渭北主要造林树种根系抗旱性研究

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了不同土壤干旱条件下渭北主要造林树种苗木根系活力的变化。结果表明:在一定的土壤干旱范围内,苗木可以通过提高根系活力来适应逆境。当土壤干旱超过一定的阈值后,树木根系将逐步丧失其活力和功能,最终导致地上部分的枯死。各树种中,山杏根系的抗旱性最强,其次是侧柏、刺槐和油松。苗木根系活力除了受土壤干旱胁迫程度的影响之外,还受到干旱持续时间的影响。当土壤含水量降至40%的田间持水量时,土壤干旱已经对油松的生长构成了威胁,但对山杏、侧柏及刺槐的影响不大。     

黄土高原沟坡地土地生产力评价的指标体系与评价方法

通过对渭北黄土高原地区沟坡地土壤理化性质的分析和当地社会经济状况的调查研究，应用层次分析法对沟坡地土地自然生产力和现实生产力进行了分析和评价。在分析过程中，把当地主要造林树种根系垂直分布特征及其根系抗旱性特性纳入了分析评价体系。结果表明，嘴头村和西坡村不同树种沟坡地上刺槐（Pobinia pseudoacacia）的自然生产力属于中等稍微偏上水平，而山杏（Prunus armeniacia var.ansu）、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis）和侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）的自然生产力水平则较低。两地沟坡地上的现实生产力计算结果则证明刺槐和山杏两个树种表现出了较高的水平，具有较好的发展前途；而油松和侧柏的现实生产力水平则较低，其发展推广受到了限制。群众对沟坡开发治理的态度和对开发方案的认可对沟坡开发的成功起到了重要作用。     

渭北黄土高原不同立地上刺槐根系分布特征研究

采用土钻法对渭北黄土高原地区的主要造林树种刺槐的根系分布特征进行了调查研究。结果表明 ,不同立地上的刺槐根系分布特征具有明显的差异 ,阳坡立地上的根系密度和生物量均小于阴坡立地 ;不同林龄根系分布在深度上没有明显的差异 ,但是其根系的生物量和根系密度具有明显的差异。不同立地上刺槐的根系消弱系数 (root extinction coefficient)β值之间也存在明显的差异。阴坡立地的β值均在0 .982以上 ,而阳坡立地上的β值则一般小于 0 .982 ,说明阴坡立地上的刺槐根系分布深度要大于阳坡立地。其细根 (Φ <1mm )的分布深度大于较粗根系 (Φ <3mm )的分布深度 ,有利于刺槐对深层土壤中水分、养分的吸收 ,适应干旱环境 ,促进地上部分的正常生长     

种基盘苗与营养钵苗根系生长和形态的差异

为了探明苗木培育方式与根系发育的关系,以侧柏、刺槐、白榆的幼苗为对象,研究种基盘苗与营养钵苗对幼苗根系形态的影响。结果表明：由于空气断根效应,种基盘苗抑制了侧柏和白榆主根的生长,促进了刺槐主根的生长,但种基盘能有效促进3个树种的主根沿着重力方向生长,使主根发达而且通直,侧根粗壮且分布比较均匀,营养钵苗的根系主根不明显,根系盘绕现象严重;侧柏和白榆2树种种基盘苗的一级侧根条数分别比其营养钵苗增加181.8%和128.6%,并能显著增加白榆种基盘苗的一级侧根直径;侧柏、刺槐和白榆种基盘苗的一级侧根均匀分布在1-2、2-3、3-4和4-5 cm 4个区间,而营养钵苗则集中分布在1-2和2-3 cm 2个区间;种基盘可以促进苗木一级侧根条数增加和均匀分布,对提高苗木吸收水肥能力和保土固土能力有着积极的作用。     

