稻-麦轮作条件下不同施肥模式土壤水溶性氮的变化与籽粒产量的关系

肥料用量、肥料种类和施肥方式直接影响土壤供氮强度和作物的正常生长发育。通过田间试验,研究减量施用氮、磷肥,增加钾肥投入时土壤水溶性氮含量的变化与水稻、小麦籽粒产量的关系。试验设置5个处理:不施肥(CK)、习惯施肥(FP)、推荐施肥(LRF)、商品有机肥部分替代化肥(RF-OM)、秸秆部分替代化肥(RF-S),各处理重复4次。结果表明,水稻幼穗分化期有机肥部分替代化肥处理(RF-OM和RF-S)土壤水溶性总氮、硝态氮含量显著高于LRF处理(P<0.05),与FP处理相当;返青期土壤水溶性总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量稍低于FP和LRF处理,差异不显著。小麦拔节期和齐穗期有机肥部分替代化肥处理土壤水溶性总氮、硝态氮含量显著高于LRF处理(P<0.05),小麦主要生育期各施肥处理土壤水溶性铵态氮含量均无显著差异。在减氮减磷增钾条件下,RF-OM处理水稻籽粒产量显著高于LRF处理(P<0.05),有机肥部分替代化肥处理水稻籽粒产量与FP处理差异不大;与LRF处理比较,RF-OM处理小麦籽粒产量较高,RF-S处理小麦籽粒产量有所降低,但差异均未达到显著水平。水稻籽粒产量与返青期土壤水溶性总氮、铵态氮含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.932和0.974;与幼穗分化期土壤水溶性总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量也均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.888、0.961、0.776。小麦籽粒产量与主要生育期土壤水溶性总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮浓度均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.928～0.960、0.827～0.968、0.574～0.929,土壤水溶性总氮供应对水稻、小麦籽粒产量的影响尤其值得关注。有机肥部分替代化肥能保持或提高土壤水溶性氮含量,在减少养分总投入量的基础上稳定水稻、小麦籽粒产量,其中商品有机肥部分替代化肥模式的效果     

贺州市香芋与淮山内含成分的对比分析

为给广西贺州市香芋、淮山的加工利用环节提供营养成分等的数据支持,对比分析了贺州市2个香芋样品和3个淮山样品的水分、淀粉、蛋白质、总膳食纤维、黄酮、18种氨基酸及5种矿物质元素等的含量。结果表明:1)贺州市香芋、淮山均以水分和淀粉为主;淮山的水分含量高于香芋,水分含量最高的为早熟淮山,达81.4%;香芋的淀粉含量则高于淮山,淀粉含量最高的为贺州香芋(八步区莲塘镇种植),达23.42%。2)蛋白质含量以迟熟淮山最高,为3.03%。3)总膳食纤维含量以贺州香芋(富川县城北镇种植)最高,为1.5%。4)贺州市香芋、淮山的黄酮含量均不高。5)香芋的氨基酸含量高于淮山,贺州香芋(八步区莲塘镇种植)的氨基酸含量最高,为20.73 mg·g~(-1)。6)迟熟淮山含有微量元素Se,为0.024 4 mg·kg~(-1),Fe元素含量最高。     

