小米杂粮保健主食品的研制开发

小米蛋白质中赖氨酸含量AAS和CS＜1,其它氨基酸的AAS和CS≥1,脂肪含量4%～5%,不饱和脂肪酸达85.5%.多种维生素和矿质元素的的含量都比稻米、玉米和小麦面粉含量高,营养丰富并有一定食疗保健作用.以小米为主料或辅料研制开发了五仁小米营养糊、小米粉饼干、面包、蒸糕等多种小米深加工产品,为小米杂粮保健主食品的开发开辟了新的途径.     

速溶牦牛油茶生产工艺及参数研究

通过L₉(3⁴)正交试验选择出最佳膨化工艺参数：进料速率0.9 kg/min，模具预热温度160℃，原料含水率15%；兼顾营养和膨化度确定大豆、青稞的混合膨化比例为15∶85；利用高压提取、减压浓缩技术，提取生长在海拔3 400多米高寒草地牦牛骨髓油，配以混合膨化粉及其他辅料，通过造粒、远红外干燥、自动计量包装等流水线生产，制成含蛋白质152 g/kg，热能17 556 kJ/kg、Ca 15.6 g/kg，P 31 g/kg、Fe 330 mg/kg的营养丰富、冲调性好、极具民族风味特色的新型颗粒状固体油茶。     

膨化玉米作啤酒辅料的可行性试验研究

探讨了用不脱胚玉米挤压膨化物作啤酒辅料的可行性。指出：挤压膨化不脱胚玉米的绝干浸出率大于不膨化脱胚玉米的绝干浸出率，接近不膨化大米的绝干浸出率。可以用挤压膨化不脱胚玉米，代替目前传统工艺中不膨化的大米或脱胚玉米，作为酿制啤酒的辅料。同时使脱胚玉米辅料用量减少８％左右，麦芽用量减少１０％左右。     

无公害鲜食玉米高产栽培技术

鲜食玉米主要有甜玉米、黑玉米、糯玉米等,其营养丰富,籽粒中富含氨基酸、蛋白质、矿物质、糖和多种维生素,既是香甜可口的鲜食佳品,又可以加工成罐头、饮料等产品,其茎叶还是优质的青饲料。随着人们生活水平的提高,鲜食玉米及其加工产品越来越受到市场的欢     

优化催芽温度及CaCl2溶液浓度提高发芽小米中γ-氨基丁酸含量

氨基丁酸(γ-amino butyric acid,GABA)是一种非蛋白质氨基酸,具有多种生理活性。为进一步提升富含GABA食品的市场占有率,以小米为原料,通过发芽处理提高小米的营养价值,提高GABA的含量。为提高发芽小米中GABA的含量,通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman因素筛选试验、最陡爬坡试验和响应面试验,优化发芽条件提高小米中GABA含量。在单因素试验的基础上,经过Plackett-Burman设计筛选出对GABA含量影响显著的3个因素:浸泡时间、CaCl_2溶液浓度和发芽温度。经最陡爬坡试验,确定对GABA含量影响显著的三因素在响应面中心点水平:浸泡时间13 h、CaCl_2溶液浓度3.5 mmol/L和发芽温度31℃。经响应面优化试验得出发芽小米积累GABA的最优工艺条件为:浸泡时间13 h、浸泡温度35℃、CaCl_2溶液浓度3.5mmol/L、发芽时间48h和发芽温度31℃,此时制得的发芽小米中GABA质量分数为251.46 mg/100 g,比小米中的初始GABA质量分数86.72 mg/100 g提高了2.90倍。研究结果得到了最佳小米发芽条件,为富含GABA健康小米食品的制备提供理论支持。     

锌、锰与含氯氮肥配施对冬小麦子粒营养品质的影响

采用田间试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法，研究了N、Zn、Mn平衡施用和含Cl氮肥（NH4Cl）中Cl对小麦子粒粗蛋白质和氨基酸营养品质的影响。结果表明，施N提高了小麦子粒粗蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量，但必需氨基酸在蛋白质中的比率下降。施适量的Zn能增加小麦子粒粗蛋白质和必需氨基酸含量，提高了小麦子粒的营养价值。施Mn对小麦子粒粗蛋白质和氨基酸总含量影响不大，但提高了必需氨基酸含量，对小麦子粒品质有一定的改良作用。N－Zn、N－Mn和Zn－Mn对小麦粗蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响均为正连应。N、Zn、Mn平衡施用既能增加小麦子粒蛋白质和氨基酸总含量，又提高了蛋白质中必需氨基酸的比例，改善了小麦子粒的营养品质。含氯氮肥中适量Cl能增加小麦子粒蛋白质和氨基酸含量，且不影响蛋白质的营养价值。     

