生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物生物量的影响

为探明生物土壤结皮对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,根据固沙时间的不同将样地分为4个不同的区进行采样(55、47、30和20 a固沙区),以流沙区(0 a)和天然植被区(100 a)为对照。研究表明:人工植被固沙区的藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮均可显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)和氮(SMBN)含量(p0.05),且固沙年限与SMBC和SMBN含量存在显著的正相关关系(p0.05);结皮类型显著影响土壤微生物生物量,藓类结皮下SMBC和SMBN含量显著高于藻-地衣结皮下SMBC和SMBN含量(p0.05);此外,生物土壤结皮可显著提高0~20 cm土层SMBC和SMBN含量(p0.05),且这种影响随土层的增加而减弱。而且,生物土壤结皮下SMBC和SMBN含量表现明显的季节变化,表现为夏季春季秋季。水热因子是决定土壤微生物生物量季节变化的主要因子,而生物土壤结皮通过调节土壤温度和湿度而影响土壤微生物生物量的季节变化。     

沙坡头地区地衣和藓类结皮丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是自然界分布最广的一类植物共生真菌,可与生物土壤结皮(Biological soil crust,BSC)的隐花植物形成共生体,对荒漠植被的恢复和演替具有重要意义。目前针对不同类型BSC的AMF群落结构及其多样性研究较少,限制了AMF群落对BSC发育的作用和对荒漠生态系统贡献的理解。利用高通量测序技术,对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头固沙植被区地衣和藓类结皮及其下层土壤AMF群落组成与多样性进行研究,分析不同结皮类型AMF群落结构的差异。结果发现,AMF群落丰富度和多样性表现为:藓类结皮下层土壤地衣结皮下层土壤藓类结皮地衣结皮。地衣和藓类结皮及其下层土壤AMF均属于球囊菌门、球囊菌纲,以球囊霉属、类球囊霉属、盾巨孢囊霉属、巨孢囊霉属和一种未分类属为优势,且地衣和藓类结皮AMF群落在属水平差异显著。主成分分析结果显示,藓类结皮下层土壤中AMF群落物种组成与其他各组有显著差异,表明随着结皮的发育,AMF群落多样性增加,结皮演替与AMF群落多样性之间具有相互促进的作用。     

人工林建设对沙地土壤结皮发育及其表土理化特性的影响

为了了解人工林建设对土壤结皮发育和表土特征的影响,2006年在科尔沁沙地调查了不同年龄杨树林地的土壤结皮及结皮下0-5.0cm土壤的理化特性,分析研究了植被固沙区土壤结皮及其表土的发育特征。结果表明:(1)在科尔沁沙地,人工林的建设有利于流动沙地土壤结皮的形成、发育和结皮下0-5.0cm表土性状的改善;(2)随着人工林的生长发育,土壤结皮覆盖度、厚度、硬度、土壤细颗粒和有机质、养分含量均明显增加,并从物理结皮逐步演变成地衣结皮和苔癣结皮;(3)随着人工林的生长发育,结皮下0-2.5cm和2.5-5.0cm表土的细颗粒、有机质和养分含量大幅增加,但其含量随着表土深度增加而下降;(4)人工植被建设对沙地土壤结皮形成发育和下层表土成土过程的作用机制,一方面源于人工植被具有降风滞尘,维护沙面稳定,增加地表粘粉粒含量的作用;另一方面源于凋落物的生产与沉降,以及对局部水热环境的改善,增加了结皮与表土的有机质和养分含量,促进了微生物和微管植物的侵入。     

黄土高原种植不同人工牧草对土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]研究黄土高原人工种植牧草土壤酶活性的变化,为提高黄土高原人工植被的稳定性和土壤肥力提升等相关研究提供科学依据。[方法]以种植3 a的冷地早熟禾、垂穗披碱草、猫尾草、陆地中间偃麦草、紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、红豆草等牧草地为研究对象。分别在3,6,9,12月的0—5 cm和5—10 cm土层取土壤样品,测定的脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性变化。[结果]脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性在0—5 cm土层显著高于5—10 cm土层,但土壤过氧化氢酶活性在这两个土层之间差异不显著。在6月土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性高于3月、9月和12月,但过氧化氢酶的活性差异不显著。7种人工种植的牧草中紫花苜蓿的土壤酶活性表现较高,而种植沙打旺的土壤酶活性较低。土层深度和季节的交互作用对4种土壤酶活性产生极显著影响(p0.01),牧草品种和季节对脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的具有显著的交互作用。[结论]黄土高原人工牧草地土壤酶活性呈现季节性变化,且种植人工牧草能够有效提高土壤酶活性而改善土壤肥力条件。     