基于X-ray μCT技术的玉米籽粒结构特征的粒位效应分析

玉米籽粒因其在果穗上着生位置不同存在较大差异,明确籽粒结构特征的粒位效应为玉米的消费、加工和播种质量等玉米产量和品质性状的评价提供参考。该研究以3个不同籽粒类型的玉米品种登海618(DH618)、KX3564和先玉335(XY335)为材料,利用X射线计算机断层(X-ray micro-computed tomography,X-ray μCT)技术扫描测试样本,通过图像滤波、阈值分割等图像分析方法重建籽粒3维结构,获取玉米果穗不同粒位籽粒的胚、胚乳、皮下空腔、胚空腔、硬质胚乳、粉质胚乳、胚乳空腔等结构参数。数据分析表明,籽粒不同结构指标在果穗上呈现不同的变化规律,从基部到顶部(不考虑果穗两端的极端籽粒),胚、胚乳及硬质胚乳体积线性下降,各指标在果穗上的变化范围分别为15.82～33.36、180.15～296.50及87.13～166.00 mm~3;胚乳空腔皮下空腔胚空腔,果穗中部籽粒的空腔较小且稳定,3个品种表现一致;胚与胚乳的比值在粒位间基本稳定,粉质胚乳体积、硬质胚乳与粉质胚乳的比值从基部至顶部逐渐减小,但不同指标的变化斜率存在差异。3个供试品种的籽粒结构参数不同:DH618果穗不同部位籽粒胚与胚乳的比值大于KX3564和XY335,XY335籽粒硬质胚乳与粉质胚乳的比值大于DH618和KX3564。在籽粒空腔方面,KX3564皮下空腔的比例较高,而XY335胚乳空腔的比例较高。3个品种胚、胚乳、皮下空腔体积在玉米籽粒中的比例平均分别为9.27%、89.87%、0.86%。X-ray μCT扫描技术为玉米籽粒性状的研究提供新的方法与思路,明确果穗籽粒结构的粒位效应有利于全面地掌握玉米果穗上籽粒的性状特征,为玉米的生产、加工及品种改良等提供借鉴。     

不同灌溉量下微水溶性缓释肥料在春玉米的肥效及环境效应研究

应用田间试验研究了适用于半干旱气候条件下的微水溶性缓释肥料(简称W,下同)在不同灌溉量下对春玉米生长的影响及环境效应。试验中设置了空白不施肥处理(CK)、常规灌溉尿素处理(N)、常规灌溉微水溶性缓释肥处理(W1)和减量灌溉微水溶性缓释肥处理(W2)。试验结果表明:与CK处理相比,W1处理显著提高了春玉米植株株高,W2处理显著提高了春玉米植株与籽粒全N、K含量及产量,但叶绿素、株高未显著提高,N处理仅显著提高了籽粒全N含量(p<0.05)。与N处理相比,W1处理显著提高了春玉米植株株高、肥料磷钾利用率与产量(p<0.05),土壤硝态氮残留峰值出现于80cm土层,淋失量显著减少(p<0.05);W2处理显著提高了春玉米植株与籽粒全N含量、肥料氮磷钾利用率与产量(p<0.05),土壤硝态氮残留峰值出现于60cm土层,淋失量显著减少(p<0.05)。由此说明,微水溶性缓释肥料具有一定的增产效果和节水功效,硝酸盐淋失量显著降低。     

污泥农用对痕量元素在小麦-玉米轮作体系中的积累及转运的影响

利用田间试验初步研究了污泥农用对小麦、玉米大田作物及土壤环境影响以及污泥中痕量元素在土壤与植物可食部分之间转移规律。结果表明,施用污泥后,尤其是36t·hm^-2施用量时,土壤中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、As和№的含量均显著增加,但是施用污泥4．5至36t·hm^-2后,除小麦籽粒中Zn、Cu含量和玉米籽粒中Zn、Cr含量显著增加外,其他痕量元素在小麦和玉米籽粒中的含量没有显著增加。作物籽粒中Zn含量与土壤中污泥施加量之间存在着显著的线性回归关系,土壤中增施1t·hm^-2之污泥,小麦和玉米籽粒中Zn的含量分别增加0．570和0．118mg·kg^-1。小麦和玉米籽粒除M和Pb的富集系数相近外,对其他痕量元素而言,小麦籽粒的富集系数显著高于玉米籽粒。从痕量元素的累积速率和现行土壤环境质量标准考虑,北京污泥中Hg是优先考虑控制的元素,但是污泥中№对食品安全的影响还需要进行长期的大田实验研究。     