硒肥施用对鲜食玉米生长及品质的影响

采用田间裂区试验,通过叶面喷施清水、氨基酸螯合硒肥(666.6 g·hm~(-2)、1 333.3 g·hm~(-2)、2 000.0 g·hm~(-2))以及相应含量的氨基酸研究硒肥施用对玉米产量及品质的影响。结果显示,叶面喷施氨基酸螯合硒肥可以一定程度改善玉米植株的氮营养,提高玉米籽粒蛋白质含量以及籽粒、秸秆中的硒含量,但其对产量构成因素、品质的影响并不明显。可见,叶面喷施是硒肥施用、富硒生产的一种有效方式,但肥效的发挥有赖于良好的水肥统筹以及适宜的施肥量和施肥时机。     

莲藕片真空微波联合气流膨化干燥工艺

为优化莲藕片真空微波-气流膨化联合干燥工艺,本试验在单因素试验的基础上,采用三因子二次正交旋转组合设计,探讨了单位质量微波功率、转换点含水率和膨化温度对产品的亮度、硬度、脆度和水分含量的影响,并对变量进行了响应曲面分析.结果表明:单位质量微波功率、转换点含水率和膨化温度对莲藕脆片的品质指标有显著影响.真空微波联合气流膨化干燥莲藕片工艺的最优参数组合为:单位质量微波功率12.48W·g-1,转换点含水率48.73％,膨化温度86.56℃.优化莲藕片的生产工艺可为莲藕片工业化生产提供参考.     

以马铃薯为辅料的黄酒发酵条件优化

采用响应面方法对以马铃薯为辅料的黄酒发酵条件进行了优化。通过单因素试验、正交试验及中心组合试验优化得到以马铃薯为辅料酿造黄酒的最佳发酵条件为：酵母添加量0.114%(原料量的0.114%)、主发酵温度28℃、麦曲添加量14.0%(原料量的14.0%)、料水比1∶0.7、每100 g原料添加425μL糖化酶、发酵初始pH值4.0。在优化得到的发酵条件下酿造得到的以马铃薯为辅料的成品黄酒，其酒精度、酸度、色、香、味等各项理化指标和感官指标均符合国家黄酒标准GB/T 13662-2000，成品酒的感官品质得到了改善，且所含游离氨基酸含量为7063.4 mg/L，是普通黄酒游离氨基酸含量的1.2～2.5倍。     

香蕉副产物袋装青贮原料混合配比试验研究

香蕉副产物中富含蛋白质、矿物营养等,可作为反刍动物的饲料资源开发利用。香蕉茎叶具有含水量高、不含糖分能量物,不易青贮等特点,采取主、辅混合青贮的方式可有效解决这一难题。基于此,开展混合青贮主、辅原料的适宜比例试验研究,结果表明,以主料香蕉茎叶80%+辅料干甘蔗稍叶20%的混合配比生产的青贮饲料产品手感外观、含水量、pH值、营养成分、单宁含量等指标都由于其他组合,达到青贮饲料良好标准,从青贮饲料产品营养成分、生产成本的影响方面,可为香蕉茎叶饲料化的产业化开发利用提供经济、实用轻简化技术和理论依据。     

Nutritional assessment in vitro and in vivo of raw and extruded peas (Pisum sativum L.)

The effects of extrusion cooking on the nutritional properties of Pisum sativum L. have been evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The treatment greatly elevated protein and starch digestibility in vitro. Also, the amounts of intact starch diminished while total free sugars increased. In addition, the levels of antinutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors and lectins, were greatly decreased. Concentrations of methionine and cystine were low in raw peas and were further reduced by extrusion treatment. The nutritional performance of rats fed extruded pea diets for 15 days was no better than that of rats given raw pea diet. This was due to the overriding effects of amino acid deficiencies in the diets. Weight gains by rats fed extruded pea diets supplemented with amino acids were, however, much higher than those achieved by rats fed supplemented raw pea diets. Food transformation index and protein efficiency ratio values were also greatly improved. Extrusion treatment did therefore significantly improve the nutritional quality of peas.     

