Spatial and temporal processes affecting nitrogen availability at the landscape scale

Nitrogen dynamics in soils are affected by spatial and temporal processes. Drainage class is generally regarded to be the most significant source of variability for N in temperate humid climates. A 5-year study was conducted including four rates of N fertilizer and three drainage classes within a 15 ha maize (Zea mays L.) field. Variance component analysis showed that N response was minimally affected by drainage class, but showed strong yearly variations, apparently related to early-season precipitation. Annual field-averaged economic optimum N rates had a range of 65 kg ha⁻¹ with lower rates being associated with years with low early-season precipitation. A calibrated LEACHMN model and site-specific weather data were used to evaluate the effects of early-season weather conditions on N rate and availability. During wet years, soil N availability was reduced by approximately 35–50 kg ha⁻¹ compared to dry years, largely independent of drainage class. For well-drained soils, most losses were attributed to leaching (especially in years with wet early-season), while poorly drained soils mainly experienced denitrification. It is concluded that limited benefits may be gained from spatially variable N applications within fields based on drainage class or soil type, but considerable economic and environmental gains are possible from yearly adjustment of supplemental N rates based on model simulations of N dynamics using information on early-season weather conditions.     

Modeling hydrologic responses using multi-site and single-site rainfall generators in a semi-arid watershed

Hydrologic response in a watershed is driven by precipitation. Multi-site rainfall generators can be used to model watersheds using spatially varied rainfall inputs to better analyze how the rainfall variability affects runoff generation. This study adopted both a single-site rainfall generator (CLIGEN) and a multi-site rainfall generator to generate two rainfall data sequences, which were then used to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for runoff simulation. The 148-km² Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed and its two sub-watersheds were selected to evaluate the hydrologic response. Runoff calibration was done against measured runoff in the watershed. Statistics showed that the single-site and multi-site rainfall generators gave similar results regarding annual precipitation. However, the multi-site generator performed much better than the single-site generator in both mean summer flow and for the different return period flows. The runoff derived from the single-site generator was significantly over-estimated in all three watersheds. As for the multi-site generator, the derived runoff was satisfactorily predicted in the smaller watersheds but only overestimated in the largest watershed. This indicated that in small to medium sized watersheds, the spatial variability of rainfall could play an important role for hydrologic response because of the heterogeneity of convective rainfall in this semi-arid region, which makes the application of multi-site rainfall generator a better option than the single-site generator.     

东北地区旱地土壤全氮空间变异性对幅度拓展的响应

土壤氮素不仅是作物必需的营养元素,还是重要的生态元素。不同幅度上土壤全氮含量空间变异的研究是正确评价土壤质量和精确估算土壤氮库的基础。基于中国东北地区第二次土壤普查的1 041个旱地剖面数据,设定三种类型的幅度,即行政区幅度(县、市、省和大区)、土壤分类幅度(土属、亚类、土类和土纲)和土壤类型(地带性土壤和非地带性土壤)-行政区幅度,研究了该区旱地土壤表层(0～20 cm)和剖面(0～100 cm)全氮含量的变异性及其对幅度拓展的响应。结果表明,三种类型幅度上,表层和剖面的平均土壤全氮含量变异性均随着幅度的拓展而增大。在行政区幅度,旱地面积或行政区面积与平均土壤全氮含量变异系数具有较强的对数关系。在土壤分类幅度上,不同土纲的平均土壤全氮含量的变异随幅度变化的趋势、变幅等均存在差异。在土壤类型—行政区幅度,地带性土壤与非地带性土壤的全氮含量随幅度的变化趋势一致,但变化速率有差别,旱地面积与平均非地带性土壤全氮含量变异系数有较强的对数关系。该结果可为东北地区不同幅度下基于土壤类型聚类的旱地土壤氮库估算、土壤资源调查时采样数目的确定提供理论指导。     

Statistical and geostatistical techniques for geospatial modeling of soil cation exchange capacity

Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a main criterion of soil quality and pollutant sequestration capacity. This research was carried out to evaluate cokriging prediction map of soil CEC spatial variability with the principal components derived from soil physical and chemical properties. Two hundred and forty-seven soil samples were collected that 75% of them were used for training soil CEC and 25% for testing of prediction. The first principal component (PC1) was highly correlated with soil CEC (r = 0.81, P < 0.01), whiles there was no significant correlation between CEC and PC2 (r = -0.19). Then, the PC1 was used as an auxiliary variable for the prediction of soil CEC in cokriging method. The determination coefficient (R²) of cross-validation for the test dataset was 0.47 for kriging and 0.71 for cokriging. Therefore, according to the results, principal components that have the highest positive and significant correlation with the dependent variable have the most potential for cokriging prediction.     

