锰饱和沸石肥料对石灰性土壤中锰的化学形态及燕麦生长的影响

沸石作为土壤结构改良基质和缓释肥料基质 ,对改善土壤养分向植物的供应状况有十分重要的作用 ,在国内外的农业生产中得到较广泛的应用[1～4] 。据研究资料报道 ,在土壤中施用沸石不会引起有效磷和肥料中水溶性磷的固定 ,还能改善土壤供钾状况[5] 。在ＣＥＣ较小的土壤中施用 ,     

人工湿地中沸石和土壤的氮吸附与再生试验研究

鉴于常用填料吸附能力的理化再生方法存在运行费高以及不利于植物生长和微生物活性的缺点，探索低价且生态友好的填料吸附位的再生方法非常重要。该文研究了处理农业污水的人工湿地中的沸石和土壤的氮的解吸附性能、沸石的动态吸附和曝气再生。结果表明：填料的氨氮吸附量受填料的种类、使用时间、填充方式和填充位置的影响。土壤的氨氮吸附量为沸石的3倍以上；沸石使用时间越长，氨氮吸附量越低；前置沸石的氨氮吸附量大于表铺沸石。使用22个月的前置沸石带在0～90 cm深度范围内的氨氮吸附量相近；浅层(0～10 cm)土壤的氨氮吸附量为中层(10～20 cm)和深层(20～40 cm)土壤的2倍以上。植物的供氧作用利于土壤的氨氮转化，停留时间的增长利于沸石对氨氮的动态吸附，曝气对已吸附一定量氨氮的沸石有再生作用。     

沸石对磷在肥际微域中的迁移影响

磷在土壤肥际微域的迁移对其有效性有着较大的影响,以土柱试验和连续切片技术研究了天然沸石、钾沸石和铵沸石对磷酸二氢钙在红壤肥际微域溶解和迁移的影响.沸石与土壤间的离子交换作用促进了土壤本体难溶磷酸盐的溶解,钾沸石和铵沸石增加了磷酸二氢钙的溶解和迁移,土壤水溶性磷分布距离比对照增加了8 mm;而天然沸石作用相反.沸石降低了磷酸二氢钙在土壤肥际微域的初始溶解;在分布距离大于10 mm时,土壤水溶性磷含量大小依次为铵沸石钾沸石天然沸石对照.水溶性磷含量与分布距离间呈极显著指数负相关.土壤Olsen-P的变化与水溶性磷相反,其含量大小依次为对照天然沸石钾沸石铵沸石,Olsen-P含量与分布距离间呈极显著线性负相关.     

沸石对盐碱地玉米增产效果的研究

天然沸石具有独特的结构和物理化学性质，可吸附碱化土中的Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃｌ＾－等离子，降低土壤ＰＨ值和碱化度，提高离子交换量，改善土壤理化性能，施用沸石可提高盐碱地作物产量，是改良盐碱地的新途径。     

天然与改性沸石对土壤Cd污染赋存形态的影响研究

试验采用室内培养的方法,研究了不同剂量天然沸石、改性沸石(氯化铵和氯化钙改性)对土壤中重金属Cd赋存形态的影响。结果表明,同一剂量天然沸石与氯化钙改性沸石处理中随时间推移土壤p H先升高后降低,最后趋于稳定,氯化铵改性沸石处理则呈现持续下降的趋势。在整个培养时期,氯化铵改性沸石处理组中土壤交换态Cd含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,在30 d时达到最低值;氯化钙改性沸石与天然沸石处理土壤交换态Cd呈现持续降低的趋势,三者土壤交换态Cd分别降低了18.74～30.82 mg kg~(-1)、18.5～30.12 mg kg-1、13.71～28.28 mg kg~(-1)。三种处理对土壤中残渣态镉的转化率为氯化铵改性沸石氯化钙改性沸石天然沸石,50 d时三者残渣态镉含量分别增加了21.48%、18.23%、14.08%。根据土壤pH与土壤交换态Cd含量相关性分析表明,二者呈显著负相关,土壤p H值与改良剂修复土壤重金属污染的修复效率密切相关。     