低磷胁迫下不同基因型玉米籽粒磷含量及品质性状分析

从我国北方和西南各地共收集129个自交系玉米品种,通过田间试验,研究了正常磷（120kg P₂O₅/hm2）和低磷（0kg P₂O₅/hm2）2种施磷水平下,依据百粒重筛选出的15个耐低磷基因型玉米品种及5个磷敏感基因型玉米品种的籽粒磷含量及品质性状的变化情况。结果表明,低磷胁迫对于磷敏感基因型玉米籽粒中磷含量、粗淀粉、粗油分含量变异程度的影响明显大于耐低磷基因型玉米,对粗蛋白含量变异程度的影响则低于后者。相关性分析结果表明,在2种施磷水平下的籽粒粗淀粉与籽粒粗蛋白质含量都呈极显著负相关,籽粒粗淀粉与籽粒粗油分含量不相关。低磷胁迫下,各典型自交系玉米品种的磷含量与粗淀粉、粗油分、粗蛋白之间,粗蛋白与粗油分之间的相关性都比正常施磷水平增加。通过研究筛选出的20个典型自交系玉米品种,籽粒中粗淀粉、粗油分、粗蛋白含量在不同磷水平下的变化有着极显著的基因型差异（P＜0.01）,具有进一步的研究价值。     

外源硒矿粉对玉米硒累积及矿质元素吸收的影响

【目的】通过生物强化的方法获得生物安全形态的有机硒,是实现人体科学补硒的重要途径。研究外源硒矿粉在生产中的合理施用量及其对作物的影响,可为富硒农产品生产提供理论与技术指导。【方法】以玉米为试材,以湖北恩施的富硒矿粉(总硒含量为180 mg/kg)为硒源进行田间试验,研究了玉米对外源硒的吸收与转化及施硒对玉米矿质元素吸收的影响。设5个施硒处理: Se 0 (CK)、 750 (Se1)、 1500 (Se2)、 2250 (Se3) 和3000 g/hm2 (Se4)。于玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期取样,测定玉米不同部位总硒含量以及玉米籽粒中总硒、 有机硒及矿质元素含量。【结果】土壤施用富硒矿粉对玉米籽粒产量和总生物量没有显著影响,但可显著增加玉米籽粒及各器官硒含量。随硒施用量由0增加到3000 g/hm2,玉米籽粒中硒含量由14.2 μg/kg 增加到350.3 μg/kg。除Se2处理外,玉米根系中的硒含量在收获期高于抽穗期,而玉米茎和叶中的硒含量在收获期低于抽穗期。玉米不同器官对硒的富集能力依次为根叶籽粒茎,而玉米对硒的转移系数大小顺序亦为叶籽粒茎。与对照相比,施硒使玉米籽粒中有机硒含量显著增加,不同施硒处理玉米籽粒中有机硒含量范围为12.9~302.6 μg/kg,随土壤施硒量增加,有机硒占总硒的比例从86.87%增加到90.84%,不同处理之间有机硒所占比例差异不显著。玉米籽粒总硒、 有机硒与各器官硒含量之间均表现出显著的相关性,其中籽粒中有机硒与不同生育期根中硒含量达到极显著相关水平。施硒可显著抑制玉米籽粒对Na的吸收,对K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe 的吸收无显著影响,一定的施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。【结论】施用外源硒矿粉对玉米生物量与籽粒产量无显著影响。随施硒量增加,玉米籽粒中总硒含量和有机硒含量与对照相比显著增加,但对玉米籽粒中的有机硒与总硒的比例没有显著影响。一定施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。以纯硒施用量为750~1500 g/hm2作为硒矿粉在富硒玉米生产中的推荐施硒量。     

