长期施磷对山原红壤磷库组成及有效性的影响

通过33年施肥试验研究了不同施磷处理对山原红壤中磷素形态转化及含量的影响。结果表明,长期施用磷肥增加了红壤中全磷和速效磷的含量;施磷处理下土壤表层无机磷、有机磷显著积累。不同施肥处理下土壤无机磷组分均以Fe-P为主,占总量的50%左右;相关分析表明无机磷组分中的Fe-P、Al-P与速效磷分别呈极显著正相关(r=0.908)、显著正相关(r=0.706),表明Fe-P、Al-P为山原红壤的有效磷源。对于土壤有机磷而言,所有施肥处理的土壤中稳性有机磷比例最高,其次为中等活性有机磷,再次为高稳性有机磷,活性有机磷最低,前二者占有机磷总量的90%左右。有机磷组分与速效磷的相关性分析结果表明,中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷分别与土壤速效磷呈极显著正相关(r=0.861)、显著正相关(r=0.840)。说明中等活性有机磷和中稳性有机磷是土壤速效磷的主要来源。增施磷肥尤其是氮、磷、钾肥与农家肥配施后,可促进其他形态有机磷向有利于作物吸收的中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷转变。     

猪粪和磷肥对石灰性土壤有机磷组分及有效性的影响

通过室温培养—盆栽试验研究了施用猪粪和磷肥(磷酸二氢钾)后石灰性土壤有机磷组分的变化及不同有机磷组分对黑麦草吸磷总量的贡献。结果表明，施用猪粪和磷肥显著地增加了活性、中活性和中稳性有机磷的含量，其中以中活性有机磷增量最大；活性和中活性有机磷对黑麦草吸磷总量直接贡献较大。活性、中活性和中稳性有机磷对黑麦草吸磷总量也有一定的间接贡献。按它们总的贡献可排序为活性有机磷＞中活性有机磷＞中稳性有机磷。     

持续六年施用不同磷肥对稻田土壤磷库的影响

以草甸棕壤稻田为研究对象,采用磷素分级方法研究持续6年施用不同磷肥对稻田土壤磷库组成及磷有效性的影响,明确最有效培肥稻田土壤的磷肥品种。结果表明,持续6年施用不同磷肥土壤无机态磷占土壤磷库的65.64%~81.30%,有机态磷占土壤磷库的18.70%~34.36%;施用不同磷肥均可增加土壤无机磷含量,其中施用磷酸二铵、重钙、过磷酸钙等常规无机磷肥土壤有机磷含量显著增加。施用包膜或含有机酸磷肥的土壤有机磷含量显著低于施用常规无机磷肥土壤。施用包膜或含有机酸磷肥可显著提高磷有效性,施用包膜重钙效果最好。含有机酸磷肥尽管能活化磷素,但也会导致养分流失。施用包膜或含有机酸磷肥是提高土壤磷素库容的有效措施。     

不同农田管理措施对土壤有机磷影响的研究进展

综述了土壤有机磷种类、来源、含量、分布及影响因素.重点介绍了不同耕作方式、秸秆还田、施用无机磷肥及有机肥对土壤有机磷变化的影响.开垦、轮作有利于土壤有机磷下降;秸秆还田、施用有机肥提高土壤有机磷含量,但由于有机物性质不同,有机磷组分转化不同.施用无机磷肥后,有部分无机态磷转化为有机态.外源有机酸、磷酸酶有利于有效性低的有机磷组分向有效性高的组分转化.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机磷组分的影响

以19年肥料长期定位试验为背景,应用Bowman和Cole的有机磷分组方法,对红壤性水稻土有机磷组分及其变化进行了研究。结果表明:红壤性水稻土耕层有机磷含量较高,为225.93～322.47mgkg-1,占土壤全磷的28.59%～42.34%。土壤有机磷各组分中以中度活性有机磷含量最高,平均为134.80mgkg-1,占有机磷总量的51 58%;中度稳定性有机磷(92.46mgkg-1)占35.38%;高度稳定性有机磷(20.35mgkg-1)占7.79%;活性有机磷含量最低(13.67mgkg-1),占5.23%;长期施肥对土壤各组分有机磷量产生影响,耗磷处理,主要是中度活性有机磷和活性有机磷下降,降低量以CKNK处理。施磷主要促进中度稳定性有机磷和高度稳定性有机磷的增加,增加幅度以NPK+OMPNPK处理。不同施肥措施对土壤有机磷和无机磷库的耗竭或积累速度是不同的,耗磷条件,土壤有机磷/无机磷的比值上升,施磷使有机磷/无机磷比值下降.土壤供磷强度与有机磷/无机磷的比值呈显著负相关(r=-0.9497* ,r0.05=0.878)。     