改性稻壳炭和改性沸石对红壤磷有效性的影响

为探究改性稻壳炭、改性沸石对红壤磷素有效性的影响,以稻壳炭(R)、HCl改性稻壳炭(HR)、沸石(Z)、铵化沸石(NZ)、低温活化沸石(RZ)和铵化低温活化沸石(NRZ)为试验材料,以1%、3%、5%和8%的剂量添加到混合肥料中并与供试红壤充分混合,经过7、14、28和56 d的室内培养后测定土壤有效磷含量,并通过土壤盆栽试验研究添加5%改性稻壳炭、改性沸石对玉米磷肥利用率的影响。研究结果表明,在土壤培养的第7、14和28 d,沸石、稻壳炭改性方式和添加量对土壤有效磷含量影响显著(P0.01),且其交互作用对土壤有效磷含量影响显著(P0.01),添加量是影响土壤有效磷含量有关参数的主要决定因子。在不同稻壳炭、沸石改性方式和添加剂量处理下,土壤有效磷含量增加,磷肥固定率降低。沸石经铵化和低温活化处理后,吸附能力和吸附容量增加,提高了土壤中磷素有效性。稻壳炭经HCl氧化改性处理后,对土壤中磷素的吸附能力增强,降低了土壤对磷的固定作用。混合肥料中添加5%改性稻壳炭、改性沸石后,玉米磷素利用率比对照提高了34.45%～45.53%,但各添加材料处理间差异不显著。     

干湿交替灌溉下水氮耦合对沸石处理稻田产量和水氮利用的影响

为了明确斜发沸石在干湿交替稻田中的应用潜力,运用离心机法测定不同斜发沸石处理下稻田土壤水分特征曲线,分析了斜发沸石对土壤持水性能的影响;运用自动遮雨棚蒸渗仪进行了灌溉-施氮-沸石的综合水稻栽培试验,明确了斜发沸石和氮肥对干湿交替稻田阳离子交换量、产量、水氮利用率及稻米蛋白质含量的影响及机理。结果表明:稻田土壤基质势在-35~0 k Pa范围内,增施斜发沸石可明显提高土壤持水性能,改善土壤水分状况,在持续淹灌和干湿交替灌溉条件下均能提高水分生产率,且后者更为明显;增施斜发沸石可增强土壤阳离子交换量,从而提高保肥能力和氮肥利用率,尤其是10~15 t/hm2的斜发沸石同105 kg/hm2的氮肥混施可显著提高氮肥农艺利用率和稻米蛋白质含量;增施斜发沸石可增产4.7%~16.8%,且可优化水肥耦合,避免在高氮水平下干湿交替灌溉增产效果低于持续淹灌的现象。与常规施氮的淹灌稻田相比,干湿交替灌溉稻田施用10 t/hm2斜发沸石和105 kg/hm2的氮肥,可减少27.8%的耗水量和33.3%的施氮量,增产10.6%,进而显著提高氮肥利用效率(89.2%)和水分生产率(52.5%),且这些正效应至少可持续2年。     

膨润土和沸石在镉污染土壤治理中的应用

采用通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土和沸石对镉污染土壤的治理效果。结果表明,施加膨润土后不同污染程度土壤的交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的质量分数都有所下降,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态镉的质量分数则有所上升。沸石和膨润土对轻度、中度镉污染土壤都表现出钝化作用,对重度镉污染土壤,膨润土对镉的钝化效果明显,而沸石却起到了激活镉的作用。在不同程度镉污染土壤上,膨润土可增加乌塌菜的生物量,并可抑制其对镉的吸收,降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,对乌塌菜的生长具有显著的促进作用。沸石对轻度和中度镉污染土壤均可降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,促进乌塌菜的生长并增加其生物量;对重度镉污染土壤,沸石对乌塌菜的生长影响较小,乌塌菜植株体内镉的积累显著增加。     

6种固化剂对土壤Pb Cd Cu Zn的固化效果

通过在重金属污染土壤中分别施加沸石、石灰石、硅藻土、羟基磷灰石、膨润土和海泡石6种固化剂,研究了这6种固化剂对土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的固化效果,筛选出几种效果较好的固化剂。实验结果表明：沸石、石灰石和羟基磷灰石均能够有效地降低土壤中交换态Pb、Cd的含量,并且明显减少了土壤中Pb、Cd的毒性浸出量,其中沸石最多降低土壤中交换态Pb、Cd含量分别达到48.7%和56.2%,减少土壤中Pb、Cd的毒性浸出量达到37.1%和30.1%;沸石、石灰石均能够有效降低土壤中交换态Cu的含量,降低量分别高达68.1%和85.2%,膨润土能有效减少土壤中Cu的毒性浸出量,减少量最高达到66.51%;石灰石对土壤中Zn有着良好的固化效果。     

