农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价指标体系与方法

农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价是现代农业产地环境保护技术优选和集成的重要内容。为了构建中国农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价的指标体系和方法,该文采用文献分析的研究方法,基于自然—经济—社会复合生态系统理论,提出了农业废弃物资源化利用技术综合评价指标体系的构建思路,并建立了一套包括4级37个指标的综合评价指标体系。在论述农业废弃物资源化利用综合评价的实施过程基础上,提出了4层次的农业废弃物资源化利用技术的评价模式,该模式具有全面性、定量与定性相结合的特点。研究结果为评价、筛选、集成和推广农业废弃物资源化利用技术提供方法学依据。     

基于能值分析的奶牛产业园区循环发展模式评价

以沼气工程为纽带的循环农业模式是降低农业产业园区废弃物污染、提高资源利用率的有效方式。该研究构建了适合园区规模的循环农业模式能值评价指标体系,以河北省某典型奶牛产业园区为案例,将园区现行的利用全混式厌氧反应技术(Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor,CSTR)的湿法单相厌氧消化沼气工程,与湿法两相耦合厌氧消化、干法序批式厌氧消化、干法连续式厌氧消化3种不同沼气工程模式进行对比,运用能值理论及计算方法对以沼气工程为纽带的农业产业园循环模式进行了评价,选择最适宜园区发展的沼气工程模式。结果表明,该园区能值投入率为17.57,能值产出率为0.41,环境负载率0.33,可持续发展指数1.23,以CSTR湿法单相厌氧消化沼气工程为纽带的循环农业模式整体效益优于其他3种模式。研究对其他园区的循环农业模式评价和以沼气工程为纽带的循环农业发展具有借鉴意义。     

中国北方平原地区种养循环农业现状调研与发展分析

中国各地根据自然条件、产业类型及资源禀赋等形成了不同的种养循环农业模式,然而,针对北方平原地区(包括东北地区、西北地区和黄淮海地区)的种养循环农业模式尚缺乏系统研究,可复制可推广可持续的典型模式亟待总结.该文以实地调研和文献资料总结分析形式,对北方平原地区121个种养大县的农业废弃物资源化利用系统调研分析,梳理总结出中国北方平原地区基于农业废弃物(畜禽粪污、秸秆、尾菜等)资源化利用,形成以沼气工程、好氧堆肥和秸秆资源化为纽带的种养循环农业模式.同时,深入分析现有种养模式存在问题,仍需优化种养业格局实现种养平衡,构建评价体系,因地制宜选择种养模式,加快关键技术研发,以指导北方平原地区乃至全国种养循环农业发展.     

能源生态环保型沼气工程的实践与思考

通过分析国内外沼气工程及畜禽污染物处理技术,结合经济发达地区土地资源制约现状,提出能源生态与环保结合型沼气工程模式的定位思路;在实践中形成发酵贮液沉淀一体化混合式主体工程、节能型发酵设备运行系统、分流式污染物处理工艺、沼液沼渣多级处理利用系统、农业废弃物循环利用产业和环境友好型奶牛生态养殖模式;建议沼气工程应定位于农业基础性产业,由政府公共财政资金投资建设为主体,并实行企业化管理。     

节能减排背景下看我国循环经济农业废弃物资源化问题

农业面源污染日趋加剧,农村环境形势严峻,农业废弃物没有合理利用是造成面源污染的主要原因。农业废弃物资源化产业发展是农村环境保护的经济选择。中国特色的循环经济在农业废弃物资源化产业中技术上不缺乏手段。农业废弃物资源化形成产业体系,能充分体现出经济价值、环境价值及社会效益,将对我国"三农"形成全方位的影响,对节能减排工作提供一种新思路,而且是我国未来能源产业新的增长点。     