施磷对吉林省西部盐碱土水田土壤无机磷组分的影响

为探明磷肥施用对盐碱土水田土壤无机磷组分的影响,以吉林省西部地区盐碱土水田土壤为研究对象,通过田间试验结合室内分析的方法,研究了不同磷肥施用量的情况下,土壤不同形态无机磷在水稻生育期内含量的动态变化。结果表明:施用磷肥可以在整个水稻生育期间提高盐碱土水田土壤中的有效磷源及潜在磷源的含量,包括Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Al-P和Fe-P等不同形态的无机磷含量;O-P是土壤无机磷组分中含量较高且极稳定的磷,在一个水稻生育期内,施肥不会引起O-P含量的明显变化;虽然以往认为Ca_(10)-P是土壤中不可利用的磷,但本研究中发现,Ca_(10)-P在水稻生育期间仍可发生一定的转化,较高磷肥施用量有利于土壤中Ca_(10)-P的积累。研究表明,盐碱土水田磷肥的施用,在水稻生育前期可以形成可被水稻吸收的有效态磷源和潜在磷源,水稻生育后期则开始向无效态磷转化并在土壤中积累。     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤有机磷组成及有效性的影响

为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,采用室内培养的方法,研究不同有机酸对土壤速效磷含量及有机磷组分的影响。结果表明,添加有机酸后土壤速效磷含量发生显著变化,其中草酸处理下土壤速效磷含量显著高于其他处理,而柠檬酸和苹果酸对土壤速效磷含量具有抑制作用,其活化量为负值;随着培养时间的延长,速效磷含量缓慢降低。速效磷含量随着草酸浓度的升高而升高,随着苹果酸、柠檬酸浓度的升高而降低;有机酸处理后,土壤活性、中活性、中稳性有机磷升高,高稳性有机磷降低,这说明有机酸能促进土壤有机磷由有效性低的形态逐步向有效性高的形态转化,其中草酸的作用效果总体上较柠檬酸和苹果酸强。     

连续施用生物炭对棕壤磷素形态及有效性的影响

【目的】土壤磷有效性差、磷肥利用率低是农业发展的主要限制因素之一。生物炭作为新型土壤改良剂，其独特的理化性质会影响磷素形态及有效性。本研究通过分析连续施用不同用量生物炭对棕壤不同形态磷素含量及变化规律，探讨各形态磷对棕壤磷素有效性的贡献，以期明确生物炭对棕壤磷素有效性的作用，为其合理农用提供理论依据。【方法】本试验研究对象为连续5年增施生物炭的玉米连作棕壤，共设5个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥氮磷钾(NPK )、1.5 t/hm2生物炭 + 氮磷钾(C1NPK)、3 t/hm2生物炭 + 氮磷钾(C2NPK) 和6 t/hm2生物炭 + 氮磷钾(C3NPK)，采用蒋柏藩、顾益初土壤无机磷分级、Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分级方法测定不同形态磷含量，研究不同用量生物炭配施化肥对棕壤磷素形态及有效性的影响。【结果】连续5年施用生物炭可显著提高棕壤全磷、有效磷含量及磷活化系数；明显提高了棕壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、LOP(活性有机磷)、MLOP(中活性有机磷) 含量，降低了MROP(中稳性有机磷) 含量；在磷组分中，MLOP、O-P分别占棕壤有机磷、无机磷比例最大，为64.32%、28.43%。施用生物炭显著提高了Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P占无机磷比例；Al-P与有效磷含量相关系数最大为0.945，LOP、Al-P、MROP对有效磷的直接通径系数较大，分别为0.318、0.285、–0.261；Al-P、HROP(高稳性有机磷) 对有效磷的决策系数分别为0.295和–0.130，是棕壤有效磷的主要决策因子和主要限制因子。【结论】施用生物炭可以促进棕壤磷素积累并提高其活性；施用生物炭条件下，Al-P、LOP是棕壤磷素的活跃组分，提高Al-P含量、限制HROP含量是生物炭提高棕壤磷素有效性的主要途径。     