沙棘-侧柏混交林生物量、林地土壤特性及其根系分布特征的研究

选择黄土高原17 a生的侧柏纯林作为对照,对沙棘—侧柏混交林中的侧柏生长、林地土壤特性及根系分布特征进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,混交林中侧柏平均树高比纯林的高25.80%,平均胸径大36.88%,林分生物量高128.23%,地上各部分生物量都明显高于侧柏纯林;混交林地与侧柏纯林地相比,土壤各层容重减小,而总孔隙度、毛管空隙度、非毛管空隙度、自然含水量、最大含水量、毛管含水量、最小含水量均有不同程度的增大;根系分布特征研究表明,侧柏纯林中根径≤1 mm和1~3 mm的根系主要集中分布在0—60 cm土层内,而混交林在0—180 cm的范围内分布相对更深,更均匀;根径≥3 mm的根系侧柏纯林与混交林具有较为相似的垂直分布特征。混交林中根径≤1 mm和1~3 mm的根系水平分布范围相对纯林的更大,而根径≥3 mm的根系的分布范围较小。     

鲁中南山地6个造林树种根系形态的比较

干旱瘠薄山地造林树种选择是制约这一特殊生境植被修复的关键问题。为明确不同树种对干旱瘠薄生境的生态适应策略,为困难地造林树种选择提供依据,采用挖掘法获取树木整体根系,用根系扫描仪测定细根形态参数,对比分析鲁中南干旱瘠薄山地黑松、侧柏、黄连木、麻栎、黄栌、扶芳藤6个造林树种根系构型及细根形态特征,阐明干旱瘠薄生境中不同树种根系形态的差异性及其对特殊生境的适应性。结果表明:1)相同立地条件下6树种根系构型差异较大,黑松、侧柏、扶芳藤根系表现为浅根性,依靠水平空间的拓展获得水分和养分是它们对干旱瘠薄生境的适应策略;而黄栌、黄连木、麻栎根系则为深根性。2)各树种细根形态存在较大差异,扶芳藤各级细根数量最多,且长度、表面积和体积显著高于其他树种(P<0.05),表明其具有极强的生根能力及水分和养分利用能力。3)麻栎和扶芳藤低级细根(1~2级)的比根长在所有树种中最大,表明它们的细根具有良好的吸收功能。根据各树种的根系形态特征,在干旱瘠薄山地造林实践中,可利用其根系生长策略的不同考虑树种混交,营建针阔混交、乔灌混交等多种林型,充分发挥森林固水保土等生态效益。     

水分生态环境对刺槐细根垂直分布的影响

采用土钻法,对安塞县和长武县的刺槐细根面积垂直分布特征进行调查研究,结果表明:（1）刺槐细根的垂直分布与水分生态环境密切相关,现存的细根密度是对具体生境逐步适应调整的结果。（2）刺槐在遗传特性上表现为深根性树种。刺槐细根的垂直分布除了受树种遗传特性的影响,很大程度上受水分生态环境的影响。（3）刺槐细根的垂直分布区域与降雨的补偿深度基本一致,如果土壤中的水分得不到很好的补偿,将对刺槐的生长造成很大影响。因此,黄土高原营造人工林,应充分考虑降水对土壤含水量的补偿深度和补偿程度,以水分生态环境中所能容纳的适宜细根密度为依据确定造林密度,才能使树木达到最大生产力。     

林木细根分布规律与土壤水分响应关系研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,对渭北黄土高原主要造林树种的根系分布特征和土壤水分的季节变化规律进行研究.结果表明:林地土壤水分可以划分为土壤水分活跃层、土壤水分稳定利用层和土壤水分稳定层3个层次,不同立地不同层次上的土壤含水量具有不同的时空分布特征.对不同立地条件上林木根系分布特征的研究结果表明,不同立地上刺槐根系的空间分布特征具有明显差异,阴坡立地上的刺槐根系具有更大的分布空间.进一步的分析结果表明,土壤水分的变化规律与根系的分布特征有密切的关系,适宜的水分环境可以保证根系得到充分的牛长发育,扩大水分养分的吸收空间,使林木的地上部分表现出更大的生产力,反之则降低林木生产力.     