自然村生产生活废弃物循环利用模式及其评价研究

农业农村生产生活废弃物循环利用是实现农村人居环境治理、提高资源利用效率的重要途径,对美丽乡村建设具有重要意义。该文以自然村为研究对象,采用层次分析法和模糊评价法相结合的方法,统筹考虑生产生活废弃物循环利用,构建了自然村生产生活循环技术模式评价指标体系,确定各项指标的权重,建立评价方法。以河北邢台市山区某村为例,针对其生产生活废弃物产生特点,构建生产生活废弃物循环利用体系,该村农业废弃物以果木剪枝、生活垃圾、生活污水、人畜粪尿等为主,通过构建以果木剪枝热解+炭基有机肥还田为纽带的循环利用模式,辅以污水处理利用技术,实现了废弃物能源化和就地肥料化利用。通过对该自然村循环利用模式进行实地评价验证,结果表明该自然村生产生活循环技术模式评分结果为优。该文为中国村镇废弃物循环利用技术模式选择、农村人居环境改善和农业绿色发展提供参考和借鉴。     

我国农业废弃物资源化利用的激励机制研究

在激励机制缺失的情况下,我国农业废弃物资源化利用进展并不顺利。本文在考察梳理国外经验和我国废弃物利用现状和方向的基础上,借鉴管理激励理论,深入分析了当前我国农业废弃物资源化利用激励机制所面临的困境,从经济、技术、文化3个维度探讨了构建农业废弃物资源化利用激励机制的策略,并提出了促进农业废弃物资源化利用的具体政策措施。     

我国经济发达地区生态农业建设模式研究——以江苏省武进外向型农业综合开发区为例

通过对江苏省武进外向型农业综合开发区进行生态－经济诊断，提出在开发区建设无公害农产品生产基地，实施退稻种草养牛工程，开展农业废弃物资源化综合利用，建设生态果园，发展休闲观光农业等生态工程与措施，探讨了在我国经济发达地区建设生态农业，实现农业可持续的模式和途径。     

北京市房山区循环农业发展示范点建设模式探讨

以房山区石楼镇夏村循环农业发展示范点建设为例,以农业环境保护为核心,按照循环农业"减量化、再利用、资源化"的目标,采取源头预防、过程控制、终端治理相结合的技术手段,以耕地质量污染预警监控、生产实用技术应用和农田废弃物集中堆沤处理、大中型沼气站、有机肥加工厂基础设施建设为主要措施,构建以村为单位的资源循环利用体系,实现资源利用高效化、生产过程规范化、产地环境清洁化、产品质量优质化,有效改善区域农业生态环境,提升农产品质量水平,促进农业可持续发展。     

论乡村振兴战略背景下农业工程科技创新

为适应乡村振兴战略的任务需求,推进农业工程科技创新,该文阐述了乡村振兴战略的基本内涵,总结了近年来农业工程科技创新对农业农村经济发展的促进作用,主要表现在农业机械化工程提高生产效率;农业水土工程实现旱涝保收和生态环境改善;土地利用工程增加和优化耕地资源提高生产能力;农产品加工与贮藏工程促进一二三产业融合发展;农村能源工程促进绿色发展;农业资源循环利用工程促进农业可持续发展;农业建筑与生物环境工程提高劳动生产率和资源利用率;农业农村信息化工程促进精准农业和智慧农业发展;农业农村规划设计科学谋划"三农"发展。该文重点从乡村振兴中的产业振兴、生态振兴和人才振兴三个方面,分析了农业工程科技创新面临的新课题,提出了新时期农业工程科技创新以及人才培养的主要任务,包括树立系统思维,强化统筹和集成作用,综合集成农业工程理论、方法、技术和装备,提供整体、全面、有效的解决方案;聚焦提质增效,促进农业转型升级,推出一批关键工程技术和装备;强化循环发展理念,促进生产生活生态相融合,优化农业农村空间结构和产业布局,提供种养循环化、投入品减量化、生产清洁化、废弃物资源化、模式生态化的产业发展和工程解决方案;提高信息化应用和创新水平,促进数字农业和农村信息化发展,创制一批智能感知、智能作业、智能服务的产品;突出城乡融合、一二三产业融合、功能融合、产村融合、农业与互联网融合、要素融合和协作融合,做好乡村振兴规划;加强学科建设,开设急需专业,培养一批农业农村现代化急需的农业工程技术人才,为乡村振兴战略实施提供有力支撑和高效服务。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.