茄果类蔬菜秸秆原位还田对设施土壤综合质量的影响

为明确茄果类蔬菜秸秆原位还田对设施土壤综合质量的影响,该研究以番茄、茄子和辣椒秸秆为试材,设置了秸秆不还田（CK）、秸秆原位还田（SR）、秸秆原位还田+氰氨化钙（SR+C）和秸秆原位还田+微生物菌剂（SR+M）4个处理,研究了茄果类蔬菜秸秆不同原位还田方式对土壤化学性质、微生物群落和秸秆降解率的影响,并通过计算土壤质量指数（soil quality index,SQI）对土壤质量进行了综合评价。结果表明：与CK相比,SR、SR+C和SR+M处理均可提高土壤阳离子交换量,增加土壤有机碳库,改善土壤养分条件,并调节土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构。添加氰氨化钙抑制了辣椒秸秆的降解,但对番茄和茄子秸秆没有影响;添加微生物菌剂能够促进3种蔬菜秸秆的降解。秸秆原位还田处理均提高了设施菜田SQI,相较于CK,SR、SR+C和SR+M处理的SQI分别提高了15.8%～32.5%、8.8%～56.8%和21.8%～51.4%。研究结果为茄果类蔬菜秸秆资源化利用和设施蔬菜可持续生产提供了理论参考。     

石灰氮作追肥用的研究

石灰氮是一种氰氨态的氮素化学肥料,它的化学名称为氰氨化钙。石灰氮所含的氰氨态氮,对生物有毒害作用,施于土壤,先要经过水解成尿素,再由尿素转化为氨态氮,进而变为硝酸态氮,才被作物吸收利用。     

土壤-植物体系中农药和重金属污染研究现状及展望

农药、重金属已成为当今农业生态系统中重要的污染物质,国内外科学家对其进行了大量卓有建树的研究,特别是在土壤-植物系统中的研究受到较多关注。通过就农药和重金属对土壤微生物、土壤动物、土壤酶活性和植物的生理生化指标的影响进行的综合分析和阐述,系统剖析了其产生毒害机理和影响的因素,在此基础上提出今后相关研究中有待加强的重点,包括农药对非靶标生物毒害机理、农药降解中间产物的环境风险以及农药和重金属的迁移转化机理等。     

崩岗边坡失稳的岩石风化膨胀机理探讨

针对用非特殊岩土边坡失稳结合沟谷侵蚀的机理来解释崩岗形成机理及发育过程的不足,结合国外对超压密岩土边坡失稳机理的研究,提出了崩岗的边坡失稳可能与花岗岩风化膨胀有关的观点。建议尽快开展花岗岩风化膨胀基础研究和花岗岩风化膨胀对崩岗治理的影响与崩岗小流域治理应用研究,以提高崩岗治理的科技水平。     

酸雨伤害植物机理与稀土调控研究

阐述了酸雨对植物质子效应、离子效应、光合效应和自由基效应等伤害机理 ,探讨了应用稀土及配合物调控植物代谢、减轻酸雨伤害植物的效应和机理 ,并指出该项研究方向     

微生物制剂促进植物生长机理的研究进展

微生物制剂应用于农业生产,能促进植物生长,且无环境污染,因此被广泛开发用作生物肥料,生防制剂及作物和土壤中残留化学物质的降解剂。但是,对微生物制剂促进植物生长的机理研究不多,在一定程度上阻碍了微生物制剂的发展和正确使用。这样,微生物制剂促进植物生长的机理及相关研究就成为迫切需要解决的问题。本文主要阐述了微生物制剂直接和间接促进植物生长的机理研究进展。     

广灭灵生理机制与安全性评价

简介了除草剂广灭灵基本特点和应用现状及其除草活性的相关作用机理 (主要包括选择性机理、除草机制、代谢降解机理 ) ,并对施用广灭灵所产生的生态环境安全性进行评价 ,展望其研究及应用前景     