渭北黄土高原不同林型植被对土壤肥力的影响

研究了渭北黄土高原侧柏、刺槐人工纯林及其混交林对土壤的培肥效应。结果表明：在黄土高原地区，种植人工林后能增强土壤腐殖化作用，促进土壤有机质的形成发育，对土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、及碱解氮、速效钾等营养元素含量提高有很大帮助。不同林型植被，土壤的腐殖化作用有明显差异，土壤有机质、各营养元素和阳离子交换量增加不同，除全钾、速效磷以外，表现为刺槐侧柏混交林〉刺槐〉侧柏〉荒地。固氮树种与非固氮树种混交栽植对土壤肥力质量的提高较纯林栽植效果显著。因此在退耕还林时，避免营造单一树种纯林，应该以固氮树种为主，合理搭配非固氮树种，混交栽植。     

黄土高原刺槐和侧柏根系固坡的有限元数值模拟

为探讨黄土高原主要造林树种刺槐和侧柏根系对土质边坡稳定性的作用,该文以刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)为例,应用有限元数值模拟法构建二维造林边坡稳定性分析模型,研究林木根系的空间异质性对水平阶整地坡和对照自然坡稳定性的影响。研究发现:1)无论是否经过整地处理,造林都可以提高边坡的稳定性,且刺槐根系的固土效果优于侧柏根系(P0.001);2)在不考虑水文过程的前提下,水平阶整地模式的人工林边坡稳定性优于对照自然坡;3)当根系表观附加黏聚力增加到某一阈值后,造林边坡的安全系数进入平稳阶段不再大幅上升,说明边坡稳定性模型对根系附加黏聚力计算法的精度并不敏感,揭示了根系固坡领域的研究重点应从过去的试图提高根系附加黏聚力的计算精度转变为提高评价造林边坡稳定性的准确性;4)根系附加黏聚力随坡位的变化而变化,两树种没有明显的规律,但安全系数均表现出较敏感于坡下位根系,建议在林分经营管理中充分利用坡下位林木的固土效益。该研究成果可为黄土高原地区浅表层滑坡灾害的防治工作提供理论依据。     

Effect of soil microorganisms on the growth of roots in rice seedlings

Abstract

Root system of rice seedlings grown on nutrient solution inoculated with soil microorganisms were examined morphologically in comparison with those obtained under sterile condition. In the presence of soil microorganisms, primary roots increased in their number and decreased in the total length. Inoculated plants had more secondary roots equipped with tertiary roots. In addition, longer root hairs developed densely on primary and secondary roots of the inoculated seedlings.

Anatomical examination of the primary roots revealed that the number and width of cortical layers, as well as the length and width of the cortical cells, were increased by the effect of microorganisms. Microbial effect on outer morphology of rice roots, consequently, was estimated to have been induced from the alteration in histological and cytological activities including the activation of the periclinal divisions of the epidermal cells, the inactivation of the transverse divisions of the cortical cells and the activation of the elongation of cortical cells.     

Partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by manure affects maize root traits in North China Plain

In order to achieve high yields and environmental friendliness simultaneously, the replacement of chemical fertilizers by manure has become a research hotspot in recent years. Roots absorb nitrogen, participate in its assimilation and contribute to the cereal's dry matter accumulation. A 5-year filed experiment in the North China Plain was initiated to assess the response of root morphology and distribution of summer maize (Zea mays L.) to fertilizer application and contribution to crop yield. The treatments included CK (unfertilized control), NPK (inorganic nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium fertilizer) and NPKM (manure + 70% NPK). We determined the root biomass, root diameter, root length density (RLD) of three diameters (>0.8 mm, 1stRLD; 0.2–0.8 mm, 2ndRLD; <0.2 mm, 3rdRLD) and the soil chemical properties at 60 cm with 10 cm increments. At 40–60 cm, NPKM significantly decreased the root diameter than NPK. Fertilization showed no effect on total RLD, 1stRLD, 2ndRLD and 3rdRLD for a 60-cm soil profile. At 40–50 cm, the NPKM increased the RLD compared to NPK, mainly by increasing the 2ndRLD and 3rdRLD. Under CK and NPK, root lengths of 0–20 cm made up 62% and 57% of the total root length, respectively. Under NPKM, root lengths of 40–60 cm made up 46% of the total root length. Our results indicate that maize yield was preserved after replacing 30% of N fertilizer with manure, presumably depending on the change of root vertical distribution pattern and increase of the fine root length in deeper soil.     