土壤有机磷形态的生物有效性研究

通过对土壤有机磷形态测定及其与土壤有效磷、小麦幼苗吸磷量、黑麦幼苗吸磷量、幼苗试验土壤有机磷矿化量的相关分析,研究了土壤有机磷形态的生物有效性。结果表明:反映土壤供磷状况及植物磷素营养状况的一些相关指标,如有效磷、黑麦草幼苗吸磷量与有机磷组分无明显直线相关关系,不能说明土壤有机磷形态的有效性。而幼苗试验土壤有机磷的矿化量、小麦幼苗吸磷量可以从一个侧面反映土壤有机磷形态的有效性。总的趋势是活性有机磷和中等活性有机磷表现出较高的有效性,高稳性有机磷有效性最低。     

有机肥对旱地红壤供磷效应的研究

研究了施用有机肥对土壤磷形态的影响 ,分析了不同有机肥施用量下土壤各种磷组分变化。结果表明 ,施用有机肥能显著增加旱地红壤的速效磷含量。有机肥对土壤速效磷的影响随其 C/P比不同而不同。有机肥能提高土壤中等活性有机磷的含量。中等活性有机磷是土壤速效磷主要的有机磷源。施用有机肥 ,能增加土壤磷的供应和贮备 ,并能增加作物的吸磷量及产量     

Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分组法的探讨

采用Bowman-Cole法的几种浸提剂和浸提步骤大体上可将矿化难易不同的几种有机磷化合物区分开来.采用该法所测得的土壤有机磷四种组分,其矿化速率有随土壤有机磷组分活性增强而增加的趋势.因此,该法能用来监测土壤有机磷对植物有效性的高低.     

Effects of Exogenous Humic Acids on Forms of Organic Phosphorus in Three Contrasting Types of Soil

A laboratory incubation study was conducted to examine the effects of exogenous humic acids on the forms of organic phosphorus (P) in three contrasting soil types: red soil, brown soil, and drab soil. Results indicated that the Olsen P concentration increased in all the three types of soil with addition of the humic acid extracts, with the magnitude of increment ranked in a sequence of brown soil > drab soil > red soil. For the soil organic P fractions, addition of the humic acid extracts increased the labile organic P and moderately labile organic P concentrations while reducing the moderately resistant organic P and highly resistant organic P concentrations, suggesting that the exogenous humic acids could enhance transformation of organic P from resistant forms to labile forms. The activation of organic P by addition of the humic acid extracts varied with soil type, and this variation was related to soil characteristics.     

Influence of Organic Manure on Organic Phosphorus Fraction in Soils

The transformation of organic P(Po) from organic manures in two types of soils (ultisol and entisol) and the influences of external addition of organic substance or inorganic P(Pi) on Po under the condition of the 60% maximum water capacity were investigated.The results obtained from Po fractionation experiments indicated that all the Po fractions except for the highly resistant Po fraction decreased during incubation.Application of pig feces and cow feces could largely increase each fraction of Po in the soils.Immediately after application of organic manure into the soils a large part of labile and moderately labile Po from organic manure was transferred into moderately resistant Po,which might be due to the fact that Ca-or Mg-inositol P was precipitated into Fe-inositol P.However,the availability of Po from organic manure in the soils would increase again after incubation because of the transformation of moderately labile and resistant Po fractions into labile Po fractions.Addition of cellulose or Pi into the soils showed a good effect on increasing all the Po fractions except for the highly resistant Po,and this effect was much more pronounced when cellulose was applied in combination with Pi.Therefore,in view of the effect of organic manure on improving P nutrition to plant,attention should be paid to both the Po and the organic substances from organic manure,It is suggested that application of Pi fertilizer combined with organic manure may be referred to as an effective means of protecting Pi from chemical fixation in soil.     

Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils

We investigated the transformation of the organic P fractions from organic manure in two paddy soils (Ultisol, Entisol) and the influence of organic manure or cellulose on organic P under anaerobic conditions. The results obtained from the P fractionation experiment indicated that during the incubation labile and moderately labile organic P fractions increased in the Ultisol and decreased in the Entisol, which might be related to the difference in the organic matter content of both soils. Immediately after the application of organic manure, a large part of labile and moderately labile organic P supplied with the manure was transformed into moderately resistant organic P, possibly Ca- or Mg-inositol P were transformed into Fe-inositol P. During anaerobic incubation, the labile forms of organic P in the soils treated with organic manure were increased along with the incubation period in the first 4 weeks. The change in the moderately labile fraction was dramatic. It increased sharply in the first 2 weeks, then decreased, which was more pronounced in the soils treated with pig faeces. The moderately resistant fraction decreased during the whole incubation period. This indicated that under anaerobic conditions, the moderately resistant fraction can be transformed into labile and moderately labile organic P fractions, perhaps as Fe³⁺-inositol P is reduced to Fe⁺²-inositol P. Cellulose as an organic substrate had an increasing effect on organic P, especially when it was combined with inorganic P. Therefore, it is suggested that the application of inorganic P fertilizer combined with organic manure may be an effective way of protecting inorganic P against intensive sorption in soils.     