Chemical Composition and Antinutritional Factors of Field Peas (Pisum sativum), Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), and Faba Beans (Vicia faba) as Affected by Extrusion Preconditioning and Drying Temperatures

Legumes are valuable plant sources of protein and energy and extrusion is one of the most common processing methods for manufacturing both human food and animal feeds. In the present study, three different legumes (field peas, chickpeas, and faba beans) were ground and processed in a pilot‐scale extrusion line. Various preconditioning and dryer temperatures were applied to each legume separately that reflected or differed from standard manufacturing conditions. Although literature exists regarding the effects of extrusion temperature and moisture on legume antinutrients, no data are available on the respective effects of preconditioning and drying. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of processing on both nutritional and antinutritional factors for each processing combination. Proximate composition, starch, oligosaccharides, total nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), soluble (S‐NSP), and insoluble (I‐NSP) levels were evaluated. The antinutritional factors phytic acid, tannins, and trypsin inhibitors were also determined. Chickpea and field pea NSP values were not drastically affected by processing, while for most processing conditions, total NSP, S‐NSP, and I‐NSP were slightly reduced in faba beans. Preconditioning before extrusion processing generally improved the nutritional value of the ingredients by significantly reducing trypsin inhibitor level. Phytate and total tannin levels were greatly reduced irrespective of the preconditioning and drying treatment. Wet preconditioning can be used in combination with extrusion to improve the nutritional value of legumes, while drying at 90–150°C does not significantly further reduce antinutritional factor levels.     

Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)‐Based Products

Celiac disease and gluten sensitivities, as well as obesity and overweight‐related disorders, have led to the investigation of gluten‐free grains and development of new food products. To address this, refined proso millet and refined corn (control), both gluten‐free grains, were used to produce four different product types (muffin, couscous, extruded snack, and porridge). The products contained four different grain combinations (100% proso millet, 75% proso millet/25% corn, 25% proso millet/75% corn, and 100% corn). All products were evaluated for their nutritional composition, in vitro starch digestibility, and expected glycemic index (eGI). Products made with refined proso millet had increased protein (7.6–11.3%), lipid (1.2–6.1%), fiber (7.0–8.8%), and phenolic content (323.5–425 μg/g) compared with those incorporating corn flour (2.5–9.0%, 0.8–4.0%, 2.1–4.1%, and 213–315 μg/g, respectively). As the proso millet content increased, the eGI decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Products made from refined proso millet appear to be good candidates for producing low‐GI, gluten‐free foods.     

常温真空包装对保持小米储藏品质的影响

为了探究一种有效的小米储藏方法,以晋谷42号小米为试材,采用0.08 mm厚尼龙(polyamide,PA)复合聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)袋包装,常温((20±2)℃)环境中储藏,研究小米在常规、常规密闭和真空包装储藏120 d品质指标的变化规律。结果表明:相对于常规包装,真空包装储藏有效降低脂肪氧合酶的活性(P<0.05),延缓小米脂质的氧化分解(P<0.05),抑制小米游离脂肪酸含量的升高(P<0.05),较好地保持了小米的水分(P<0.05),延缓了小米黄色素的损耗(P<0.05),较好地保持了小米的亮度(P<0.05)、米黄色(P<0.05)以及弹性(P<0.05)和黏附性(P<0.05);常规密闭包装具有一定的储藏效果,但不及真空包装。因此,常温下真空包装储藏可以有效延缓小米的陈化,保持小米的储藏品质。研究结果为小米储藏,提升小米储藏品质提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

Modifications to physicochemical and nutritional properties of hard-To-cook beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by extrusion cooking.

The objective of this work was to evaluate extrusion cooking as a means to improve the nutritional properties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. that had been stored either at 42 degrees C and 80% relative humidity for 6 weeks or for periods >1 year in cereal stores in tropical conditions. Storage under these conditions resulted in an increase in cooking time increased (7.7- and 12-fold, respectively) as a result of development of the hard-to-cook (HTC) defect. Single-screw extrusion of the milled beans was carried out at four barrel temperatures and two moisture contents. The extrudate bulk density and water solubility index decreased with increasing temperature, whereas the water absorption index increased due to the higher proportion of gelatinized starch in the extruded samples. Both fresh and HTC beans contained nutritionally significant amounts of lectins, trypsin, and alpha-amylase inhibitors, which were mostly inactivated by extrusion. Extrusion also caused a considerable redistribution of insoluble dietary fiber to soluble, although the total dietary fiber content was not affected. Changes in solubility involved pectic polysaccharides, arabinose and uronic acids being the main sugars involved. Stored beans subjected to extrusion cooking showed physical and chemical characteristics similar to those of extrudates from fresh beans.     

