牧草干物质产量的时空变异及其制图研究

以英国Hillsborough农业研究所附近的一块7.9 hm²的牧草田为研究区，采用地统计方法研究分析连续3年的牧草干物质产量在3个收割季节的空间变异，并研究了第一、二季其空间分布的变异在时间上的稳定性，在此基础上制作了牧草干物质产量分级管理地图。第三季由于天气原因未能收集到2001年的数据而未做时间稳定性研究。结果表明，牧草产量在第一季的空间变异最小且在时间上基本稳定，因此，在第一季，根据牧草干物质产量分级管理地图对该牧草地进行精确管理，特别是精确肥料管理，是可行的；而在第二季，牧草产量的空间分布非常零散，且在时间上表现为不稳定，目前还很难对该牧草地进行精确管理。     

新疆察布查尔县农耕层土壤养分空间特征及其与地形因子的关系

[目的]研究土壤养分的空间变异程度、分布规律以及与地形因子间的相关关系,为干旱区绿洲农业的施肥区划、土壤资源的可持续利用及精准农业的推广等提供理论依据。[方法]以新疆伊犁河谷典型绿洲区察布查尔县为研究区,应用GIS技术与地统计学相结合的方法,研究伊犁河谷典型绿洲区农耕层土壤养分的空间分布特征及变异规律,并进一步应用典范对应分析(CCA)技术,对土壤养分空间变异与地形因子的关系进行分析。[结果](1)有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量的变异系数介于24.22%~46.76%,属于中等变异,而速效磷的变异系数为107.51%,属于强变异;区域内存在中等和较强程度的空间自相关性,且速效钾的空间自相关性稍强,碱解氮的空间自相关性稍弱;(2)土壤养分在空间分布上多呈斑块状。有机质在东部相对含量较低;碱解氮中部含量相对较低且在东西方向上变异较强烈;速效磷在东北和西南方向上相对较低;速效钾在中部偏北和东南方向上相对较低且在东部变异较强烈。(3)碱解氮与高程和地形起伏度呈极显著正相关(p0.01),有机质与坡度、地形起伏度呈显著负相关(p0.05),速效钾与平面曲率、剖面曲率呈正相关关系。(4)高程、坡度、地形起伏度、剖面曲率是影响该区域土壤养分空间分布的主要地形因子。[结论]在今后的农业施肥过程中,适当增加东部有机肥的投入,应适当增加中部氮素的输入,应适当增加东北方向上磷钾元素的注入。     

典型黄土地貌高程空间变异性研究

黄土高原地形与地貌自南向北有序变化,构成其独特的地理景观。为了研究不同黄土地貌之间高程的空间变异特征,选择7个典型黄土地貌样区,以其30 m分辨率DEM数据为数据源,使用变异函数模型特征参数定量地反映样区地貌的个体特征与空间分布特征。研究表明:4 000 m为最能突出高程空间变异规律的窗口,并在此尺度下分析得出不同样区高程空间分布规律:地貌越复杂、破碎,高程空间自相关性范围越小;高程的空间变化幅度随地貌的发育不断减小;高程具有较强的空间相关性,其变化为各向异性。5个指标按样区顺序从淳化向北到神木,按大—小—大或小—大—小的顺序变化,与黄土高原由南到北的地形复杂程度变化相吻合。     