菌/酶添加对甜高粱渣青贮预处理作用的强化效果

为实现生物质甜高粱渣的青贮强化预处理和能源化利用，该研究探究了不同添加剂对其青贮质量和酶解糖化效果的影响。试验设置对照组（CK组）、植物乳杆菌组（L组）、纤维复合酶组（E组）和复合添加剂组（LE组），系统考察甜高粱渣在21 d青贮预处理期间的营养成分、木质纤维组分和发酵品质的动态变化，采用隶属函数法评价青贮质量，利用高通量测序技术分析青贮预处理过程的微生物菌群动态演绎。结合酶解糖化性能评价青贮预处理作用的强化效果，从而筛选适宜的添加剂。结果表明：青贮预处理后甜高粱渣的粗蛋白、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素和纤维素等能量组分含量显著高于原料（P<0.05）。青贮21 d时，3个添加剂组的干物质、可溶性碳水化合物和粗蛋白含量显著高于CK组（P<0.05），综纤维素含量显著低于CK组（P<0.05），且E组的干物质含量最高，L组的粗蛋白含量最高，E组和LE组的可溶性碳水化合物含量最高。青贮预处理期间，3个添加剂组的pH值均低于4.2,L组的乳酸和乙酸含量明显高于CK组（P<0.05）,E组的乳酸/乙酸和乳酸/总有机酸比值显著高于CK组（P<0.05）...     

酶重量法测定鲜食玉米中膳食纤维含量的研究

选取京津主产区不同品种的15份鲜食玉米为试验材料,采用酶重量法测定了其籽粒中的总膳食纤维(TDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)及可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)的含量。结果表明,15个品种的鲜食玉米的TDF含量变化范围为1.98~3.92 g/100g,平均值为2.82 g/100g;IDF含量的变化范围为1.82~3.56 g/100 g,平均值为2.46 g/100 g;SDF含量的变化范围为0.16~0.54 g/100g,平均值为0.36 g/100g。鲜食玉米中膳食纤维含量较高,以IDF为主,占87%左右。在15个供试品种中,TDF和IDF含量最高的品种是天津武清地区的华奥农科育120,最低的是北京昌平地区的京科糯609。相对标准偏差数据显示,不同品种的鲜食玉米籽粒中TDF、IDF和SDF含量均存在差异,SDF含量差异最大为30.3%。     

低湿玉米籽粒的射频加热模拟与试验

为了准确预测射频加热过程低湿(含水率13.0%～20.0%)玉米籽粒的温度分布变化,该研究结合玉米籽粒的多组分结构特征、热物理特性及介电特性的异质性,建立了玉米籽粒的三维二组分物理几何模型和射频加热数学模型,并利用验证后的模型研究不同姿态和含水率玉米籽粒的射频选择性加热。结果表明:射频加热过程中平放玉米籽粒温度的模拟值与试验值最大相对误差仅为3.47%,玉米籽粒中胚的温度高于胚乳,该模型能很好地预测籽粒内部的选择性加热现象。射频加热过程直立玉米籽粒的几何效应最强,显著提高了胚的电场强度和功率密度,导致其优先加热程度最大,其次是斜放和侧立玉米籽粒的,平放玉米籽粒中胚的优先加热程度最小。射频加热过程含水率为13.0%的玉米籽粒中胚与胚乳的温差逐渐增大,而含水率为16.5%和20.0%的玉米籽粒中胚与胚乳的温差先增大后减小;当玉米籽粒被加热至55℃时,含水率为16.5%的玉米籽粒中胚的优先加热程度最大,其次是含水率为13.0%玉米籽粒的,含水率为20.0%的玉米籽粒中胚的优先加热程度最小。研究结果揭示了玉米籽粒的姿态和含水率对其射频选择性加热的影响规律,可为射频加热技术应用于低湿玉米籽粒的热处理过程提供有益借鉴。     

Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber in foods and food products: interlaboratory study