农业废弃物对黑土有机磷形态长期动态影响

针对农业废弃物在土壤中腐解时间较长,探究增施不同种类农业废弃物对黑土土壤各形态有机磷影响的长期动态变化规律,开展5a盆栽试验并根据Bowman-Cole法测定有机磷形态。试验设置5个处理,分别为:增施猪粪、秸秆、树叶、菌渣和单施化肥。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,增施猪粪可大幅提高土壤活性有机磷(L-OP)含量,5a时仍显著高于单施化肥;增施秸秆和树叶分别于3a和2a后出现最高值。增施猪粪、秸秆和菌渣后土壤中等活性有机磷(ML-OP)含量显著增加;猪粪处理ML-OP含量逐年降低,其余处理逐年上升。增施农业废弃物均可显著增加土壤中稳态有机磷(MR-OP)含量,总体呈逐年降低趋势;增施秸秆5a内MR-OP含量始终最高。增施农业废弃物对土壤高稳性有机磷(HR-OP)含量的降低作用一般在2~3a后开始显现,5a后HR-OP含量均低于单施化肥。增施猪粪可大幅提高活性较强的有机磷形态且影响时间最长;增施秸秆和菌渣变化趋势相似,增施秸秆更趋向于增加L-OP和MR-OP含量,增施菌渣更趋向于增加HR-OP含量;增施树叶降低HR-OP含量能力最强,但对其余有机磷形态影响较小。施用农业废弃物均可不同程度活化稳定态有机磷,单施化肥处理促使中稳态有机磷向高稳态有机磷转化。     

Soil organic phosphorus fractions in response to long-term fertilization with composted manures under rice–wheat cropping system

Present investigation evaluates the effect of organic fertilization (OF), integrated nutrient management (INM) practice, and recommended dose of chemical fertilization (CF) on changes in soil organic phosphorus (P) and its fractions under rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The 4-year experiment (2009–2013), under split-plot design, showed that OF did not increase the total P or total organic P content of soil under either of the test crops. However, OF maintained the higher level of labile organic P and moderately labile organic P in soil under wheat the moderately stable organic P and highly stable organic P was highest in paddy soil under CF practices (11.34 and 7.77 μg g^?1, respectively) followed by wheat. The P concentration in organically grown rice or wheat grain was increased significantly compared with their CF counterparts. The productivity economics for rice and wheat crops showed INM fertilization to be more economical than OF.     

Transformation and recovery of fertilizer phosphorus applied to five Quebec Humaquepts

Abstract

Improving phosphorus (P) fertilizer efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts requires better understanding of the dynamics of applied P in soils. This study assessed the fate of fertilizer P applied in Quebec Humaquepts. A pot experiment with five textural Humaquepts, each receiving 0 (P0), 10 (P10), 20 (P20) and 40 (P40) mg P kg^?1 soil was conducted under barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotations. A modified Hedley procedure was used for soil P fractionation. The clayey soils reached a plateau of dry matter at less P applied than the coarser-textured soils. Plant P uptake, soil labile inorganic P (resin-P?+?NaHCO₃-P_i) and moderately labile inorganic P (NaOH-P_i) increased proportionally with P rate. The coarser-textured soils had lower contents of labile and moderately labile P_i, but a larger increase in labile P_i than the finer-textured soils after receiving P additions. The applied P was retained primarily as soil labile P_i, accounting for 43–69% of total soil recovery of applied P, compared to 20–30% recovered as moderately labile P_i, and 7–29% assumed to be sparingly soluble P (HCl-P?+?H₂SO₄-P). The labile P_i recovery of applied P was linearly depressed with clay content, compared to a quadratic relation for the moderately labile P_i recovery. The results suggest the importance of accounting for soil texture along with soil P adsorption capacity when assessing the efficiency of applied P, P accumulation in soils and subsequently P nutrient management.     