不同水肥条件对宁南旱地谷子产量、WUE及光合特性的影响

在宁南(海原)旱农试验区,通过谷子生育期补充灌水模拟当地不同降水年型,研究了不同水肥配合对谷子产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及旗叶光合特性的影响。结果表明:在欠水年型(不补灌)和平水年型(中补灌和高补灌)水分条件下,谷子产量和WUE的最高值均在中肥水平(N 120 kg/hm2,P2O5108 kg/hm2)时获得。然而,在欠水年型,从施肥增加当季作物产量和提高有限水分利用效率方面考虑,中肥水平的施肥量并不经济,而应适当减少施肥量,以节约农业生产成本,但从培肥地力的角度看,这种施肥水平是可取的。在丰水年型(高补灌)水分供应条件下,高肥水平(N 180 kg/hm2,P2O5162 kg/hm2)可使谷子产量达到最高,而中肥水平WUE却最高,因此,从提高旱作农田作物WUE和肥料利用效率角度看,施中等肥量更为合理。不同水肥条件通过改善土壤水分状况而改善作物净光合速率(P n)和蒸腾速率(T r),在水分亏缺的年份,作物受土壤水分胁迫严重,施肥对P n和T r的效应不明显;但当土壤水分供应状况较好时,P n和T r随施肥量的增加有增加趋势。     

甘薯全粉加工及其挤压膨化食品特性的分析研究

探讨制备高品质甘薯全粉的简便方法，及以甘薯全粉为主要原料，通过挤压膨化技术生产甘薯营养食品的可能性，并对挤压膨化过程中营养成分及理化性质的变化进行了研究分析。结果表明，经挤压膨化后，原料中淀粉、蛋白质含量略有下降，总糖含量上升，吸水性，水溶性指数增大，色泽略有加深，并有浓郁的特征香味产生。     

梯田玉米土壤水分动态研究

依据田间试验资料，对梯田玉米土壤水分动态特征进行了研究。并以谷子和休闲地作为对比，对不同植被覆盖条件下的梯田土壤水分差异进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）雨季降水对玉米地土壤水分的补给起着重要的作用，其土壤贮水量动态与年内的降雨周期相吻合；（2）不同植被覆盖条件对梯田土壤水分状况影响较大，玉米、谷子全生育期的农田蒸散量分别为502．9mm和473．9mm，同期对照休闲地的蒸散量仅为414．1mm；（3）玉米全生育期ET／E0（农田蒸散量／同期水面蒸发量）的比值为0．77，并且在拔节期和抽雄期都大于1，而谷子全生育期该值为0．69。     

播种期对南方秋播糯玉米主要品质成分的影响

以鲜食型糯玉米品种香白糯为材料,于2004年秋在广州地区进行了分期播种试验,研究播种期对鲜食糯玉米籽粒灌浆期间主要品质成分及其变化规律的影响.结果表明,播种期没有明显改变糯玉米灌浆期间籽粒中主要品质成分的变化趋势,但对主要品质成分的含量影响很大.早播糯玉米灌浆期籽粒中可溶性蛋白、粗蛋白、脂肪、淀粉的平均含量分别比晚播的高0.87mg/g和2.68、1.0、4.96个百分点;其累积量分别比晚播的高0.74mg/粒、9.67mg/粒、2.3mg/粒和25.52mg/粒.早播糯玉米籽粒的含水量每天以1.37%的速率减少,其脱水速率高于晚播玉米籽粒的0.44个百分点.因此,南方（广州地区）秋播鲜食糯玉米的播种时间以适当早播（9月中上旬以前）、尽量推迟采收为宜.     

Physical and biochemical properties of maize hardness and extrudates of selected hybrids

Protein and starch determinants of maize kernel hardness and extruded products were characterized to better define the role of endosperm texture during extrusion. Maize physical properties were correlated with total proteins and zein subclasses (p < 0.01). The extrusion process significantly altered protein solubility and increased protein fragmentation as measured by RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. Harder grits and extrudates demonstrated higher amylose content, lower degree of starch damage, and fragmentation at different screw speeds than softer grits and extrudates. Differences in extrudate expansion ratio, water absorption index, water solubility index, oil absorption capacity, and breaking stress between harder and softer hybrids were related to protein aggregation and fragmentation as well as starch damage and fragmentation.