The role of phosphorus sources on root diameter,root length and root dry matter of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Roots are the main plant organs that supply nutrients, water, hormones and physical support for the plant. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting and important elements in root growth and crop production. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of different sources of phosphorus treatments on root growth (root length, diameter and dry matter) of barley. The two glasshouse pot experiments results showed that under P deficiency, the weight of dry root significantly decreased and the total root length of whole plant significantly increased with decrease of root diameter. Our results suggested that soil fertility and root structure are widely recognized as important role of the soil community and plant growth, the root structure and root extension can directly and indirectly affected by soil fertility and specially P nutrient of the soil. Accordingly, root characteristics can determine the circumstance of plant growth and crop production.     

水、氮供应和土壤空间所引起的根系生理特性变化

在限制根系生长的胁迫条件下.,研究了补充和不补充供应水、氮对玉米根系生理特性及养分吸收的影响。结果表明.,正常生长条件下.,水、氮供应促进了根系生长.,增加了根系吸收总面积、活跃吸收面积和TTC还原量.,促进了根系对养分的吸收.,从而提高了产量.;限制根系生长.,水分的作用与正常条件下相同.,氮素的作用则受控于土壤水分。补充灌水增强了氮肥作用.,供氮促进了根系生长.,改善了根系生理特性.,减少了限制根系生长所引起的不良影响.;不补充灌水限制了氮肥作用的发挥.,供氮导致了根系生物量和生理特性下降.,加重了限制根系生长的不良影响。     

两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

基于地理信息系统的植物根系分析方法

简便、快速、准确的根长测量和根系分级方法,在不同灌溉方式对作物生长影响的对比研究等方面具有重要意义.该文提出了一种利用地理信息系统技术,测量根长并对根系进行分级的方法.通过与目前常用的直接测量法、网格交叉法进行比较,发现该方法测量精度高、速度快,而且简单易用.     

Measurement of root diameter in field-grown crops under a microscope without washing

The variation in the root diameter of field-grown crops was directly measured under a microscope by manually removing soil particles from roots without washing the roots. The frequency of the root diameter at the mode (about 10 μm, mainly of root hairs) was higher in wheat and maize (about 60%) than in soybean and sugar beet (about 30%), and it was the lowest in potato (21%). The diameter of 88 to 97% of the roots larger than 20 μm ranged from 21 to 160 μm. The finer the roots, the higher was the frequency, except for potato roots in which the frequency of roots with a diameter of 21 to 40, 41 to 80, and 81 to 160 μm was about 30%. Since fine roots and root hairs account for the largest proportion of the crop root system, they should appropriately be quantified whenever morphological and physiological aspects of roots are analyzed.     

Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Root Morphological Characteristics of Two Clonal Selections of ‘Russet Norkotah’ Potato as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

New clonal selections with increased vine vigor and stress resistance have been identified for the potato cultivar ‘Russet Norkotah’. However, the importance of clonal variation in nitrogen (N) uptake and root morphological properties is not well known. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N fertilization on dry matter and N accumulation and root morphological parameters of two clonal selections of ‘Russet Norkotah’. A field experiment was conducted in 2002 using the standard ‘Russet Norkotah’ clone (SRC) and Texas selection 112 (TX112) of ‘Russet Norkotah’, grown at 0 and 150 kg N ha^{? 1}. Whole plants were excavated at 54, 76, and 96 days after planting; partitioned into tubers, vines, roots, stolons, and fruits; and their dry matter and N accumulation were determined. Soil cores were obtained from 10 spatial locations relative to the plant, and used for determination of root length (RL), root length density (RLD), root average diameter (RAD), and root dry weight (RDW). Soil inorganic N content was also measured. Nitrogen fertilization increased tuber yield and dry matter and N accumulation. Fertilizer N application did not affect RL, RLD, or RDW, but resulted in a larger proportion of roots close to the top of the potato hill. Tuber yield and dry matter and N accumulation were similar for the two clonal selections. The TX112 clone, however, partitioned more dry matter and N to vines and less dry matter and N to tubers compared with the SRC clone. Soil nitrate concentration was significantly higher for SCR than for the TX112 clone in the fertilized treatment at 54 DAP, and was low and similar between clones thereafter. Root length and RLD were significantly higher for the TX112 clone compared with SRC, and both clones had a similar spatial distribution of roots. Under the conditions of this study where moisture and disease stress were limited and under a short growing season, the larger root system and increased vine vigor of the TX112 clone did not provide any advantage in terms of plant production as either dry-matter accumulation or tuber yield.     