4A沸石对土壤铅浓度及形态的影响

采用室内土柱淋洗培养法研究了4A沸石对土壤重金属铅浓度与形态变化的影响。结果表明,4A沸石对土壤重金属铅具有一定的钝化效果,可有效抑制土壤铅的迁移及生态有效性。未添加4 A沸石土壤经过淋洗培养后土壤铅的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态铅浓度上升,有机结合态和残渣态铅浓度显著下降,37 d淋洗培养后土壤中铅以可交换态为主,所占比例为52.9%;而添加4 A沸石可有效降低土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态铅的浓度,土壤铅以残渣态为主,其占比例44.8%～59.2%。     

Soil cadmium stabilization using an Iranian natural zeolite

In recent years, natural substances such as zeolite have been used to absorb heavy metals in soil in an attempt to decrease their availability to plants. Compared to other techniques, the use of zeolite is fast, clean, and inexpensive. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of an Iranian natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on stabilizing Cd-contaminated soil treated with 0.01 M CaCl₂ leaching solution. Zeolite from Firoozkouh (Tehran Province) was added to four soils from Gilan province, northern Iran. The stabilization of Cd in soils mixed with zeolite was measured in both column and batch experiments. The results from the batch experiment showed that application of zeolite to soil reduced Cd leaching in all the contaminated soils. When more zeolite was added to soil, lower Cd concentrations were detected in the leaching solution. When 15% zeolite was applied, Cd concentration in the leachate decreased to below 0.1 mg l^− 1. Cadmium depth analysis showed little migration of Cd in sand and clay textures with no zeolite addition and after adding 15 and 75 pore volumes of leaching solution, the remaining Cd levels were 12% and 35% of the original Cd concentration, respectively. However, these values for 9% zeolite treatments were 97% and 99%, respectively. The higher cation exchange capacity of the zeolite/soil mixture and the higher pH levels were responsible for stabilizing Cd in these soils. The effect of preventing heavy metals from leaching was found to be more pronounced when zeolite was applied to clay soils.     

Minimizing ammonia volatilization from urea,improving lowland rice (cv. MR219) seed germination,plant growth variables,nutrient uptake,and nutrient recovery using clinoptilolite zeolite

The anionic nature and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clinoptilolite zeolite can be exploited to reduce ammonia (NH₃) loss from urea and to improve soil chemical properties to increase nutrient utilization efficiency in lowland rice cultivation. A closed-dynamic airflow system was used to determine NH₃ loss from treatments (20, 40, and 60 g clinoptilolite zeolite pot^?1). Seed germination study was conducted to evaluate the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice seed germination. A pot study was conducted to determine the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Standard procedures were used to determine NH₃ loss, rice plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Application of clinoptilolite zeolite (15%) increased shoot elongation of seedlings and significantly reduced NH₃ loss (up to 26% with 60 g zeolite pot^?1), and increased number of leaves, total dry matter, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Na⁺. Amending acid soils with clinoptilolite zeolite can significantly minimize NH₃ loss and improve rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. These findings are being validated in our ongoing field trials.     

The influence of compost and zeolite co‐addition on the nutrients status and plant growth in intensively cultivated Mediterranean soils

The main objective of the study was to test the benefits of compost and zeolite co‐addition on the fertility of organic‐rich Mediterranean soils. Previous pot study in greenhouse found that zeolites mixed with compost significantly improved potassium availability as well as exchangeable potassium capacity in the soils. To further test this finding, a field experiment was conducted using potato – Solanum tuberosum L., desiree cultivar in peat soils of the Hula Valley, Israel. Adhering to the protocol of the greenhouse experiments, the treatments included 5% compost addition with no zeolites, 2% zeolite addition without compost, co‐addition of 5% compost mixed with 2% zeolites and control. We found that compost addition increased significantly the potatoes yield and the number of large tubers; however, the zeolite addition had no impact on yield. Co‐addition of compost and zeolites did not improve total crop yield or number of large tubers compared with compost addition only. The results are consistent with nutrients availability (N, P, K) across the treatments. In a commercialized field using the experiment conditions, the 2% zeolite addition would amount to 18 ton of zeolites per hectare. Hence, we conclude that soil amendment with the tested zeolite might be beneficial to improve soil retention for cationic nutrients (e.g. K⁺) under high leaching systems such as plant culture in pots, but in the field with high loads of compost, its effect is minor.     