组学在大豆耐盐研究中的应用

大豆是重要的经济作物,但土地的盐碱化却严重影响大豆的产量。了解大豆耐盐的遗传和分子机制有助于挖掘盐碱地大豆产量潜力。栽培大豆(Glycine max)和野生大豆(Glycine soja)基因组的完成,极大推动了组学的发展进程,而基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等在大豆耐盐机理研究中的应用为大豆的耐盐机理研究聚集了大量重要数据,为解决盐碱地大豆生产瓶颈建立了基础。本文主要对近期运用组学进行大豆耐盐机理研究的论文进行了综述。表6,参47。     

竹类植物快速生长的机理研究进展

竹子是高生长最快的植物,备受人们的关注。近些年来,竹类植物快速高生长分子机理一直是研究焦点,也取得了一定的研究成果。本文综合前人对竹类植物高生长的研究,阐述竹笋高生长节律变化,细胞结构变化,生理生化动态变化以及内源激素的动态变化,并且结合分子水平中转录组、miRNA和蛋白组数据的分析,系统归纳了竹类植物快速高生长机理相关研究,指出了今后竹类植物快速高生长机理研究的方向。     

大豆生物固氮模型研究进展

定量描述大豆生物固氮量对于施肥管理以及农业非点源污染控制具有十分重要的意义。生物固氮模型作为一种重要工具,在定量预测大豆生物固氮速率方面具有不可替代的作用。国内研究者对不同环境因子对固氮的影响开展了一些工作,但多未从定量角度出发。国外的生物固氮模型按构建方式大致可以分为经验模型和机理模型两类。其中机理模型研究较多,也是目前生物固氮模型的主要发展方向。本文简述了这两类模型的研究现状,并着重介绍了5种目前国外使用较为广泛的田间尺度下的大豆生物固氮机理模型,比较了不同模型中采用的环境因子响应函数的差异,并对进一步的研究作了展望,以期为国内大豆生物固氮定量研究工作的开展提供借鉴。     

Einfluß langjähriger Düngung mit verschiedenen N-Formen auf pH-Wert,Humusfraktionen, biologische Aktivität und Stickstoffdynamik einer Acker-Braunerde

Influence of long-term fertilizing with different forms of nitrogen fertilizer on pH, humic fractions, biological activity and dynamics of nitrogen of an arable brown earth The evaluation of soil characteristics in a 53 years field trial (arable brown earth, sandy silty loam, eff. field cap. 160mm, pH 5,9, total C 0,9 %, total N 0,1 %, CEC 15 meq/100 g soil) gave the following results: Fertilizing with ammonium sulfate decreased pH in topsoil down to 4.9. The acidification reached a depth of 50cm. Liming in addition to ammonium sulfate could not keep pH on the same level as calcium cyanamide did. The other treatments showed pH-values between 5.8 and 6.0. Total carbon and nitrogen in treatments with farm manure, calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate were 0.91 to 0.98 % C, in the treatments without N and with nitrate 0.81 resp. 0.87 % C. Farm manure and calcium cyanamide produced a higher content of humic acids in organic matter than ammonium and nitrate fertilization did. Ammonium fertilization increased the content of fulvic acids. Biological activity of soils, measured as activity of 5 enzymes and 02-consumption depends mainly on pH. Highest activity is found in the soil of treatment calcium cyanamide (except catalase). The proportion of hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable nitrogen (12 % non-hydrolysable N) was not changed by fertilizing (except in the plot with farm manure which increased non-hydrolysable N to 14%). Nitrogen mineralisation in laboratory incubation trials were closely correlated with total N (r = 0.94). Lower correlation was found in plant experiments (r = 0.72 to 0.79). Other factors influencing nitrogen mineralisation are discussed.     

日本茶树种植导致的环境问题及施用氨晴钙的控制效果

A field experiment, involving lime N （calcium cyanamide, CaCN2） fertilization as a control measure, was conducted to study environmental problems induced by long-term heavy N application in Japanese tea fields. Long-term tea cultivation caused serious soil acidification. Seventy-seven percent of the 70 tea fields investigated had soil pH values below 4.0, and 9% below 3.0, with the lowest value of 2.7. Moreover, excess N application in tea fields put a threat to plant growth, induced serious nitrate contamination to local water, and caused high nitrous oxide loss. Compared with the conventional high N application treatment （1 100 kg N ha^-1） without lime N, the low N application （400 kg N ha^-1） with calcium cyanamide effectively stopped soil acidification as well as achieved the same or slightly higher levels in tea yield and in total N and amino acid contents of tea shoots. The application of calcium cyanamide could be a suitable fertilization for the prevention of environmental problems in tea cultivation.     