江西省耕地土壤氮素空间变异特征及其主控因素

根据江西省采集的16 823个耕层(0—20cm)土壤样点数据,运用实地调查、经典统计学及地统计学等分析方法,对江西省耕地土壤氮素含量的空间变异特征及其影响因素进行了深入探讨。结果表明:江西省土壤全氮(TN)含量和碱解氮(AN)平均含量分别为1.57g/kg和164.13mg/kg,两者均处于丰富级水平。通过半方差函数分析,土壤TN和AN的块金基台比分别为62.03%和78.97%,两者空间变异特征受到结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响,但受到随机性因素的影响更大;Kriging插值结果显示,研究区土壤AN与TN含量在空间分布上基本一致,均表现出北高南低的空间分布趋势。回归分析表明,成土母质、土壤类型、地形因子、土壤侵蚀、秸秆还田方式、农田利用方式和氮肥施用量对土壤TN和AN空间变异均有极显著影响(P0.01)。地形因子中高程和河流动能指数与土壤AN与TN含量呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);成土母质对TN和AN空间变异具有6.1%和4.1%的独立解释能力,土壤类型对TN和AN的空间变异的独立解释能力分别在4.2%~4.7%和3.1%~4.0%,地形因子对TN和AN空间变异具有4.2%和2.8%的独立解释能力,土壤侵蚀程度对TN和AN空间变异具有6.2%和3.5%的独立解释能力,秸秆还田方式对TN和AN空间变异的具有27.3%和3.3%的独立解释能力,农田利用方式对TN、AN空间变异具有2.9%和2.0%的独立解释能力,氮肥施用量对TN、AN空间变异的独立解释能力分别为18.8%和5.6%。因此,秸秆还田方式和氮肥施用量是引起江西省土壤氮素空间变异性的主控因素。     

南方丘陵区不同尺度下土壤氮素含量的分布特征

利用GPS和GIS技术,研究了江西省兴国县潋水河流域小、中和大3种尺度下土壤氮素的空间分布特征。结果表明,土壤全氮和有效氮在小、中和大3种尺度下呈正态或对数正态分布,但二者均值随研究尺度的扩大而增加。其中,土壤全氮平均含量分别为0.60 g kg-1、0.73 g kg-1和0.83 g kg-1,有效氮含量为64.8mg kg-1、66.3 mg kg-1和80.2 mg kg-1。这3种尺度区土壤全氮和有效氮含量的空间变异函数参数和空间分布特征并不相同。因此,二者空间变异表现出明显的尺度效应。网格抽样和分层抽样相结合的采样方法均适合丘陵区小、中和大3种尺度下土壤氮素分布的研究。它们的合理采样数在90%置信度下分别为原采样方案样点数的82.6%、71.2%和58.1%,在95%置信度下分别是原采样方案样点数的95.7%、94.2%和89.2%。     

基于GIS和地统计学的甘肃省白龙江流域土壤氮素空间变异分析

[目的]分析甘肃省白龙江流域土壤氮素(全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮)空间变异规律,为土壤氮素管理与流域综合生态系统调控提供科学依据。[方法]采集0—20cm土壤氮素样点,室内试验得到样本土壤氮素含量,利用ArcGIS 10.2和地统计学方法等探讨研究区内土壤氮素的空间异质性和分布格局。[结果]土壤全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮都属于中等强度变异,变异系数范围在35%~90%之间;土壤氮素半方差模型的块基比在25%~75%之间,具中等强度的空间相关性,空间变异受到结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响;土壤全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮的最佳拟合模型均为高斯模型。总体上,土壤全氮和硝态氮含量主要由西北向东南逐渐降低;铵态氮含量整体分布表现为西北低,东南高的趋势。[结论]土壤全氮和硝态氮在不同土地利用类型和海拔高度间呈极显著或显著差异;土壤铵态氮在不同土地利用类型和海拔高度间差异不明显。     

东北黑土漫岗区春耕期土壤水分空间变异及地形影响

土壤水分存在强空间变异特征,在多重尺度上受地形、土壤、土地利用、植被等因素综合影响,是农业生产和耕作的关键要素。为了揭示东北黑土漫岗区春耕期农田土壤水分空间变异特征及分析地形因子对其影响,以赵光农场为研究对象,利用Sentinel-1数据反演的土壤水分和DEM数据,采用半方差函数、集成推进树算法(ABT)等方法分析了春耕期土壤水分的空间变异及地形因子(坡度、坡向、坡位、高程、地形湿度指数)对土壤水分空间异质性的相对影响,并系统分析了土壤水分在不同坡位、坡度和坡向的变化特征。结果表明:研究区2018年4月24日处于春耕时期黑土漫岗区的土壤质量含水量分布在25%～37%; 地块内部变异系数为5.81%,相邻地块间变异系数为4.16%; 针对整个农场尺度土壤水分空间变异的有效变程为3 000 m,地块尺度上有效变程为300 m。土壤水分分布与地形湿度指数呈显著正相关,与坡度、坡向、高程、坡位呈显著负相关; 坡位、坡度、坡向是影响土壤水分空间变异的主控因子,其累计相对解释率超过了70%,其中坡位占36.28%。研究结果有助于了解东北黑土漫岗区春耕期农田土壤水分空间分异规律及影响机制,对黑土漫岗区土壤水分管理、春耕春播期农机科学调度、保障粮食安全具有重要意义。     