采样数量与空间插值方法对华北平原典型区土壤质量评价空间预测精度的影响

空间插值方法的差异以及采样数量不同对土壤质量评价空间分布的预测精度会产生影响。本文通过随机抽样的方法,以山东省禹城市的土壤质量指数为例,从359个土壤采样点中抽取了340,170,90,50,30五个样本子集,通过普通克里格、简单克里格、反距离加权法和样条函数法4种插值方法,分别对其空间变异和布局进行了解析和预测。结果表明：不同插值方法对预测精度影响不显著,而采样点数量则显著影响了土壤质量指数空间分布预测的精度。本文提出在华北平原县域尺度上,以土壤质量评价作为调查目的的土壤采样中,90个样点是比较适宜的采样数量。同时,将我们的结果与Cochran最佳采样数量计算公式获取的最佳采样量比较后发现,Cochran方法获取的最佳采样数量明显偏低,若不考虑实际的空间变异情况,仅仅使用Cochran公式可能会导致土壤质量空间预测不准确。     

Spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock in an olive orchard at catchment scale in Southern Spain

Orchards have a high potential for carbon sequestration. However, little research is available on the spatial variability at catchment scale and on the difference between the tree area and the lanes. We analyzed theik spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock, SOC_stock at 90 cm depth in an 8-ha catchment in Southern Spain with olives on a vertic soil. Results showed higher soil organic carbon concentration, SOC, in the tree area as compared to the lane up to 60 cm depth, but its impact on SOC_stock was negligible since it was compensated by the higher soil bulk density in the lane. SOC at different depths was correlated with that in the top 0–5 cm. The overall SOC_stock of the orchard was 4.14 kg m⁻², ranging between 1.8 and 6.0 kg m⁻². This SOC_stock is in the mid-lower range of values reported for olive orchards, measured at smaller scale, and similar to those other intensive field crops and agroforestry under comparable rainfall conditions. The spatial variability in SOC_stock was correlated to several geomorphological variables: elevation, cumulative upstream area, topographic wetness index, sediment transport index, and tillage erosion. Differences in SOC and SOC_stock are driven by the sediment redistribution downslope, mainly by tillage erosion, and higher soil water availability in lower areas allowing higher biomass production. These topographic indexes and the correlation between SOC in the topsoil and SOC_stock up to 90 cm should be further explored in other typology of olive orchards for facilitating the mapping of SOC_stock.     

基于计曲线的DEM生成与地形分析——以在黄土高原的试验为例

数字高程模型(DEM)是水土流失监测与水土保持中地形分析不可缺少的空间数据，但是，目前国家测绘部门1：1万比例尺DEM的完成尚待时日。提出了利用计曲线快速生成DEM的技术方法，并以黄土丘陵区为试验样区，评定其精度特征与应用适宜性。实验结果表明，该方法生成的DEM同首曲线数字化生成的DEM相比，建立的效率大为提高，精度有保证，能够满足黄土高原地区一般地形分析的需要，不失为一种快速、简洁、有效的技术方法。     

河北献县表层土壤全氟空间变异性特征分析

为了对河北献县土壤改良及对地氟病的防治提供指导性建议,采用地理信息系统与地统计相结合的方法对研究区表层土壤全氟的空间变异特征进行了分析。结果表明:献县表层土壤全氟经对数转换后符合指数模型,全氟具有很强的空间相关性,说明其有明显的可迁性特点,受水文地质、地形等自然结构性因素影响较大而受人为因素影响较小;用Kriging内插法对未测区域全氟进行最优估计,并形成插值图,可更直观的反映出研究区内表层土壤全氟的空间变异特征。从整体上看献县表层土壤全氟含量呈现东南西三部含量高而北部偏低的分布特征,其分布特征受河流走向影响较大且远离河床处氟含量呈渐增趋势。     

基于不同PTF_S的流域尺度土壤持水特性空间变异性分析

利用点估计模型、线性回归模型、非线性回归模型和人工神经网络模型等四种PTFS分别预测大沽河流域90个土壤样本的田间持水量(θ-30 kPa)和凋萎含水量(θ-1 500 kPa),借助传统统计学和地统计学方法对其空间变异性进行了比较分析。传统统计学分析认为非线性回归模型预测的效果最好,无论是实测值还是估计值,所有土壤样本θ-30 kPa的变异系数总是小于θ-1 500 kPa,两者均属于中等变异性;地统计学分析表明实测值和预测值的θ-30 kPa和θ-1 500 kPa均存在不同程度的块金效应,且θ-30 kPa总是表现出较θ-1 500 kPa更强烈的空间相关性,通过分析θ-30 kPa和θ-1 500 kPa的半方差函数模型参数,发现人工神经网络模型最能真实地反映试验区土壤持水特性的空间变异性特征。     