A collaborative study was conducted to determine the insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) content of food and food products by using a combination of enzymatic and gravimetric procedures. The method was basically the same as that developed for TDF only, which was adopted official final action by AOAC, except for changing the concentration of buffer and base and substituting hydrochloric acid for phosphoric acid. These changes were made to improve the robustness of the method. Duplicate blind samples of soy isolate, white wheat flour, rye bread, potatoes, rice, corn bran, oats, Fabulous Fiber, wheat bran, and a high fiber cereal were analyzed by 13 collaborators. Dietary fiber values (IDF, SDF, and TDF) were calculated as the weight of residue minus the weight of protein and ash. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of both the independent TDF determination and the sum of IDF and SDF were better than 15 and 18%, respectively, with the exception of rice and soy isolate. These 2 foods, however, contained only about 1% TDF. The CVs of the IDF were equally good, except for Fabulous Fiber, for which filtration problems occurred. The CVs for the SDF were somewhat high, but these products had very low SDF content. There was excellent agreement between the TDF determined independently and the TDF determined by summing the IDF and SDF. The method for separate determination of IDF and SDF requires further study. The modifications (changes in concentration of buffer and base and the use of hydrochloric acid instead of phosphoric acid) to the official final action method for TDF have been adopted.     

Lipidemic Response of Hamsters to Rice Bran,Uncooked or Processed White and Brown Rice,and Processed Corn Starch

This study was undertaken to evaluate the lipidemic response of rice bran and the possible enhancement of its healthful properties by using raw or processed white or brown rice in place of corn starch. All diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 15% fat, and 0.5% cholesterol. Weanling male golden Syrian hamsters were fed cellulose control (CC), processed corn starch (PCS), cellulose with processed brown rice (CPBR), rice bran (RB), RB with white rice (RBWR), RB with processed white rice (RBPWR), RB with brown rice (RBBR), and RB with processed brown rice (RBPBR) diets. After three weeks, the PCS diet significantly lowered total plasma cholesterol (TC) compared with the CC, CPBR, RBWR, and RBPBR diets. RB and RBBR diets significantly lowered TC and LDL‐C compared with CPBR diet. All the RB‐containing and PCS diets significantly lowered liver cholesterol and liver lipid content. Processing white rice increased TDF content 240% and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) 360%, whereas soluble dietary fiber (SDF) decreased by 25%. Uncooked brown rice contained 7 times as much TDF as uncooked white rice. Processing brown rice decreased its TDF, IDF and SDF contents by 12, 6, and 42%, respectively. The data suggest that a possible mechanism for cholesterol‐lowering by rice bran, with or without added raw or processed rice (white or brown), is by decreasing lipid digestibility and increasing neutral sterol excretion, whereas cholesterol‐lowering by processed corn starch is mediated through other mechanisms.     

Effect of germination on the carbohydrate composition of the dietary fiber of peas (Pisum sativum L.)

The effect of different conditions of pea germination on dietary fiber (DF) composition was studied. Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were subjected to acid hydrolysis, and the resultant neutral sugars, uronic acids, and Klason lignin were quantified. Germinated peas exhibited significantly higher contents of total dietary fiber (TDF) than the raw sample, due to the increases of both DF fractions. Under darkness conditions, germination exhibited the highest contents of IDF and SDF. Decreasing IDF/SDF ratios showed that the carbohydrate changes did not take place to the same extent during germination, the SDF fraction being the most affected. The detailed chemical composition of fiber fractions reveals increases of cellulose in the IDF of germinated samples, whereas SDF exhibits a decrease of pectic polysaccharides and also increases of polysaccharides rich in glucose and mannose. The DF results were corroborated by a comparative examination of the cell wall carbohydrate composition.     

Structural carbohydrate differences and potential source of dietary fiber of onion (Allium cepa L.) tissues.

Onion tissues of three varieties were evaluated for dietary fiber (DF) composition. Insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) dietary fibers were subjected to acid hydrolysis, and the resultant neutral sugars, uronic acids, and Klason lignin were quantified. Brown skin exhibited the highest total dietary fiber (TDF) content (65.8%) on a dry matter basis, followed by top (48.5%) and bottom (38.6%), IDF being the main fraction found. The SDF:IDF ratio decreased from inner to outer tissues. Brown skin and outer leaves byproducts appear to be the most suitable sources of DF that might be used in food product supplementation. The chemical composition reveals that cellulose and pectic polysaccharides were the main components of onion DF in all tissues, although differences between them were noticed. An increase in the uronic acids/neutral sugars ratio from inner to outer tissues was found, suggesting that the galactan side chain shows a DF solubilization role.     

