, while the application of urea together with NBPT, DCD, and NBPT + DCD significantly lowered the mean N₂O flux. Total N₂O emission in the NBPT + DCD, DCD, NBPT, and urea alone treatments during the experimental period was 0.41, 0.47, 0.48, and 0.77 kg N₂O–N ha⁻¹, respectively. Application of urea with NBPT, DCD, and NBPT + DCD reduced N₂O emission by 37.7%, 39.0%, and 46.8%, respectively, over urea alone. Based on our findings, the combination of DCD and NBPT together with urea may reduce N₂O emission and improve the maize yield from fluvo-aquic soil in the North China Plain.     

NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN SHOOTS AS A FUNCTION OF GROWTH STAGE OF CORN AND WINTER WHEAT

Midseason fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates based on predicted yields can be projected if the quantity of N accumulated in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) is known especially early in the growing season. This study was conducted in 2006 and 2007 to establish the amount of N accumulated in corn and winter wheat over the entire growing season. Plots representing three N fertilization rates 0, 45, and 90 kg ha^?1 at Stillwater and 0, 67, and 112 kg ha^?1 at Lahoma were selected from two long-term wheat experiments located at research stations in Stillwater and Lahoma, Oklahoma. For corn, three N fertilization rates 0, 112 and 224 kg ha^?1 at Lake Carl Blackwell and 0, 56 and 112 kg ha^?1 at Perkins were selected from N studies, located at research stations near Lake Carl Blackwell and Perkins, Oklahoma. Sequential aboveground biomass samples were collected from 1 m² area of wheat and 1.5 m long row (0.76 cm spacing) for corn throughout their respective growing seasons. In general, this work showed that more than 45% of the maximum total N accumulated could be found in corn plants by growth stage V8 (8th leaf collar fully unfolded). For winter wheat, more than 61% of the maximum total N accumulated at later stages of growth could be accounted for by Feekes growth stage 5 (F5, leaf strongly erected). Our findings are consistent with those of others showing that yield potential can be predicted at mid-season since such a large percentage of the total N accumulated was accounted for early on in the growing cycle of either wheat or corn.     

Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen cycling in managed grassland in Southern Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured and nitrogen (N) budgets were estimated for 2?years in the fertilizer, manure, control and bare plots established in a reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grassland in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. In the manure plot, beef cattle manure with bark was applied at a rate of 43–44?Mg fresh matter (236–310?kg?N)?ha^?1?year^?1, and a supplement of chemical fertilizer was also added to equalize the application rate of mineral N to that in the fertilizer plots (164–184?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1). Grass was harvested twice per year. The total mineral N supply was estimated as the sum of the N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and gross mineralization of manure (GMm), soil (GMs), and root-litter (GMl). GMm, GMs and GMl were estimated by dividing the carbon dioxide production derived from the decomposition of soil organic matter, root-litter and manure by each C?:?N ratio (11.1 for soil, 15.5 for root-litter and 23.5 for manure). The N uptake in aboveground biomass for each growing season was equivalent to or greater than the external mineral N supply, which is composed of N deposition, chemical fertilizer application and GMm. However, there was a positive correlation between the N uptake in aboveground biomass and the total mineral N supply. It was assumed that 58% of the total mineral N supply was taken up by the grass. The N supply rates from soil and root-litter were estimated to be 331–384?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1 and 94–165?kg?N?ha^?1?year^?1, respectively. These results indicated that the GMs and GMl also were significant inputs in the grassland N budget. The cumulative N₂O flux for each season showed a significant positive correlation with mineral N surplus, which was calculated as the difference between the total mineral N supply and N uptake in aboveground biomass. The emission factor of N₂O to mineral N surplus was estimated to be 1.2%. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis suggested that the N₂O emission factor increased with an increase in precipitation. Consequently, soil and root-litter as well as chemical fertilizer and manure were found to be major sources of mineral N supply in the grassland, and an optimum balance between mineral N supply and N uptake is required for reducing N₂O emission.     

