大米乳酸菌发酵降镉工艺优化

为研究乳酸发酵对大米重金属镉的脱除效果,该试验以镉超标大米为原料,采用大米发酵液进行发酵降镉,通过Plackett-Burman(PB)设计、最陡爬坡试验设计和Box-Behnken设计对发酵降镉工艺进行优化。结果表明:PB试验筛选出的对大米发酵降镉效果显著影响的因素分别为加水量、强化菌种添加量和发酵温度;根据最陡爬坡确定的各因素逼近区域进行响应面试验设计,得出最佳降镉工艺为加水量120%、强化菌种添加量0.08‰、发酵温度32℃,其他发酵条件还包括米粉发酵液添加量2%、食盐添加量0.8%、以及有效降镉时间22~26 h,就镉质量分数为0.52 mg/kg的早米,此条件下降镉率为79.24%。研究结果为乳酸发酵降镉、缓解大米镉超标问题提供参考。     

酶解牛乳蛋白多肽复合果汁乳酒工艺研究

为克服传统乳酒缺陷，该文采用蛋白酶水解法及酒精酵母乳酸菌混合发酵法研究了牛乳蛋白多肽复合果汁乳酒的生产工艺。通过对比和正交试验确定了牛乳蛋白的最佳水解酶、水解条件及牛乳蛋白多肽复合果汁乳酒的发酵条件和配方。结果表明：牛乳蛋白的最佳水解酶是中性蛋白酶，最佳水解条件是：酶用量140 mg/L，温度50℃，pH 6.5，酶解5 h,牛乳蛋白水解最彻底；牛乳蛋白多肽复合果汁乳酒的最佳发酵条件为经中性蛋白酶水解的牛乳，用蔗糖调整其糖度为15%，再配以4%的猕猴桃浓缩汁，添加0.35％ kefir发酵剂在25℃发酵12 h，发酵液中的酒精及总酸含量较高；牛乳蛋白多肽复合果汁乳酒的最佳配方组成是：发酵液60%、糖6%、酸0.28%、甜味剂0.1%、稳定剂0.5%、复合香精0.06%、风味增强剂8 mg/L，乳酒品质最好。     

乳酸菌发酵对超微猪骨粉营养及理化特性的影响

利用人体肠道有益菌发酵超微粉碎猪骨粉,通过氨基酸分析仪测定及电镜扫描,研究发酵过程超微粉碎骨粉中结合钙的游离,蛋白质的降解和分析骨粉的显微结构变化。结果表明,骨粉的直径大小与发酵产生游离钙离子量和氨基酸的生成量存在显著相关性,骨粉结合钙最大游离转化率为36.9%,骨粉蛋白质最大水解率63%,从而为猪骨的综合利用与开发生物态补钙制品的研制提供了理论依据     

冬瓜酸乳饮料生产工艺优化研究

以新鲜冬瓜和鲜牛乳为试验材料,采用单因素试验与响应面试验筛选冬瓜酸乳饮料最佳配比及最优发酵条件。结果表明,冬瓜酸乳饮料最优工艺配方为冬瓜汁添加量10.52%、白砂糖添加量5.72%、复合稳定剂添加量1.33%;制备冬瓜酸乳饮料的最优发酵条件为发酵剂添加量(即发酵菌株或接种量)5.12 %、发酵温度41.25 ℃、发酵时间5.5 h。     

利用废革屑制备肽Ca螯合物的工艺探究

本论文通过水解革屑制备多肽水解液,并将水解液与Ca Cl2进行螯合反应制备多肽-Ca金属螯合物。对水解液进行理化性能进行表征,利用GPC测定水解液的分子量;设计单因素螯合实验及正交试验,考察了p H、温度、时间、肽/Ca质量比等因素对螯合反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。通过研究发现不同因素对螯合率的影响大小为:温度时间肽Ca比 pH;对得率的影响大小为:pH温度肽Ca比时间。最佳螯合条件:反应时间90 min,肽Ca比为4∶1,反应温度为70℃,pH为7,最佳条件下的螯合率为86.55%;最后,对肽Ca螯合物进行傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜及能量色散X射线光谱仪分析表征,结果表明Ca离子成功螯合到多肽上,得到Ca肽螯合物。     