Effect of fermentation and autoclaving on dietary fiber fractions and antinutritional factors of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The effect of fermentation on antinutritional factors and also on total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) dietary fiber fractions was studied in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The processes studied were two types of fermentation (lactic acid and natural), and a portion of the obtained flours were processed by autoclaving. The dietary fiber (DF) content and its components were determined using the enzymatic-gravimetric and enzymatic-chemical methods. The TDF content ranged from 24.5% dry matter (DM) in the raw to 25.2% DM in the processed beans. All the processing treatments significantly decreased the SDF content, and irrelevant changes were noticed in the IDF content of processed beans. Cellulose content of all samples was reduced by the processing treatments. Correspondingly, higher amounts of resistant starch was observed in the processed beans, except in the lactic acid fermented ones. However, the levels of pectic polysaccharides and Klason lignin were higher in the samples fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum. The action of microorganisms was determinant for the different degradation of the bean cell wall, disrupting the protein-carbohydrate integration, thus reducing the solubility of DF.     

In Vitro Binding of Bile Acids by Rice Bran,Oat Bran,Barley and β‐Glucan Enriched Barley

The in vitro bile acid binding by rice bran, oat bran, dehulled barley, and β‐glucan enriched barley was determined using a mixture of bile acids at a duodenal physiological pH of 6.3. Six treatments and two blank incubations were conducted testing substrates on an equal protein basis. The relative in vitro bile acid binding of the cereal brans on an equal total dietary fiber (TDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) basis considering cholestyramine as 100% bound was rice bran 45 and 49%; oat bran 23 and 30%; dehulled barley 33 and 57%; and β‐glucan enriched barley 20 and 40%, respectively. Bile acid bindings on equal protein basis for the respective cereals were 68, 26, 41, and 49%. Bile acid binding by rice bran may account to a great extent for its cholesterol‐lowering properties, while bile acid binding by oat bran suggests that the primary mechanism of cholesterol lowering by oat bran is not due to the bile acid binding by its soluble fiber. Bile acid binding was not proportional to the soluble fiber content of the cereal brans tested. Except for dehulled barley, bile acid binding for rice bran, oat bran, and β‐glucan enriched barley appear to be related to their IDF content. Highest relative bile acid binding values for rice bran and β‐glucan enriched barley were observed on an equal protein basis, whereas highest values for dehulled barley were based on IDF. Data suggest that of all four cereals tested, bile acid binding may be related to IDF or protein anionic, cationic, physical and chemical structure, composition, metabolites, or their interaction with active binding sites.     

In Vitro Binding of Bile Acids by Rice Bran,Oat Bran,Wheat Bran,and Corn Bran

The in vitro bile acid binding by rice, oat, wheat, and corn brans was determined using a mixture of bile acids normally secreted in human bile at a physiological pH of 6.3. The objective of the study was to relate bile acid binding of cereal brans to health promoting properties. Three experiments were conducted testing substrates on an equal weight (dry matter) basis, an equal total dietary fiber (TDF) basis, and an equal TDF and equal fat basis. Each experiment was repeated to validate the results (for a total of six experiments). The relative in vitro bile acid binding of the cereal brans on an equal TDF basis considering cholestyramine as 100% bound was rice bran 51%, wheat bran 31%, oat bran 26%, and corn bran 5%. The data suggest that cholesterol lowering by rice bran appears to be related to bile acid binding. The primary mechanism of cholesterol lowering by oat bran may not be due to bile acid binding by soluble fiber. Bile acid binding did not appear to be proportional to the soluble fiber content of the cereal brans tested. Bile acid binding by wheat bran may contribute to cancer prevention and other healthful properties.     