STABILITY OF FOLIAR NITROGEN:SULFUR RATIO IN SPRING RED WHEAT AND SULFUR DILUTION CURVE

A key aspect of any sulfur (S) availability indicator is its stability throughout the crop cycle. Nine experiments were conducted with the objective to evaluate the stability of the nitrogen (N):S ratio in aerial biomass (W) in spring wheat, and to define the critical curve of S dilution. As the crop cycle progressed, a decrease (P < 0.05) in total N:S was determined. This lack of stability was explained by a lower S dilution in relation to N (P < 0.05). A decrease (P < 0.05) in N accumulation rate in relation to S was obtained as the crop cycle progressed, which points out that S accumulation in relation to N is later. A first approach was determined to the definition of the S dilution critical curve (Sc) from tillering beginning to stem elongation end (Sc = 0.37 W^?0.169; r² = 0.71 and n = 24).     

施肥方式对冬小麦—夏玉米轮作土壤N_2O排放的影响

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的农田温室气体,本研究利用紫色土长期施肥试验平台,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对紫色土旱作农田冬小麦—夏玉米轮作系统的N_2O排放进行了定位观测(2012年11月至2013年9月),研究单施氮肥(N)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥(OM)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(ICRNPK)等施肥方式对紫色土N_2O排放特征的影响;不施肥(NF)作为对照计算排放系数,以探寻紫色土地区可操作性强、环境友好的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式的N_2O排放均呈现双峰排放,峰值出现在施肥初期;玉米季N_2O排放峰值显著高于小麦季(p0.05)。在相同的施氮水平(小麦季130 kg hm~(~(-2)),玉米季150 kg hm~(~(-2)))下,施肥方式对N_2O排放和作物产量均有显著影响(p0.05)。N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和ICRNPK处理的土壤N_2O周年累积排放量分别为1.93、1.96、1.12、1.50和0.79 kg hm~(~(-2)),排放系数分别为0.62%、0.63%、0.33%、0.47%和0.21%,全年作物产量分别为4.35、11.95、8.39、9.77、10.93 t hm~(~(-2))。施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O排放量,而秸秆还田在保证作物产量的同时显著降低N_2O排放量,可作为紫色土地区环境友好的施肥方式。土壤无机氮(NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N)是N_2O排放的主要限制因子。因此,在施氮水平相同时,施肥方式对紫色土活性氮含量的影响导致N_2O排放差异显著,是土壤N_2O排放差异的根本原因。土壤孔隙充水率也是影响N_2O排放的重要环境因子,并且其对N_2O排放的影响存在阈值效应。     

农田改为农林(草)复合系统对红壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

以鄂南玉米地、紫穗槐/玉米地、香根草/玉米地、紫穗槐林地、香根草草地与撂荒地6种土地利用类型为研究对象,利用静态箱法,对夏玉米生长期间土壤CO2和N2O通量及影响因子进行了测定,研究我国北亚热带丘陵红壤区农田改变为林(草)地和农林(草)复合系统后土壤CO2和N2O排放特征。研究结果表明:(1)土地利用方式改变后,撂荒地土壤CO2排放量明显低于其他5种土地利用类型,但紫穗槐/玉米地、单作玉米地、香根草/玉米地、紫穗槐林地、香根草草地5种土地利用类型之间土壤CO2排放量差异不显著。(2)玉米生长期间,6种不同土地利用方式下,土壤N2O排放总量从高到低依次为紫穗槐/玉米地(508 g·hm-2·a-1)、紫穗槐林地(470 g·hm-2·a-1)、撂荒地(390 g·hm-2·a-1)、香根草/玉米地(373 g·hm-2·a-1)、香根草草地(372 g·hm-2·a-1)、单作玉米地(285 g·hm-2·a-1)。(3)土壤CO2通量与土壤有机碳、土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤含水量无显著相关关系;土壤N2O通量与土壤氮素净矿化率呈显著线性相关,但与土壤无机氮和土壤含水量无显著相关关系。农田改变为农林(草)复合系统可能潜在地增加土壤CO2和N2O排放;农田改变为林(草)地可能潜在地减少土壤CO2排放,增加土壤N2O排放。