滑片型孔轮式水稻精量排种器排种性能数值模拟与试验

针对现有水稻旱直播机排种器适应性差和排种精度低的问题,该文设计了一种滑片型孔轮式排种器。引用球度表示水稻种子三轴尺寸,利用EDEM软件对3种球度水稻种子在6种排种轮转速下的排种器排种过程进行仿真试验,得到不同球度水稻种子在不同排种轮转速下的排种性能变化规律,分析了排种轮转速和种子球度对排种性能的影响。仿真结果表明：当排种轮转速在15～40 r/min时,冈优898种子的排种性能优于国丰一号种子和冈优3551种子的排种性能;当排种轮转速在15～30 r/min时,3种球度水稻种子的排种合格率在84.01%～87.91%之间;当排种轮转速大于30 r/min时,随着排种轮转速增加,排种合格率显著下降。在此基础上,选用不同球度的5个水稻品种种子为试验材料,选取排种轮转速和种子球度为试验因素,以排种合格率、漏播率和重播率为评价指标,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,进行排种器台架试验。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对试验结果数据进行分析,建立排种性能指标与排种轮转速和种子球度之间的回归方程,得到响应面图,并对仿真结果进行验证。根据回归方程进行优化,得到最佳工作参数：排种轮转速为27.12 r/min、种子球度为44.61%,此时,排种合格率为83.90%、漏播率为5.43%、重播率为10.67%,排种性能最佳;排种器台架试验结果与仿真结果基本相同,排种性能随排种轮转速和种子球度的变化规律一致。田间试验结果表明,排种器对各尺寸等级水稻种子的排种性能皆满足水稻精量穴直播的播种要求。研究结果可为滑片型孔轮式精量排种器的结构优化及排种性能提升提供参考。     

气力轮式精密排种器参数优化

气力轮式精密排种器是一种常压和气吹状态下大豆、玉米通用精密排种器.该文对排种器进行了改进设计,为考察排种器设计参数对排种性能的影响规律,采用均匀设计法对气力轮式精密排种器常压下大豆排种性能进行试验,运用Matlab 6.1软件对试验建立的排种性能指标回归模型进行图形化处理和参数优化分析.分析表明,排种性能指标对充种角、清种角和作业速度比较敏感,粒距合格率与充填率有相似的变化趋势,二者的优化值区域也相同.优化结果:充种角为46.35°、清种角为55°.     

磁吸滚筒式精密排种器试验及参数优化

基于磁吸式排种原理，设计了一种新型滚筒式穴盘育苗精密排种器，分析了影响排种器工作性能的主要参数，利用均匀设计法进行了穴盘播种台架试验，通过对试验结果的回归分析和参数优化，得出了排种器的最佳工作参数组合。经对油菜种子穴盘播种试验，在滚筒转速、电磁线圈匝数和通电电流优化值下的单粒精播率为94.3%，漏播率为0，播种效率达330盘/h，满足了精密播种要求。     

自扰动内充型孔轮式玉米精量排种器设计与试验

为提高机械式排种器的工作性能,该文从增加充种区种群活跃度、降低种群内摩擦力的角度出发,设计一种自扰动内充型孔轮式玉米精量排种器,分析了种子在扰种条上运动情况和充种原理,完成排种盘的参数设计。采用离散元软件EDEM对排种器进行仿真试验,以排种盘转速、扰种条形式、排种盘圆台锥角、扰种条半径为试验因素,以排种单粒率、重播率、漏播率为试验指标进行单因素试验和二次正交回归旋转组合试验。应用Design-Expert8.0.6对试验数据进行分析,得到了单粒率、重播率、漏播率和试验指标之间的数学模型,对试验结果进行多目标优化,得出最佳参数为:排种盘转速8.4 r/min,螺旋扰种条,排种盘圆台锥角38.6?,扰种条半径1.24 mm,此时排种单粒率为96.29%,重播率为2.55%,漏播率为1.15%。在最优参数组合下进行台架试验,排种器的单粒率、重播率和漏播率分别为95.4%、1.6%和3.0%;且当排种盘转速在8.40～16.67 r/min(对应工作速度为4.94～9.75 km/h)时,排种单粒率大于91.4%,重播率小于1.6%,漏播率小于7.3%,伤种率小于0.44%,排种效果优于勺轮式排种器,满足玉米单粒精播的农艺要求,对播种机作业速度适应范围广。基于EDEM离散元法的排种器仿真试验为排种器性能参数的确定提供参考且缩短设计周期,该研究可为提高机械式排种器充种性能提供参考,为玉米精量播种机的设计提供研究基础。     

气吸型孔组合式小麦精密排种器设计与参数优化

针对当前小麦籽粒小、播量大、形状不规则,传统排种器难以实现精密播种等问题,该文设计了一种气吸型孔组合式小麦精密排种器。排种器采用气流-型孔组合式工作原理,气流负压吸种与型孔充种相结合能够使其获得良好单粒充种性能。根据小麦精密播种的粒距要求和三维尺寸,通过理论分析,确定了排种器的型孔轮半径为50 mm,以6°螺旋升角布置三排型孔,每排30个型孔,型孔为长槽形,长、宽、深分别为8.5、5和2.5mm;通过流场分析,研究了不同吸孔孔径对气流变化的影响,确定了吸孔的孔径范围1.4～1.8 mm。搭建试验台,以气流负压、吸孔直径和型孔轮转速为试验因素,以重复充种率、漏充率和充种合格率为试验指标,进行三因素三水平正交试验,并分析各试验因素对于性能指标的影响显著性。通过极差和方差分析,得到气吸型孔组合式小麦精密排种器较优的组合参数为负压3500Pa、吸孔直径1.6 mm、排种型孔轮转速40 r/min时,进行试验验证,其重复充种率为5.1%、漏充率为4.7%,充种合格率为90.2%。该排种器能够满足小麦的精密排种对充种性能的要求,在一定程度上促进了小麦精密播种的发展。     