Effect of industrial dehydration on the soluble carbohydrates and dietary fiber fractions in legumes

The effects of soaking, cooking, and industrial dehydration treatments on soluble carbohydrates, including raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), and also on total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and soluble (SDF) dietary fiber fractions were studied in legumes (lentil and chickpea). Ciceritol and stachyose were the main alpha-galactosides for chickpea and lentil, respectively. The processing involved a drastic reduction of soluble carbohydrates of these legumes, 85% in the case of lentil and 57% in the case of chickpea. The processed legume flours presented low residual levels of alpha-galactosides, which are advisable for people with digestive problems. Processing of legumes involved changes in dietary fiber fractions. A general increase of IDF (27-36%) due to the increase of glucose and Klason lignin was observed. However, a different behavior of SDF was exhibited during thermal dehydration, this fraction increasing in the case of chickpea (32%) and decreasing in the case of lentil (27%). This is probably caused by the different structures and compositions of the cell wall networks of the legumes.     

In Vitro Bile Acid Binding Capacity of Milled Wheat Bran and Milled Extruded Wheat Bran at Five Specific Mechanical Energy Levels

The in vitro binding of bile acids of milled wheat bran (MWB) and milled extruded wheat bran (MEB) at five specific mechanical energy (SME) levels of 120 (MEB‐120), 177 (MEB‐177), 234 (MEB‐234), 291 (MEB‐291), and 358 (MEB‐358) Whr/kg on a fat‐free dry weight basis was determined using a mixture of bile acids secreted in human bile at duodenal physiological pH 6.3. Relative to cholestyramine (bile acid binding, cholesterol lowering drug) in vitro bile acid binding capacity on dry matter, total dietary fiber (TDF), and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) basis was for MWB: 21, 43, 45%; the range for MEB was 18–21%, 34–41%, and 36–43%, respectively. MWB resulted in significantly higher bile acid binding than that of MEB at 120, 234, and 291 Whr/kg on a dry matter, TDF, and IDF basis. These results demonstrate the relative health‐promoting potential of MWB = MEB‐177 = MEB‐358 > MEB‐120 = MEB‐234 = MEB‐291 as indicated by the bile acid binding on a dry matter basis. Data suggest that significant improvement in health‐promoting (cholesterol‐lowering and cancer‐preventing) potential could be obtained in WB by milling (low‐cost processing) the bran to finer particle sizes and extruding (high‐cost technology). Milling WB to small particle size (weighted mean 0.508 mm) increased surface area, in addition it may have induced changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of WB or created new linkages, binding sites of the proteins, starches, and nonstarch polysaccharides, which significantly increased the bile acid binding ability of the MWB.     

Effects of Different Cereal Fibers on Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in the Syrian Golden Hamster

This study examined the effects of various cereal fibers and various amounts of β-glucan on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Hamsters were fed semisynthetic diets containing 0.12% cholesterol, 20% fat, and either 16% total dietary fiber (TDF) from wheat bran (control) or 10% TDF from oat bran, 13% TDF from oat bran concentrate or barley grains, 16% TDF from oat fiber concentrate, barley flakes, or rye bran. After five weeks, plasma total cholesterol and liver cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower (20 and 50%, respectively) only in hamsters fed rye bran. Diets containing any of the oat ingredients or barley had no effect on total cholesterol. Changes in the pattern of biliary bile acids occurred in hamsters fed 16% TDF from barley flakes or 10% TDF from oat bran. Hamsters fed rye bran had a significantly higher fecal bile acid excretion when compared with controls fed wheat bran. Because rye bran caused the most pronounced lowering effect of total cholesterol despite the lowest content of β-glucan and soluble fibers, components other than β-glucan and soluble fibers seem to be involved in its hypocholesterolemic action. Since the effects of the oat and barley ingredients were not solely correlated to the β-glucan content, structural changes occurring during processing and concentrating of the products may have impaired the hypocholesterolemic potential of the β-glucans, and other factors such as solubility and viscosity of the fiber components seem to be involved.