Einfluß langjähriger Düngung mit verschiedenen N-Formen auf die Phosphat-Dynamik einer Ackerbraunerde

Influence of long-term application of different nitrogen sources on the dynamics of phosphate in an arable brown earth In a long-term field experiment parameters of the soil phosphate status were determined after 53 years. Soil characteristics of the arable brown earth are: sandy silt loam; pH 5,9–6,6; total carbon 0,9%; CEC 13–15 meq/100 g soil; effective field capacity 160 mm unto 150 cm. The following results were obtained: Total P content was slightly higher in the plots without mineral N and with farm manure (90 and 93 mg P/100 g soil resp.) than in the plots with mineral N supply (Ø 85 mg P/100 g soil). Application of farm yard manure and ammonium sulfate caused higher proportions of ?Fe and Al phosphates”? (56–57% of inorganic phosphate) whereas calcium cyanamide, calcium nitrate and ammonium sulfate with annual liming led to higher a content of Ca-phosphate (52–56% of inorganic phosphate). When pH was brought to 6,5 by liming, P uptake of rye grass and green oats/green rape-seed in a pot experiment depended on the soil content of ?Fe- and Al-phosphates”?. Without liming, P uptake was lower in the plot with ammonium sulfate, however, in the calcium cyanamide plot P uptake was higher than expected from the content of ?Fe- and Al-phosphate”?.     

Anorganisch-katalytische Umsetzungen von Cyanamid und dessen Metaboliten in Quarzsand I. Mechanismus des Cyanamidabbaues unter dem Einfluß von Eisenoxiden und Feuchtigkeit

Inorganic catalytical transformation of cyanamide and its metabolites in quartz sand I. Mechanism of cyanamide breakdown as influenced by iron oxides and moisture A study was made of the inorganically catalysed breakdown of cyanamide by iron oxides in quartz sand, and the formation of metabolites in relation to the type of iron oxide and the moisture level in the system. The possibility that cyanamide breakdown was biological and enzymic was largely eliminated.

• 1 In the absence of iron oxides the added cyanamide was practically unchanged over the 100 days of the experiment.
• 2 With the addition of iron oxides such as amorphous Fe(III)-hydroxide, ochre or rust, the cyanamide rapidly took up water after a few hours and urea was formed. Water uptake was dependent on the type of iron oxide added. When the moisture level in the reaction medium was low (5% of the total water capacity) the process was accelerated.
• 3 Different amounts of dicyanamide and guanylurea were produced depending on the iron oxides applied. When the water content was high, reactions leading to the production of these compounds were slowed down.
• 4 The inorganically catalysed breakdown of cyanamide depends on reaction conditions. It can result either in the uptake of water to produce urea directly or in the production of dicyanamide which gives rise to guanylurea by the further addition of water.

     

Current Situation of Fertilizer in Japan

Nitrogenous Fertilizer

The production of nitrogenous fertilizer in 1953 Fertilizer Year (August 1953–July 1954) showed an increase of 293.000 metric tons or 11.4% over the preceding year through furtherance of rationalization of the industry as well as better conditions of electricity. This increase was attributable to that of ammonia form fertilizer, which was 331,000 tons over preceding year, while calcium cyanamide showed a slight decrease as per Table 1.     

Reduction of resting spore density of Plasmodiophora brassicae and clubroot disease severity by liming

Abstract

Relationships between the disease severity of clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, the soil pH value and the concentration of exchangeable calcium associated with liming were investigated under controlled density of resting spores. Disease indices were lower in the plots treated with lime than in the control plots without lime application. The disease index was significantly lower when lime materials were mixed two weeks before sowing compared with four weeks before sowing. The reduction rate of the disease index was larger for a concentration of 2.0 g kg^?1 than 1.0 g kg^?1 of lime in soil. The density of the resting spores in soil at the time of sowing was significantly reduced by liming. The reduction rate was 17–31 % for calcium cyanamide, 12–29% for dolomite, and 20–39% for calcium carbonate compared with the control plot. It was suggested that the disease severity was influenced by both the soil pH and the content of exchangeable calcium in soil based on the analysis of covariance.     