钙螯合羊骨胶原多肽的制备及表征分析

为制备肽钙螯合物并探明肽钙螯合机理,对羊骨胶原多肽与CaCl2的螯合工艺进行优化并对肽钙螯合物进行表征分析。采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计及响应面分析法,确定了最佳螯合参数：肽钙质量比2∶1,pH值7.66,53℃螯合50 min,螯合率达67.24%。红外光谱、电镜分析及能谱扫描结果表明胶原多肽与Ca2+分别在多肽内部的C=O处及肽链末端的-NH2和-COOH处发生螯合,形成了铵盐和羧酸盐;多肽与Ca2+螯合后由疏松的片状结构变成了致密的小颗粒聚集体结构。红外光谱及能谱扫描同时也证实所制备的胶原多肽中有部分钙螯合肽的存在,说明酶解可使钙由羟基磷灰石形式转变为可溶性离子钙。研究结果可为新型钙制剂生产及畜骨的高值利用提供了参考。     

纳豆菌液态发酵蛤蜊制备ACE抑制肽的工艺研究

为了开发海洋水产源降血压多肽,以蛤蜊为原料,利用纳豆菌液态发酵法制备血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制肽,并以ACE抑制率和总肽含量为控制指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用五因素三水平正交试验优化发酵工艺。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度45℃,发酵时间24h,接种量5%,料液比1∶25,蔗糖添加量10%。在此发酵条件下,发酵产物对ACE抑制率达80.49%,总肽含量达11.53mg·m L-1。本研究结果为蛤蜊的高值化利用提供了科学依据。     

高活菌数复合益生菌发酵乳工艺优化

益生菌发酵乳中的活菌数是保证其功能特性的关键因素,为提高益生菌发酵乳中的活菌总数,以干酪乳杆菌和双歧杆菌复合菌种为试验对象,以发酵过程中的pH值和吸光度平均值值为试验指标,在单因素试验的基础上,利用 Box-Benhnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法研究了接种量、益生菌接种比例、发酵温度、葡萄糖添加量以及大豆多肽添加量对发酵乳pH值和活菌数的影响,并建立了复合益生菌发酵模型。响应面优化试验结果表明复合益生菌发酵的最佳工艺条件是脱脂乳乳固体质量分数为12%,接种量为6%,干酪乳杆菌：双歧杆菌接种体积比为3∶1,葡萄糖添加量为2.9%,大豆多肽添加量为0.8%,发酵温度为34℃,在此条件下预测值为1.076,验证试验得到实际值为1.087,与理论预测值相比,相对误差为1.0%。发酵乳最大活菌数为4.1×1011 cfu/mL,与已有研究相比,活菌数提高了1-2个对数级。在4℃条件下贮藏21 d后,发酵乳的活菌数仍然保持在4.7×1010 cfu/mL。研究结果为工业化生产高活菌数的益生菌饮料提供参考。     

早籼米制备大米蛋白和酒精的联产工艺研究

该文以早籼米为原料，采用碱法提取大米蛋白并利用残余淀粉发酵制备酒精。通过研究碱液浓度、提取温度、料液比和时间对大米蛋白提取的影响，确定了提取大米蛋白的较佳工艺条件为：碱液浓度0.05 mol/L、提取温度30℃、料液比1∶4、提取时间2 h。此条件下提取的大米蛋白纯度为94.9%，提取率为52.4%。残余淀粉中添加25%的玉米粉有较好的发酵效果：发酵时间45 h，酒精度为12.78%，残余还原糖为0.13%。     

能源甜菜酒精发酵的工艺优化及数学模型

利用菌种ADY（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）对能源甜菜NY0503进行酒精发酵。应用Plackett-Burman设计法从底物浓度、料液比、加菌量、营养盐添加量、加磷量、pH值、转速、发酵温度和发酵时间9个因素中筛选出了加磷量、发酵温度和底物浓度为主要影响因素,并用响应面分析法求出回归方程。结果表明,经优化后最佳工艺条件为：底物浓度12%、料液比（质量比）1︰1、加菌量15%、营养盐添加量0.5、加磷量1.9%、pH 5.0、转速130 r/min、发酵温度31℃和发酵时间44 h,共进行5批次验证试验,结果为酒精转化率的平均值为95.48%,与模型的理论值96.54%的差值仅占理论值的1.09%,进一步说明所建立的模型是切实可行的。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.