Ameliorative effect of K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites on the growth of beets in saline and sodic soils

Abstract

Beets were grown on soils with various exchangeable sodium percentages (ESP). A saline non-sodic soil (SA, ESP = 3.2), a saline sodic soil (SO, ESP = 23), and a saline high sodic soil (HSO, ESP = 78) were prepared from Tottori sand dune soil (CO). K-type and Ca-type artificial zeolites (50 g kg^?1) were applied to these soils in order to evaluate their effects on the chemical properties of saturation extracts of the soils, water deficit, cation uptake and transport, and cation balance of beet plants. In the zeolite-free treatments, beet growth was accelerated in SA and SO, but was suppressed in HSO compared with CO. The addition of both types of zeolites ameliorated plant growth in all the soils studied, especially HSO. The relative dry weight of the soils treated by the K-type zeolite to the zeolitefree soil was 189% for CO, 125% for SA, 130% for SO, and 222% for HSO. For the soils treated with the Ca-type zeolite, the values were 169, 116, 132, and 341%, respectively. In SA, SO, and HSO, the addition of the K-type zeolite increased the K uptake due to the increase of the K concentration of saturation extracts of soils. The addition of the Ca-type zeolite increased the Ca uptake due to the increase in the Ca concentration of the saturation extracts of soils which was accompanied by an increase in the K uptake. The increase in the uptake of K or Ca and decreased in the transport of Na by the addition of both types of zeolites improved the cation balance of the plants. The Ca-type zeolite did not increase the water deficit even though it increased the electric conductivity in all the soils. The results indicated that both types of artificial zeolites were able to improve the growth performance of beets in saline and sodic soils and that the K-type zeolite could be used as a K-fertilizer as well.     

Zeolite Effects on Immobile Water Content and Mass Exchange Coefficient at Different Soil Textures

The concern for groundwater pollution by agrichemicals through solute movement within the soil is widespread. Zeolite is a type of soil amendment that is utilized to improve physical properties of soil and ameliorate polluted soil. The high negative charge of the zeolite and its open space structure allows adsorption and access of heavy metals and other cations and anions. The objectives of this research were (i) to determine the effects of different application rates of zeolite (0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg^?1) on the immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient in a loam soil and then (ii) to determine the effects of optimum application rate of zeolite on the immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient of sandy loam and clay loam soils in saturated conditions by a mobile and immobile (MIM) model. In a disturbed soil column, a method was proposed for determination of MIM model parameters, that is, immobile water content (θ_im), mass exchange coefficient (α), and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D_h). Breakthrough curves were obtained for different soil textures with different zeolite applications in three replicates, by miscible displacement of chloride (Cl^?1) in disturbed soil column. Cl^?1 breakthrough curves were evaluated in terms of the MIM model. The results showed that the pore water velocity calculated based on the total soil volumetric water content (θ_im+ θ_m) and real pore water velocity calculated based on the mobile water content (θ_m) increased in the loam soil with an increase in zeolite application rate, so that, between these different rates of zeolite application, the maximum value of pore water velocity and real pore water velocity occurred at zeolite application rates of 8.6 and 11.5 g kg^?1, which are indicated as the optimum application rates. However, the comparison between different soils showed that the zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1 could increase pore water velocity of sandy loam and loam soils by 31% more than that of clay loam soil. The immobile water content and mass exchange coefficient of loam soil were correlated with the zeolite application rate and reduced with an increase in the rate of applied zeolite. In a comparison between different soils at zeolite application rate of 8 g kg^?1, the immobile water contents of the zeolite-treated soil decreased by 57%, 60%, and 39% on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, respectively, compared with the untreated soil. Furthermore, zeolite application could reduce mass exchange coefficient by 9%, 43%, and 21% on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils, respectively. A positive linear relationship was found between θ_im and α. Zeolite application increased real pore water velocity of sandy loam soil by 39% and 46% compared with loam and clay loam soils, respectively. In other studies there was a decrease in ammonium and nitrate leaching due to the zeolite application, and therefore, an increase in real pore water velocity due to zeolite application in sandy loam soil, as compared with the loam and clay loam soils, may not show more rapid movement of solute and agrichemicals to the groundwater.     

Cation-exchange capacity of the sand fraction of some Chilean soils

The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils in the Colina district is in interrelation neither with the texture nor the organic matter content. This apparent inconsistency is largely attributable to the CEC of the coarse fractions of the soils, which contain appreciable amounts of montmorilionite and zeolite with some vermiculite. The coarse particles containing exchange materials are widely distributed in the soils of central and northern Chile regardless of the soil type, and appear to be rather stable under semi-arid climates.     