宁夏引黄灌区不同盐化程度土壤酶活性及微生物多样性研究

为了掌握宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地盐化土壤退化程度对微生物多样性及土壤酶活性的影响及其变化规律,采用Biolog微生物鉴定系统、比色法及滴定法对宁夏引黄灌区不同程度盐化土壤微生物多样性和土壤酶活性进行了研究.结果表明:随着盐化程度的增加,土壤微生物多样性指数、土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性逐渐降低;土壤各种酶活性的季节变化不完全相同,而且在土壤不同层次上波动很大.转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在0-20 cm 土层表现为9月＞8月＞6月,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在20 40 cm土层表现为6月＞8月＞9月.不同盐化程度与土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性达之间达到显著正相关关系(p＜0.05),土壤微生物多样性指数与土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性之间达到极显著正相关关系(p＜0.01),与土壤不同盐化程度、土壤脲酶活性之间达到显著正相关关系(p＜0.05).说明土壤酶活性与土壤盐渍化关系密切,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶及微生物多样性可作为盐碱地土壤退化程度及土壤肥力评价的生物指标.     

激发式秸秆还田对麦季潮土团聚体中酶活性的影响

秸秆还田是提升潮土有机质、改良土壤结构的重要措施。添加有机肥和微生物菌剂可激发土壤微生物活性,促进秸秆腐解、提高土壤酶活性。本研究通过潮土区田间小区试验,研究激发式秸秆还田及微生物菌剂对土壤团聚体中酶活性的影响,结果表明:在小麦整个生育期:(1)施加有机肥(8%氮来自有机肥)的处理,不同级别团聚体中的酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶)比一次性施肥及常规施肥处理高8.15%~66.93%,且差异显著(P0.05);施加有机肥对0.25~0.053 mm团聚体中纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的增加效果明显;(2)添加微生物菌剂可提高不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,不同酶活性的增幅存在差异;(3)团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶活性在苗期较低而后逐渐升高;蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性在苗期较低,至拔节期大幅升高而后逐渐降低;(4)氮肥不同基肥与追肥比例对土壤团聚体中酶活性也有一定影响:试验表明,基追比为5︰5的处理不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性高于基追比6︰4的处理。     

退化生态系统植被恢复过程中土壤微生物群落活性响应

通过分析退化生态系统中主要植被恢复类型对土壤微生物群落活性的影响,探讨敏感和可靠的微生物群落活性响应指标,揭示适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。结果表明,沙米荒地、白沙蒿、柠条、沙冬青和人工乔木林地土壤微生物量C,N,P和微生物商、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶均表现出显著差异(P<0.05)。在土壤各层内,除上层人工乔木林地土壤微生物量N相对较高外,柠条恢复草地土壤微生物量C,N,P都相对较高,沙米荒地均较低;土壤微生物商没有明显的趋势;人工乔木林地蔗糖酶和柠条恢复草地脲酶活性相对较高,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性没有明显的变化趋势,沙米荒地的蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性以及白沙蒿草地碱性磷酸酶活性较低。方差分析(ANOVA)显示,蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶与土壤有机质、全氮以及微生物量C,N,P之间呈显著相关关系;主成分分析(PCA)表明,土壤微生物量N,C,P和蔗糖酶、土壤微生物商基本反映了研究区植被恢复中土壤微生物群落活性的响应信息。不同植被恢复类型草地中土壤微生物群落活性的变化表明,柠条和人工乔木林是研究区域内适合当地生态条件的植被恢复类型。     