中草药三七气吸滚筒式精密排种器的设计与试验

因中草药三七种植属于密集型精密种植模式,尚无满足种植要求的播种机,为解决三七机械化精密播种问题,研究设计了一种气吸滚筒式精密排种器。该文阐述了三七气吸滚筒式精密排种器的工作原理,确定了其主要结构参数,构建了充种和投种过程种力学模型。以云南文山三七种子为播种对象,采用二次旋转正交组合试验方法,对排种器进行了排种性能试验研究,并通过投种对比试验验证了零速投种的必要性。建立了负压、前进速度、吸种角度3个主要因素与合格率、漏播率、重播率的数学模型,分析了各个因素及交互作用对合格率的影响规律,并进行了参数优化与验证试验。影响排种合格率的因素主次顺序为负压、前进速度和吸种角度;确定最佳参数组合为吸种角度为20°,负压值660~720 Pa,前进速度在0.72~0.76 m/s,可获得合格率大于90.2%,漏播率小于4.9%,重播率小于5.3%。经试验验证,试验结果与优化结果基本一致,满足三七精密播种的种植要求。试验结果表明此种气吸滚筒式精密排种器对于三七种子具有很好的播种适应性。该研究为应用于田间阴棚内播种的气吸滚筒式精密排种器的设计提供了参考。     

新型气压式精密排种器的试验研究

对最新研制的低压式精密排种器构造、工作原理和工作参数进行了理论分析，试验研究排种盘转速、种子面高度和排种气压变化对排种性能的影响。对排种性能影响的主次因素顺序为排种气压、排种盘转速和种子面高度。在正常工作范围内，种子面高度变化对排种性能综合指标的影响不大。气压式精密排种器，已应用在2BQYF-6A气压式硬茬播种机上。     

花生播种机内侧充种式排种器的性能试验

摘要：为了将内充种式排种器应用到花生播种机上,该文对内侧充种式排种器进行试验研究。试验基于JPS-12型排种器试验台,采用单因素试验和多因素多水平试验相结合的方法,分别研究排种轴转速、投种高度和种子尺寸对排种器性能的影响。性能指标选定穴距合格率、双粒率、单粒率、重播率、漏播率、破损率。对试验结果进行方差分析,确定排种盘转速在30 r/min,投种高度在25 cm,花生品种为丰花5号时,排种性能达到最优值（穴距合格率为96.12%,双粒率为96.36%,单粒率为0.91%,重播率为1.82%,漏播率为0.91%,破损率为0.35%）。该研究为高效花生播种机的设计提供依据。     

玉米播种机水平圆盘排种器型孔设计与试验

为满足水平圆盘排种器在高速条件下的精密排种要求,从排种器的工作原理出发,对排种盘型孔的结构形状和尺寸进行分析,设计出一种带倒角的周边式倾斜长方形型孔的水平圆盘排种器。为了得到排种器的最佳性能参数,以排种器转速、型孔倒角长度、型孔倾角为试验因素,以排种合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数为试验指标进行三元二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立试验指标与试验因素间的数学模型。应用响应面法对回归方程进行多目标优化,得到最佳参数为:排种器转速为33 r/min,倒角长度为7 mm,型孔倾角为61°,此时排种的合格指数为92.47%,重播指数为3.56%,漏播指数为3.97%。在最优参数组合下,台架试验验证排种器的排种合格指数为92.13%,重播指数为4.01%,漏播指数为3.86%,田间验证试验表明,当排种器转速调整为33 r/min时,其线速度为0.41 m/s,播种机组前进速度为8.6 km/h,水平圆盘排种器的播种性能指标满足单粒精密播种的农艺要求,且对不同品种的玉米种子具有良好的适应性。该研究可为机械式精密排种器的优化设计提供理论参考。     

基于EDEM软件的指夹式精量排种器排种性能数值模拟与试验

为研究玉米籽粒尺寸及工作转速对指夹式精量排种器排种性能的影响,对排种器工作原理进行阐述,建立了指夹夹持动力学模型,分析了充种夹持过程中玉米籽粒尺寸及工作转速对指夹夹持性能的影响。运用EDEM软件进行排种性能虚拟试验,分析了排种过程中造成不同尺寸等级籽粒产生重播、漏播问题的主要原因。仿真结果表明,当工作转速15~45 r/min时,排种器对中型尺寸籽粒的排种性能最优,其合格指数大于84%;对大型尺寸籽粒的排种性能次之;对小型尺寸籽粒的排种性能较差,其合格指数大于80%。随工作转速增加,排种器对各尺寸等级籽粒的排种性能皆呈下降趋势。在相同工况(15~45 r/min)下选取3种相应尺寸等级玉米籽粒,进行台架验证试验。结果表明,台架试验结果与仿真基本相同,合格指数最大误差为7.4%,且排种性能随玉米籽粒尺寸及工作转速的变化规律一致。田间试验表明,排种器对各尺寸等级籽粒的排种性能皆满足精密播种要求。该研究为指夹式精量排种器及其关键部件的优化设计提供了参考。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.