Distribution of Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus Fractions in Two Phosphorus-Deficient Soils as Affected by Crop Species and Nitrogen Applications

It is desirable to know the distribution of phosphorus (P) fractions in soil so that plants may use P efficiently. Here we report the dynamics of inorganic and organic P in P-deficient black and rice soil cropped by soybean, white lupin, and maize supplied with nitrogen (N) inputs by N fixation and urea fertilizer. Inorganic P fractions of the three cropped soils could be ranked as O-P (organic phosphorus) > Al-P (aluminum phosphorus) > Fe-P (iron phosphorus) > Ca₁₀-P (calcium-10 phosphorus) > Ca₈-P (calcium-8 phosphorus) > Ca₂-P (calcium-2 phosphorus), irrespective of soil type. The potential of various inorganic P fractions to plant nutrition differed between soybean and white lupin. The percentage of total P present as inorganic P was affected by crop, soil type, and N source. In black soil, the change of organic P fraction induced by N fixation was larger than by urea application. The moderately labile organic P (MLOP) concentration was not affected significantly by soil type and crop species, and it was probably the main P source to the inorganic P fraction because the correlation between the two pools was high (r = 0.945; P < 0.05). Crop species differed in their uptake of inorganic and organic P from soil. Though P fraction concentrations varied between black soil and rice soil, their response to crop species and N source was similar. The amounts of P removed from soil were affected by N source. The right choice of crop species and the application a suitable N source may increase crop yield and P uptake by plant in P-deficient soils.     

磷肥减施对玉米根系生长及根际土壤磷组分的影响

【目的】 我国农业过量和不合理施用磷肥现象普遍存在,导致磷资源的浪费,对环境也造成潜在威胁。研究减少磷肥用量对玉米产量、根系形态及根际中磷转化特征的影响,为集约化农业生产体系中磷肥合理施用提供技术基础。 【方法】 在河北省衡水小麦玉米轮作体系下连续三年进行了田间试验,在冬小麦季设置4个P₂O₅用量处理:0、112.5、150.0、187.5 kg/hm2,收获后在原处理小区免耕播种夏玉米。利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统分析获取根长、直径等数据,测定玉米籽粒产量、生物量和地上部磷含量及根际土壤中磷形态等指标。 【结果】 与农民习惯磷肥用量(P₂O₅187.5 kg/hm2)相比,3年磷肥用量减施20%~40%处理(P₂O₅150和112.5 kg/hm2),玉米籽粒产量、根系长度与直径和土壤有效磷含量尚未发生明显变化。但3年不施磷处理,根际土壤有效形态磷含量和玉米籽粒产量开始出现下降趋势。2009年和2010年玉米收获期,不施磷肥处理根际土壤有机磷含量低于非根际土壤。2008年玉米苗期和收获期土壤有机磷分组中,中等活性有机磷含量最高;磷肥减施20%~40%处理苗期根际中中等活性有机磷含量显著低于非根际土壤。土壤无机磷形态分组研究发现:从玉米苗期到收获期,各磷肥处理根际和非根际土壤中Ca₂-P下降明显;而不同磷肥处理间土壤中Ca₁₀-P、Ca₈-P、O-P (闭蓄态磷)、Al-P和Fe-P含量差异不显著。减施磷肥处理2008年玉米苗期根际土壤微生物量P含量较非根际土壤高;与习惯施肥量相比,磷肥减施未明显降低根际土壤微生物量磷。 【结论】 在华北小麦玉米轮作种植体系下,在土壤肥力水平较高地区,连续3年将小麦季磷肥的习惯用量减少20%~40%,对夏玉米产量、根系形态以及根际土壤无机磷、有机磷、微生物量磷含量影响尚不明显,因此,该地区磷肥施用量可从习惯用量的P₂O₅180 kg/hm2减至112.5 kg/hm2。     

Phosphorus fractions in Brazilian Cerrado soils as affected by tillage

No-tillage systems lead to physical, chemical and biological changes in soil. Soil fertility is responsive to changes in tillage as it depends on nutrient status, soil water content and biological characteristics. This work aimed to determine long term changes in phosphorus forms and availability in the profile of two tropical soils under conventional and no-till systems, and to discuss the significance of these changes on plant growth and demand for P fertilizers. Undisturbed soil cores with 20 cm in diameter were collected to a depth of 40 cm, accommodated in PVC tubes and taken to a greenhouse, where the experiment was conducted. Two soils were collected in Central Brazil, in areas under Cerrado. Both soils had been cropped for at least 10 years under conventional tillage and no-till. In the greenhouse, pots received phosphorus fertilization or not at 43.7 kg ha⁻¹, and soybean was grown for 60 days, when soil P fractions were determined. Labile P fractions in the soil profile were not affected by management systems, and there was no accumulation of available P under no-till. A large amount of P added as fertilizer was adsorbed in soil and remained in moderately labile fractions, mainly on uppermost soil layers. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer has promoted P accumulation on less available fractions in soil, remaining P on the soil after crop harvest. Eventually this phosphorus could migrate to more labile fractions and be available for crops grown in succession.