不同生境对人工结皮发育及表土氮、磷含量及其代谢酶活性的影响

土壤生物结皮对于改善荒漠地区的生态环境和土壤的增肥改良具有重要作用.本研究以库布齐沙漠固定沙丘(迎风坡、坡顶、背风坡和丘间地)披碱草和沙蒿群落下长期发育(8年生)的人工藻结皮为研究对象,测定不同生境下人工结皮对表层土壤氮、磷元素含量以及相关土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,在不同立地条件下,沙丘顶部结皮叶绿素a和土壤可溶磷含量最高,分别为4.24 mg/g和2.926 mg/kg.丘间地结皮层土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、总磷含量及脲酶活性为最高,迎风坡结皮生物量和土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量以及土壤酶活性明显高于背风坡结皮层土壤.在相同立地条件下,披碱草下结皮生物量、碱解氮、速效磷含量和脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于沙蒿下的结皮土壤.本研究表明生境的差异性导致人工结皮发育程度不同,进而对表土氮、磷含量及其代谢酶产生不同影响,人工生物结皮的发育程度与表土氮磷素含量及其代谢酶活性之间存在显著相关性.不同植被群落对生物结皮发育具有不同的作用,披碱草对人工生物结皮影响的正效应高于沙蒿.     

黄土丘陵区人工灌木林土壤酶特征

 采用时空互代法,以侵蚀环境下黄土丘陵区不同林龄的人工灌木林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然次生侧柏林为对照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤酶的演变特征,并在此基础上提出了土壤酶综合评价指数,分析了其变化过程。结果表明:侵蚀环境下的坡耕地改造为灌木林后,脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著增加,并随种植年限增长逐渐升高,相同林龄的沙棘林酶活性高于柠条林;多酚氧化酶活性显著降低;淀粉酶活性变化规律不明显。相关性分析表明:除淀粉酶、脲酶外,蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶相互之间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著负相关;蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮等主要养分因子的相关性显著。坡耕地由于人为活动干扰,土壤酶指数较低,改造为灌木林后随种植年限的延长显著增加,但是仍显著低于该地区植被破坏前顶级群落(天然次生侧柏林)。土壤酶指数可以表征各种酶活性大小的综合作用,能够全面客观地反映生态过程中土壤酶活性的演变过程。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙区深层土壤无机碳密度及其垂直分布特征

对腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区、流沙区以及1964,1981,1990年建立的人工固沙植被区0-3.0m剖面土壤和根鞘中无机碳含量及其分布特征进行调查。结果表明,天然植被区和固沙区总无机碳密度高于流沙区,分别为15.2,10.7,9.38kg/m2;根鞘中无机碳含量占土壤总无机碳含量的20%以上。不同年代固沙区和流沙区无机碳含量垂直分布特征均表现为表层显著高于中层和深层无机碳储量;根鞘中无机碳含量表现为逐渐递增的趋势,1.5-3.0m土层根鞘中无机碳含量最高,为0.3～1.4kg/m3。植物恢复有利于土壤无机碳的固存,能够显著提高土壤中总无机碳含量;根鞘中的无机碳是干旱半干旱区土壤无机碳的重要组成部分,在估算土壤总无机碳储量时应给予充分考虑。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

An equivalent soil mass procedure for monitoring soil organic carbon in multiple soil layers

Soil carbon stocks are commonly quantified at fixed depths as the product of soil bulk density, depth and organic carbon (OC) concentration. However, this method systematically overestimates OC stocks in treatments with greater bulk densities such as minimum tillage, exaggerating their benefits. Its use has compromised estimates of OC change where bulk densities differed between treatments or over time periods. We argue that its use should be discontinued and a considerable body of past research re‐evaluated. Accurate OC estimations must be based on quantification in equivalent soil masses (ESMs). The objective of this publication is to encourage accurate quantification of changes in OC stocks and other soil properties using ESM procedures by developing a simple procedure to quantify OC in multiple soil layers. We explain errors inherent in fixed depth procedures and show how these errors are eliminated using ESM methods. We describe a new ESM procedure for calculating OC stocks in multiple soil layers and show that it can be implemented without bulk density sampling, which reduces sampling time and facilitates evaluations at greater depths, where bulk density sampling is difficult. A spreadsheet has been developed to facilitate calculations. A sample adjustment procedure is described to facilitate OC quantification in a single equivalent soil mass layer from the surface, when multiple‐layer quantification is not necessary.     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上，探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系，讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值，即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量，是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标，且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同；2）理想值，即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量；3）极端值，即土壤流失量为0，不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内，逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生；还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念，最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方