泸州植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异及其影响因素

基于泸州180份植烟土壤样品6种微量元素有效态含量数据,采用地统计方法分析了其空间变异特征,并利用相关分析探讨了其与土壤肥力因子和地形因子之间的关系,旨在为泸州烤烟生态适宜区规划和微肥施用提供参考依据。结果表明,研究区土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B及Mo平均含量分别为70.42、46.72、2.33、1.75、0.34和0.17 mg/kg,总体呈现出南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局。有效B和Mo符合球状模型,其余元素均符合指数模型;6个元素块金值与基台值之比在25%~75%之间,具有中等强度的空间相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。相关性分析表明,土壤有效态微量元素与全钾之间无相关性,与有机质、氮素、磷素及速效钾总体呈正相关;坡度和坡向与土壤有效态微量元素含量之间无相关性,海拔与有效Mn、Cu及Mo呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。肥力因子对研究区土壤有效态微量元素含量空间变异的影响强于地形因子。     

南疆果园滴灌条件下土壤盐分的空间异质性分析——以农十四师224团典型地块为例

土壤盐渍化是制约干旱半干旱地区农业生产的主要障碍因子之一,在新疆,尤其是南疆,盐渍化更为严重。系统认识和掌握盐渍土的空间变异特征对于治理改良盐渍土和土壤盐渍动态变化研究具有重要意义。基于区域变量理论,在GIS和地统计学技术支持下,通过地统计学的半变异函数和Kriging空间插值,以南疆和田地区农十四师224团为研究区,定量分析了试验区内不同层次土壤盐分的空间变异特征。结果表明:140~180 cm土层土壤盐分含量半方差函数的理论分布模型属于指数模型,其它各层属于球状模型;各土层含盐量在一定的区域范围内具有空间结构特征,都呈中等强度空间自相关性;由kriging插值可知,各土层含盐量的空间分布主要表现为条带状伴有斑块状分布。总体来说,试验区土壤盐渍化与次生盐渍化的防治是近期农业管理中所必须考虑的重要因素。     

安徽省皖南山区农田表层土壤有机碳空间变异及其影响因素——以宣州区为例

以安徽省皖南山区宣城市宣州区为代表,运用统计学方法、地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了农田表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的空间分布及其影响因子。统计结果表明:研究区SOC含量为7.69±3.07 g kg-1,SOC变异系数为39.88%,属于中等变异程度。地统计分析结果表明,研究区SOC半方差模型为球状模型,存在中等的空间自相关性,随机性因子和结构性因子对其空间变异的影响同样重要。SOC含量在空间分布上表现为由东北向西南递减,大致呈斑块状分布。地形、土壤颗粒组成和秸秆还田是影响SOC空间变异的主要因素。     

温带牧草地牧草干物质量和N素产量的空间格局的时间稳定性

The objectives of the present study were to examine the spatial patterns of sward dry matter （DM） and nitrogen （N） yields in a grass silage field at first, second, and third cuts over a 3-year period; quantify their temporal stabilities with temporal stability maps; and assess the potential for site-specific management in each pasture-growing period using classified management maps. At cut 1, the spatial patterns of DM and N yields proved to be well defined and temporally stable and were likely to be due to differences in the net N mineralization rates across the field during spring. In contrast, at cut 2, the patterns of DM production were patchy and temporally unstable. It was concluded that, in principle, a simple site-specific approach to N fertilization would be possible in this field during spring at cut 1. At later harvests, the rationale for a site-specific approach to fertilizer management was less clear with logistics appearing to be more complex and less feasible.     