不同作物对赤红壤酸铝毒害的响应研究

为评价赤红壤酸铝对作物的毒害作用,本文用氧化钙和硫酸铝将典型赤红壤pH值调节为4.01、4.52、5.02、5.52,研究了7种作物对不同酸铝土壤的响应。结果表明,不同酸铝土壤中,7种作物相对根长与相对根干重呈相似变化趋势,均表现为pH 5.02土壤>pH 4.52土壤>pH 4.01土壤,水稻的相对根长与相对根干重较大,而大麦较小,通菜、玉米、菜豆、豆角、大豆位于其中。铝溶液处理下不同作物的相对根伸长均以水稻、大豆、菜豆、豆角>玉米>通菜>大麦,与土培结果基本一致;作物根系的苏木精染色程度随酸铝毒害程度的上升而加深,与作物铝吸收结果趋势相同。大麦、水稻、豆角染色较深,但其相对根长差异显著,表明它们具有不同的耐铝机制。     

Umsetzung von Cyanamid,Harnstoff und Ammonsulfat in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Bodenfeuchtigkeit

Transformation of cyanamide, urea and ammonium sulfate as influenced by temperature and moisture of soil The conversion of cyanamide, urea and ammonium sulfate solutions to nitrate was investigated in a sandy silt loam (pH 6.2) in relation to temperature and soil moisture conditions. 1. Cyanamide was transformed to urea within 1–5 days. Increasing temperature (2°–100°C) accelerated the breakdown, whereas high moisture conditions (120 % of total water capacity) decreased transformation. 2. The hydrolysis of urea to ammonia took place within 5–10 days even at 2°C regardless of whether cyanamide or urea was added. Low soil moisture (40 % of total water capacity) and high temperature (up to 50°) accelerated the breakdown. 3. Following urea application (20 mg N) there was a transient formation of up to five times more nitrite (0.5 mg NO₂-N) as compared with cyanamide or ammonium sulfate treatments. 4. Clear differences were observed in the rates of nitrification. The rate was greater for urea than for cyanamide and ammonium sulfate. The formation of nitrate began at 2°C, with an optimum between 20° and 30°C. Under flooded conditions (120 % of total water capacity) and low temperature the rate of nitrification was slow. At higher temperatures rapid denitrification took place.     

Anorganisch-katalytische Umsetzungen von Cyanamid und dessen Metaboliten in Quarzsand II. Cyanamidabbau unter dem Einfluß von Metalloxiden und Temperatur

Inorganic catalytical breakdown of cyanamide and its metabolites in quartz sand II. Cyanamide breakdown as influenced by metal oxides and temperature The inorganically catalysed breakdown of cyanamide with addition of water in presence of metal oxides was studied in quartz sand. Cyanamide breakdown and the formation of metabolites was investigated in relation to the kind and quantity of metal oxides as well as temperature.

• 1 The oxides or hydroxides of Mn, Cu, Zu, Ni, Co influenced the rate of cyanamide breakdown very differently.
• 2 Decreasing the quantity of oxides (amorphous Fe(III) – hydroxide, ochre, rust) from 0.5 to 0.1 g or 0.05g/100g of quartz sand retarded cyanamide breakdown in an oxide specific formation of urea and dicyanamide.
• 3 The influence of temperature (5 and 18°C) on the breakdown was not so great as that of moisture (5% and 150% of the water capacity).
• 4 A low temperature (5°C) and high moisture regime (150% of the water capacity) retarded cyanamide breakdown considerably almost completely stopping it. The type and concentration of the metal oxide (iron oxide) as well as the moisture and temperature of the reaction medium are very important in the inorganically catalysed cyanamide and water reaction leading to the formation of urea or dicyanamide.