Emissions and spatial variability of N2O, N2 and nitrous oxide mole fraction at the field scale, revealed with N isotopic techniques

The accurate measurement of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and dinitrogen (N₂) during the denitrification process in soils is a challenge which will help to estimate the contribution of soil N₂O emissions to global warming. Oxygen concentration, nitrate concentration and carbon availability are generally the main factors that control soil denitrification rate and the amount of N₂O or N₂ emitted. The aim of this paper is to present a database of the N₂O mole fraction measured at the field scale, and to test hypotheses concerning its regulation. A ¹⁵N-nitrate tracer solution was added to 36 undisturbed soil cores on a 20 m×20 m cultivated field plot. Fluxes of CO₂, N₂O and N₂ from the soil surface were monitored for 24 h. Soil moisture, bulk density, carbon, nitrogen and mineral nitrogen concentration were also measured to investigate possible spatial relationships between their variations and those of N₂O, N₂ and nitrous oxide mole fraction. Under high water content, nitrous oxide and N₂ emissions were highly variable with variation coefficients of 70-140%. N₂O emission rates were about twice as high as those of N₂, with a total denitrification rate ranging from 269 to 3843 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹. After 24 h of incubation, the values of nitrous oxide mole fraction ranged from 0.15 to 0.94 and no significant decline during incubation time was observed. Spatial variability of N₂O, N₂ and nitrous oxide mole fraction was high and no spatial dependence was observed at the scale of the experimental plot. Only tenuous relationships between gaseous nitrogen emissions and soil properties (mainly nitrate concentration and moisture content) were found. Meanwhile, a positive correlation was observed between N₂ and CO₂ emissions. This result supports the hypothesis that an increase in soil available organic carbon leads to N₂ emissions as the end product of denitrification.     

黑龙江省巴彦县土壤养分空间变异规律与格局分析

本文在349个采集土壤表层(0～20cm)样本分析基础上,运用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,研究了黑龙江省巴彦县典型区域土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、pH值的空间变异特征,并结合巴彦县实际情况分析了这四种养分的影响因素。研究结果表明:土壤有机质、速效钾、pH值的变异函数曲线符合指数模型,土壤速效磷的理论模型符合有基台的线性模型;在空间结构上,土壤有机质、速效钾、pH值空间自相关性中等,土壤速效磷量表现强弱的空间自相关性;采用Kriging插值方法,分析研究区域的土壤养分空间格局分布可以看出,四种土壤养分的空间分布具有较明显的地域性,速效磷与速效钾以中部为最低,并向四周呈波状扩展增加,土壤有机质、pH值的分布则较为随机。     

黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域高精度DEM制作及其应用研究

高精度数字高程模型(DEM)是水土流失规律研究与流域地形空间分析中重要的空间数据。以黄土高原沟壑区的南小河沟流域为例,以1：1万地形图为数据源,探讨了在Arcgis和ArcView地理信息平台下,生成高精度DEM及提取流域土壤侵蚀指标的步骤和方法。结果表明,提取的地形信息能准确地反映该区域地形起伏变化与破碎状况,满足当前“数字流域”建设的需要。     

葫芦岛市连山区、龙港区土壤重金属汞、铬及镍的空间分布及污染评价

本文利用地理信息系统及地统计学,对葫芦岛地区土壤中Hg、Cr、N i的污染状况进行了分析。结果表明:土壤Hg、Cr、N i的理论模型均为球状模型。N i的C0/(C0+C)为56.6%,说明N i体现为中等的空间相关性,Hg、Cr的C0/(C0+C)均为5.8%,说明这2种重金属体现为强烈的空间相关性。在已有监测数据的基础上,通过克里格插值,对Hg、Cr、N i污染进行单因子评价,制作了该地区土壤Hg、Cr、N i污染的预测表面,得到研究区土壤的分布图。研究表明,龙港区的土壤汞已达到了重度污染的水平,不再适合于农业生产。     

葫芦岛市土壤铅空间分布及污染评价

利用地理信息系统及地统计学,对葫芦岛地区土壤中Pb的污染状况进行了分析。在已有监测数据的基础上,通过Kriging插值,对Pb污染进行单因子评价,制作了该地区土壤Pb污染的预测表面,得到研究区土壤Pb的分布图,并对其空间变异性进行了分析和解释,对土壤Pb的污染评价标准进行了探讨。     