利用叶绿素计进行冬小麦变量施肥及其效应研究

为实现冬小麦优质高产的目标,利用叶绿素计测定拔节期倒一叶和倒二叶的SPAD值代替实验室土壤养分测定,进行变量施肥。试验选用能反映植株氮素时空分布规律的归一化SPAD值和变量施肥模型进行变量施肥管理(变量区),以相邻地块常规非变量(均一)施肥区(对照区)为对照,研究了不同氮肥处理冬小麦植株氮素营养的空间分布特性及其变量施肥效应。对不同生育时期变量施肥处理和对照处理的倒一叶与倒二叶SPAD值进行比较,结果表明,变量施肥能满足冬小麦一生对氮素的需要,并延缓植株的衰老;变量施肥提高了冬小麦的产量及子粒蛋白质含量。应用地统计学软件(ArcGIS.10.0)进行了空间差值分析,结果表明,变量施肥其产量和蛋白质含量的空间变异均较对照区有所降低。     

秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和氮、磷、钾吸收利用的影响

【目的】陕西关中平原是我国典型的冬小麦—夏玉米轮作区,冬小麦播种前将上季收获后的玉米秸秆还田是当地普遍采用的作物秸秆管理方式。本研究以优化秸秆还田条件的小麦养分资源管理,实现作物增产和肥料增效为目标,通过2年的田间定位试验,探索关中地区玉米秸秆还田条件下,冬小麦高产高效的最佳养分管理措施。【方法】试验于2011年10月至2013年5月在陕西省周至县终南镇进行,供试冬小麦品种为周麦23,夏玉米品种为郑单958。采用裂区设计,主处理为玉米秸秆全量还田(S1)和秸秆不还田(S0),副处理为5个不同氮肥施用水平(N 0、84、168、252和336 kg/hm2),种植作物为冬小麦。通过不同氮水平的回归分析,研究了玉米秸秆还田对后茬冬小麦的籽粒产量、生物量和收获期地上部氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用的影响。【结果】与玉米秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田对冬小麦籽粒产量和收获期地上部氮、磷、钾养分吸收量的影响均表现出低氮降低、高氮增加的趋势。第一年和第二年在施氮量分别低于N 153和187 kg/hm2时,秸秆还田处理小麦减产,相反则增产,并且增产量随着氮肥用量的增加而增大;生物量与产量趋势一致,前后两年玉米秸秆还田与不还田条件下,冬小麦生物量相等时的氮肥用量分别为N 190和202 kg/hm2。在产量构成要素中,同一氮水平时,秸秆还田对小麦穗粒数和千粒重没有明显影响,而每公顷穗数却表现为低氮降低、高氮增加的趋势,所以秸秆还田后穗数增加是小麦增产的主要原因。同时,在玉米秸秆还田条件下,小麦地上部氮、磷、钾吸收量增加时,第一年的氮肥用量分别高于N 275、123和213kg/hm2,第二年分别高于N 200、165和241 kg/hm2,但氮、磷、钾的收获指数不随施氮量的增加而递增。而且过量施氮也会造成小麦籽粒磷含量的降低。【结论】在综合同一施氮水平时,秸秆还田后的冬小麦籽粒产量和地上部氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用的变化,建议在陕西关中平原的冬小麦—夏玉米轮作区域,氮肥用量应控制在N 150~200kg/hm2,以保证在玉米秸秆还田条件下小麦的增产和氮、磷、钾养分资源的高效合理利用。     

Effects of biochar and fertilizer sources on nitrogen uptake by chilli pepper plants under Mediterranean climate