低钾胁迫下不同耐低钾玉米品种 (系) 开花后根系生长和结构的变化

  【目的】  土壤缺钾常引起植株早衰,严重影响玉米产量。从玉米开花后根系形态、结构和活性等参数的变化,研究低钾胁迫下玉米早衰的机理。  【方法】  以耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和钾敏感玉米自交系D937为试材,进行池栽试验。设置天然低钾土壤 (低钾,–K) 和正常供钾 (CK,+K) 两个处理,分别于玉米开花后测定根系形态、结构和活性等参数。  【结果】  与正常供钾处理相比,低钾处理降低了90-21-3和D937根系中钾素含量,抑制了根系的生长,破坏了根系结构,引起根系活力降低。低钾胁迫下,90-21-3的第一层节根数目和根系干重分别显著降低了20.37%和42.24%,D937分别显著降低了39.06%和59.64%;90-21-3的第二层节根数目和干重分别显著降低了23.40%和39.30%,D937分别显著降低了36.67%和59.86%。随着玉米的生长,低钾胁迫下90-21-3和D937的根系活力以及第一层和第二层根的长度、表面积、体积和侧根长度整体均呈现降低趋势,D937降低幅度大于90-21-3,根平均直径整体逐渐增加。低钾胁迫下90-21-3根系解剖结构完整,外皮层和内皮层完整,大、小导管形状规则,结构清晰可见;D937根系解剖结构受破坏严重,外皮层和内皮层结构被破坏,导管形状不规则,大、小导管结构模糊甚至消失。与正常供钾相比,低钾胁迫下90-21-3的大导管直径、小导管直径、大导管面积和小导管面积分别降低了11.15%、14.37%、21.07%和30.21%;D937分别显著降低了33.99%、22.86%、56.43%和40.55%。  【结论】  低钾胁迫显著降低了玉米开花后根系的生长和结构的稳定性。与耐低钾玉米自交系 (90-21-3) 相比,钾敏感自交系 (D937) 在低钾胁迫下大面积皮层结构遭到严重破坏,内皮层结构不完整,导管形状不规则,大导管周围的小导管结构模糊,甚至消失,质膜透性高,影响养分和水分的吸收利用。而耐低钾玉米90-21-3在生育后期能够维持较大根系体积、根系活力以及输导组织,增强低钾胁迫下根系对外界钾素的吸收和运移能力,延缓根系衰老。     

Root development of winter wheat in erosion‐affected soils depending on the position in a hummocky ground moraine soil landscape

Agricultural soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines are characterized by 3D spatial patterns of soil types that result from profile modifications due to the combined effect of water and tillage erosion. We hypothesize that crops reflect such soil landscape patterns by increased or reduced plant and root growth. Root development may depend on the thickness and vertical sequence of soil horizons as well as on the structural development state of these horizons at different landscape positions. The hypotheses were tested using field data of the root density (RD) and the root lengths (RL) of winter wheat using the minirhizotron technique. We compared data from plots at the CarboZALF‐D site (NE Germany) that are representing a non‐eroded reference soil profile (Albic Luvisol) at a plateau position, a strongly eroded profile at steep slope (Calcaric Regosol), and a depositional profile at the footslope (Anocolluvic Regosol). At each of these plots, three Plexiglas access tubes were installed down to approx. 1.5 m soil depth. Root measurements were carried out during the growing season of winter wheat (September 2014–August 2015) on six dates. The root length density (RLD) and the root biomass density were derived from RD values assuming a mean specific root length of 100 m g^?1. Values of RD and RLD were highest for the Anocolluvic Regosol and lowest for the Calcaric Regosol. The maximum root penetration depth was lower in the Anocolluvic Regosol because of a relatively high and fluctuating water table at this landscape position. Results revealed positive relations between below‐ground (root) and above‐ground crop parameters (i.e., leaf area index, plant height, biomass, and yield) for the three soil types. Observed root densities and root lengths in soils at the three landscape positions corroborated the hypothesis that the root system was reflecting erosion‐induced soil profile modifications. Soil landscape position dependent root growth should be considered when attempting to quantify landscape scale water and element balances as well as agricultural productivity.