农田土壤紧实度和容重空间变异性研究

为了揭示长期人为管理与利用过程对于土壤质量的作用与影响,本试验研究了陕西关中地区旱地农田土壤紧实度和容重空间变异特征。研究结果表明:在水平方向上土壤紧实度和容重具有中等变异强度,土壤紧实度和容重以村庄为中心向外逐渐增大;在垂直方向上土壤紧实度和容重同样存在明显的变异性。进一步分析表明,土壤紧实化的水平空间变异特征是人为长期采用就近原则进行有机培肥,对土壤质量产生的作用与影响;而垂直剖面上的差异性则是多年旋耕产生的结果。所以,加强土壤培肥,改善现行耕作制度显得极为重要。     

典型红壤区田间尺度下土壤养分和水分的空间变异研究

本文选择了典型的红壤区进行网格法分层(0～20cm、20～40cm)取样,采用地统计学与经典的统计学相结合的方法,研究了田间尺度下土壤含水量、全氮、硝态氮和有机质的空间变异特性。结果表明:土壤中各种特性信息均服从正态分布,土壤全氮和有机质含量随深度的增加而减小,而硝态氮含量随深度的增加呈增大的趋势,两个土层硝态氮的变异系数(41.80%～61.97%)远高于全氮和有机质的变异系数(6.21%～19.29%);该研究区域内的土壤含水量、全氮、硝态氮和有机质含量的变程在13.50m～32.60m之间;土壤全氮和有机质含量之间有显著的正相关性;而硝态氮与土壤含水量之间有显著的负相关性(P<0.01,n=96)。采用地统计学研究典型红壤区土壤养分和水分的空间变异性,可为研究区的精确施肥、精确灌溉以及其它的农田精确管理提供科学依据。     

采煤塌陷对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展

煤矿开采导致地表塌陷,并改变原有土壤理化性质。为了更好地开展矿区土地复垦,进行土壤重构,必须要对塌陷区土壤理化性质进行分析研究。本文综述了塌陷对土壤理化性质的影响以及土壤理化性质空间变异的国内外研究现状,总结当前研究存在的问题,并提出以后塌陷区土壤理化性质研究方向,为塌陷区土壤理化特性变化机理揭示提供指导。     

重庆市丰都县紫色土养分空间变异及土壤肥力评价

综合运用地统计学、GIS和模糊数学相结合的方法,分析了丰都县紫色土养分的空间变异规律,对其土壤肥力进行综合评价,并绘制了养分空间分布图和土壤综合肥力指数空间分布图,为该县紫色土养分分区管理及精准施肥决策等提供理论依据。结果表明:研究区内5种肥力指标中,除有效磷属于强变异性外,pH、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾均具有中等变异性。土壤pH、速效钾的最适模型是指数模型,块金值与基台值之比分别为17.07%和10.65%,有较强的空间相关性;用线性模型可较好地模拟有机质、碱解氮和有效磷,块金值与基台值之比分别为76.37%、84.21%和87.92%,空间相关性较弱。土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的变程分别为5.43、28.02、31.24、36.48和2.28 km。土壤pH在长江以北较高与较低区域都呈带状并相间分布,在长江以南呈西低东高状态;有机质、碱解氮、有效磷及速效钾的分布存在明显的方向不均匀性,都呈零星斑状。丰都县土壤肥力质量呈现北低南高的趋势,5个等级地块分别占8.14%、18.86%、31.75%、28.58%、12.67%。丰都县土壤肥力总体水平中等偏上,这主要与该地区地形地质有关,同时也受到社会经济与人为管理措施的影响。     

马龙县植烟土壤养分空间变异特征及适宜性评价

采用GPS定位技术,在马龙县进行大规模的植烟土壤取样,对区域内植烟土壤养分状况的总体特征、空间变异特征进行了研究,并基于地统计学方法和模糊数学原理对植烟土壤养分适宜性进行综合评价.结果表明:马龙县植烟土壤pH、有机质、有效S和水溶性Cl含量适宜,全N和碱解N含量偏高,速效P、速效K、有效Ca、有效Mg、有效Cu、有效Fe、有效Mo和有效Mn含量丰富,有效Zn含量中等,全P、全K和有效B含量偏低;区域内植烟土壤养分指标均表现为各向异性分布,其中有效Ca、pH、水溶性Cl、有效B和速效K等5项养分的空间变异主要受随机因子影响,其他养分指标的空间变异同时受结构性因素和随机性因素影响;马龙县植烟土壤适宜性空间分布图表明,土壤养分适宜性指数为优的区域占研究区域总面积的0.19％,为良的区域占19.63％,为一般的区域占59.17％,为中等的区域占21.01％,为差的区域占0％.