This study determined N uptake by serrano chilli pepper for two years and evaluated the effects of biochar amendment or organic N (org-N) fertilizer on N use under a Mediterranean climate. A field experiment was conducted using microplots from 2016 to 2017 in California, USA. Treatments included biochar amendment rates [0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 tons (t) ha⁻¹] biochar, all with 100% inorganic N fertilizer (165 kg N ha⁻¹), and org-N fertilizer applications at 50%, 75% and 100% of the total available N supply. Pepper yield, vegetative biomass, N uptake, ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), and nitrate were determined. Pepper yield was highest in the 50% org-N and lowest in the 50 t ha⁻¹ biochar treatment during the first year. There were no differences in fruit yield among the organic treatments during the second year, and all were higher than that from the control. The 100% org-N treatment had less NH₃ volatilization than all other treatments during the first year. The two-year results showed that chilli pepper plants sequestered 4.6‒6.1 kg N to produce one ton fresh pepper fruits. During the first year, the 50% org-N treatment resulted in the highest N productivity or yield with lowest projected N fertilizer application requirements as compared to other treatments although there were no differences among all treatments in the second year. Thus, a combination of inorganic and org-N fertilizers can be an effective strategy to improve soil N productivity in long-term management.     

Cotton lint yield variability in a heterogeneous soil at a landscape scale

Landscape variability associated with topographic features affects the spatial pattern of soil water and N redistribution, and thus N uptake and crop yield. A landscape-scale study was conducted in a center pivot irrigated field on the southern High Plains of Texas in 1999 to assess soil water, soil NO₃-N, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield, and N uptake variability in the landscape, and to determine the spatial correlation between these landscape variables using a state-space approach. The treatments were irrigation at 50 and 75% cotton potential evapotranspiration (ET). Neutron access tubes were placed at a 15-m interval along a 710 m (50% ET) and 820 m (75% ET) transect across the field. Soil NO₃-N in early spring was autocorrelated at a distance varying between 60 and 80 m. Measured soil volumetric water content (WC), total N uptake, and lint yield were generally higher on lower landscape positions. Cotton lint yield was significantly correlated to soil WC (r=0.76), soil NO₃-N (r=0.35), and site elevation (r=−0.54). Differences of site elevation between local neighboring points explained the soil water, NO₃-N and lint yield variability at the micro-scale level in the landscape. Soil WC, cotton lint yield, N uptake, and clay content were crosscorrelated with site elevation across a lag distance of ±30–40 m. The state-space analysis showed that cotton lint yield was positively weighted on soil WC availability and negatively weighted on site elevation. Cotton lint yield state-space models give insights on the association of soil physical and chemical properties, lint yield, and landscape processes, and have the potential to improve water and N management at the landscape-scale.     

Nitrogen uptake kinetics of key staple cereal crops in different agro-ecological regions of the world

The study was undertaken to assess the effect of environmental, management, and stress factors on nitrogen uptake patterns through the crops’ growth cycle and to associate temporal patterns of N uptake with biomass and grain yields. Existing complete experimental data, provided by several institutional databases and through an extensive literature review, were utilized together with crop simulation models (CSMs) to synthesize yield and N uptake profiles of the key staple cereal crops in selected agro-ecologies. Approximately 465 observations were identified for combined maize grain yield and plant N uptake: 156 for rice and 254 for wheat. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT), which comprises CSMs and data that integrate capabilities on soils, daily weather, crops, and management, was used in combination with field information to first validate the CERES-maize, -rice, and -wheat models. The most noteworthy results from synthesis of the data set for the three key cereals were as follows: (a) N uptake continued to increase with time until physiological maturity with adequate N supply; (b) significant effect of soil N status on N uptake kinetics was observed at zero N; (c) N uptake profile was also influenced by the planting date, with the summer planting showing higher uptake than other planting dates; (d) field methods of N application influenced N uptake kinetics: a one-time injected or subsurface-applied urea continued to provide an adequate amount of N throughout the crop growth phase that was comparable or even higher than with broadcasting multiple splits; (e) N uptake was also dependent on crop cultivars, including stages of vegetative and reproductive phases, with shorter vegetative and longer reproductive phases showing continuous N uptake and lesser dependence on N remobilization; and (f) predictions suggested that modest changes in ambient temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations would not significantly alter the N uptake kinetics, with the uptake rate expected to increase under future climate change scenarios. The combined data suggest that no one N uptake kinetic pattern fits all crops under all environments and management practices.     