生物炭与沸石复配对碱性土壤铅镉有效性的影响

【目的】以生物炭单施及其与沸石复配为钝化剂,研究其对铅镉复合污染碱性土壤理化性质及铅镉有效性的影响,以期用钝化技术为碱性土壤重金属污染原位修复提供理论和实践支持。【方法】以河南某金属冶炼厂附近铅(Pb)镉(Cd)污染的碱性菜地土壤(Pb 227.75 mg kg^-1、Cd 3.38 mg kg^-1)为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究生物炭单施及其与沸石复配(生物炭∶沸石=1∶1)不同施入量(0、1%、2.5%、5%)对土壤理化性质、土壤Pb、Cd有效态含量、青菜根和叶中Pb、Cd含量以及青菜富集转运Pb、Cd的影响。【结果】与对照相比,生物炭单施及其与沸石复配处理,使土壤pH提高了0.03～0.17个单位,与对照无显著差异,但显著提高了土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量(P <0.05)。土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量随钝化剂施用量增加呈下降趋势,分别下降了10.69%～32.75%和7.63%～26.72%,相同施用量下复配处理效果优于单施处理。生物炭及其复配沸石促进了青菜生长,降低了青菜Pb的含量,根部和茎叶中Pb的含量比对照分别下降了2...     

Effect of zeolite application and soil pH on cadmium sorption in soils

Abstract

In this study the influence of zeolite application and soil liming on cadmium (Cd) sorption by soils in Greece was investigated. The zeolite was natural and consisted mainly of clinoptilolite. The soil samples were strongly acid surface horizons of an Alfisol limed from a pH of 4.0 to 8.5, and a neutral Bt horizon. The result showed that liming and zeolite application substantially increased sorption of Cd in the soils. Cadmium sorption was described adequately by the Freundlich equation whereas the Langmuir model failed to describe Cd sorption in the soils. The Freundlich constant K increased in value by zeolite application as well as by soil liming. A strong relationship was observed between this parameter and soil pH. A high percentage of cadmium sorbed was released in the desorption procedure. The amount of Cd released was reduced by zeolite application as well as by soil liming. It is concluded that zeolite application as well as soil liming increased Cd sorption by the soils.     

Effects of Zeolite on Soil Nutrients and Growth of Barley Following Irrigation with Saline Water

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major abiotic factor limiting crop production but an amendment with synthetic zeolite may mitigate effects of salinity stress on plants. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of zeolite on soil properties and growth of barley irrigated with diluted seawater. Barley was raised on a sand dune soil treated with calcium type zeolite at the rate of 1 and 5% and irrigated every alternate day with seawater diluted to electrical conductivity (EC) levels of 3 and 16 dS m^?1. Irrigation with 16 dS m^?1 saline water significantly suppressed plant height by 25%, leaf area by 44% and dry weight by 60%. However, a substantial increase in plant biomass of salt stressed barley was observed in zeolite-amended treatments. The application of zeolite also enhanced water and salt holding capacity of soil. Post-harvest soil analysis showed high concentrations of calcium (Ca^{2 +}), magnesium (Mg^{2 +}), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺) due to saline water especially in the upper soil layer but concentrations were lower in soils treated with zeolite. Zeolite application at 5% increased Ca^{2 +} concentration in salt stressed plants; concentrations of trace elements were also increased by 19% for iron (Fe^{2 +}) and 10% for manganese (Mn^{2 +}). The overall results indicated that soil amendment with zeolite could effectively ameliorate salinity stress and improve nutrient balance in a sandy soil.     

Short Term Enhancement of Nutrients Availability in Zea mays L. Cultivation on an Acid Soil Using Compost and Clinoptilolite Zeolite

To avoid environmental pollution due to excessive use of inorganic fertilizers, it is essential to increase the availability of nutrients using environmentally friendly resources, such as composts and clinoptilolite zeolite, in soil fertility management. In this study, an attempt was made to use different rates of inorganic fertilizers, compost, and clinoptilolite zeolite to correct the ongoing excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. A pot study using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop was carried out to determine the effects of amending inorganic fertilizers with compost and clinoptilolite zeolite on: (i) selected soil chemical properties, and (ii) N, P, and K uptake and use efficiency in maize cultivation. The pot study was conducted for 45 days (tasseling stage of maize). Amending inorganic fertilizers with compost and clinoptilolite zeolite increased soil total N, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and available P. Furthermore, P and K uptake and use efficiency of maize were significantly improved upon amending inorganic fertilizers with compost and clinoptilolite zeolite. Soil chemical properties and productivity of maize on acid soils can be improved through co-application of compost and clinoptilolite zeolite. However, field application of the authors’ findings is being evaluated in an on-going field experiment.