施氮对不同肥力土壤小麦氮营养和产量的影响

【目的】农田养分供应是由土壤基础肥力和肥料投入共同决定的,不同土壤肥力下土壤养分供应能力和特征也不同。本文研究了河南省高、低肥力田块下,不同施氮量对小麦主要生育时期植株氮素营养和土壤硝态氮及产量的影响,以期为河南省同类生产条件下氮肥的合理施用和产量的提升提供参考和依据。【方法】2015—2016年,以小麦品种矮抗58为供试材料进行大田试验,分别设置0、120、225、330 kg/hm^2 4个施氮处理(表示为N0、N1、N2、N3),在开花期到成熟期调查施氮量对土壤硝态氮及产量的影响;在开花期、花后10天和花后20天,测定施氮量对小麦旗叶到倒4叶的叶片氮含量、SPAD值和氮素积累量,以及对植株和所有叶片氮含量的影响。【结果】从开花期到成熟期土壤中硝态氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,高肥力田块的土壤硝态氮含量显著高于低肥力田块的土壤硝态氮含量。施氮能显著增加低肥力田块产量,但是高肥力田块的产量均高于低肥力田块,与不施氮相比,低肥力田块的产量最大增幅是高肥力田块产量最大增幅的2.63倍。N1和N2处理下,在开花期和花后10天倒2叶的SPAD值高肥力田块显著高于低肥力田块,但在花后20天低肥力田块显著高于高肥力田块。在N1、N2和N3处理下,旗叶的氮含量在花后10天高肥力田块显著高于低肥力田块,但在花后20天则显著相反。开花期到花后20天,对于低肥力田块旗叶的氮素积累量对上4叶的贡献率最大(N0除外),最高达52.6%;高肥力田块,旗叶和倒2叶对上4叶的氮素积累量贡献率处在同等重要的位置,最高分别达39.9%和39.7%。花后10天到花后20天,高肥力田块不同叶位的氮素转运量和转运率均高于低肥力田块(N0除外)。【结论】增施氮肥可以通过提高土壤硝态氮含量来提高土壤供氮能力,高肥力田块的叶片转运量和转运率比低肥力田块高,低肥力田块通过提高施氮量增加的产量低于高肥力田块下的产量,因此,需改善农田基础肥力来提高产量。通过对高、低肥力条件下产量的分析发现,达到最高产量时的施氮量分别为213kg/hm^2和287 kg/hm^2。     

Silage Dry‐Matter Yield and Nitrogen Response following Land Application of Spent Timber Residue from Out‐Wintering Pads to Irish Grassland

Abstract

Out‐wintering pads are a cattle housing system, consisting of a layer of timber residue over an artificially drained surface. Residues from out‐wintering pads that require management include liquid effluent and spent timber residue (timber soiled with manure). In Ireland, the current management strategy for these materials is to apply them to grassland for the production of silage. The main objective of this study was to determine the dry‐matter yield and nitrogen (N) response of first and residual cut silage to spent timber residue at three rates (10, 30 and 50 t ha^?1). No silage yield or N response was observed from application of spent timber residue. A secondary objective was to determine the impact of dry timber residue (i.e., not soiled with manure) on silage yield and N response for first, second, and third cut silage. A significant negative response was observed for first cut silage yield in response to dry timber residue. However, no effect was observed for the second and third cut silage yield.     

生态集约化养分管理对春玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响

通过两年田间试验,研究了吉林玉米带不同氮素管理措施对春玉米产量、氮素吸收、氮素平衡状况以及经济效益的影响。两年的结果表明:与农民习惯施肥（FP）相比,生态集约化养分管理措施（EI）在减少氮肥用量28%的情况下,并未影响作物的产量和氮素吸收,而其氮素回收率,农学效率,偏生产力和经济效益却分别提高了48.1%、56.9%、43.8%和11.0%; 第一年不施氮肥第二年补施氮肥不会影响第二年春玉米产量和氮肥利用率。在氮素输出项中,EI处理两季作物氮素总表观损失仅为97 kg/hm2,而FP处理高达226 kg/hm2。因此,在考虑高产的基础上兼顾保护环境的要求,基于氮肥农学效率、作物目标产量和作物施肥反应的生态集约化养分管理措施是一种较为理想的氮素管理措施。