水稻生育后期根系氮代谢生理活性变化的研究

以"两优培九"及其父本"9311"和"汕优63"为材料,测定不同水稻品种花后根系氮代谢相关酶[谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷-丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)]及蛋白水解酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量、根系伤流液量以及伤流液游离氨基酸及糖含量.结果表明,"9311"的GPT和GDH活性高峰出现在开花前,GS和GOT峰值分别出现在花后第1、2周;"两优培九"除GS高峰在开花前,其余3种酶活性高峰均出现在花后1周;"汕优63"的4种酶活性高峰均出现在花后第2周."9311"和"两优培九"根系可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量高峰出现在花后1周左右,"汕优63"的两峰值滞后于前两品种,分别推至花后第2周和第3周,这与3品种根系酶活性的变化趋势基本一致."两优培九"根系伤流液量的最大值出现在花后两周,早于"9311"和"汕优63"1周.伤流液的高峰和根系中游离氨基酸峰值相差1周,且滞后时间在品种间有所差别,"两优培九"相差1周,"9311"相差两周,而"汕优63"二者基本一致.3品种伤流液中"汕优63"糖含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.01),而"9311"的氨基酸含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.05).本试验结果表明,"两优培九"根系的氮代谢高峰早于其他两个品种,而峰值低于其他两品种,说明生育后期"两优培九"根系生理活性衰退早于其他两个品种;品种间根系的代谢高峰具有明显的强度和时间性差异;根系组织代谢高峰和伤流液峰值具有时间差,其差值因品种而异.     

不同氮效率水稻生育后期氮代谢酶活性的变化特征

以不同氮效率水稻基因型为供试材料,研究了两个供氮水平下水稻生育后期功能叶和茎秆的氮、可溶性蛋白浓度和氮转运量以及氮代谢关键酶的变化。结果表明:与对照相比,施氮处理能显著增加不同氮效率水稻功能叶和茎秆的氮、可溶性蛋白的浓度和氮转运量。在不同的施氮水平下,水稻从齐穗至成熟顶三叶的氮浓度降低了60%～67%;而茎秆氮在生育后期对籽粒氮的贡献取决于环境供氮水平,与对照相比施氮处理水稻从茎秆转运出的氮大幅提高,在不同的供氮水平下南光的叶片和茎秆氮转运量显著高于Elio。与对照相比,施氮处理增加齐穗期时硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性。随生育期的推进,四种氮代谢酶活性随之降低。南光的NR和GS酶活性显著高于Elio,但NR活性受水稻生育期和环境供氮水平的影响较大;南光的GOGAT和GDH的活性显著低于Elio。相关分析表明,NR和GS活性与功能叶和茎秆的氮转运量呈显著正相关。这就意味着水稻生育后期功能叶和茎秆的NR和GS活性高,尤其是GS活性高是筛选水稻氮高效的重要指标。     

氮素营养水平对水稻幼苗氮代谢的影响

以超级稻“两优培九”为试验材料,研究了不同氮素营养水平对其氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）活性和氮素水平具有较复杂的相关关系。叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性随氮素营养的增加而提高,根系GS活性在氮素水平过高时反而下降。氮素营养在2N以下时,叶片谷-丙转氨酶（GPT）和谷-草转氨酶（GOT）活性随氮素营养的增加而提高,当氮素水平继续升高时活性则下降;当氮素水平在N处理以下时,根系GPT和GOT活性随氮素营养的增加而提高;当氮素水平高于N处理时,则随氮素营养的增加下降。叶片和根系中上述酶的活性不同,而且活性高峰值出现时期不同,反映了叶片和根系氮代谢的差异。叶片和根系的蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量及叶片叶绿素含量随氮素营养水平的提高而增加,各处理叶片和根系蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,叶片蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量高于根系。     

海稻86响应碱胁迫调节氮代谢的生理与分子机制

海稻86是原生长于沿海滩涂的水稻品种,具有强耐碱性。为探究海稻86耐碱胁迫的生理和分子机制,本研究以海稻86和对碱敏感的水稻品种珍汕97为材料,采用pH值9.0的碱处理液处理水稻幼苗,并检测其根和叶中含氮物质含量、氮代谢相关酶活性和基因表达量。结果表明,碱胁迫下,海稻86根和叶中硝态氮和可溶性蛋白含量降幅低于珍汕97,而珍汕97根中氨态氮的积累量显著大于海稻86。碱胁迫下,海稻86根部硝酸还原酶(NR)活性以及根和叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性与非胁迫下对照(CK)相比均无显著变化,叶片NR活性以及根部谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性降低,叶片GOGAT活性升高;珍汕97根和叶片NR和GS以及根部GOGA活性均显著降低,降幅明显大于海稻86;碱胁迫对海稻86的GDH活性无显著影响,但珍汕97的GDH活性显著升高。此外,碱胁迫下,海稻86和珍汕97的NR以及GDH基因表达量与酶活性变化较一致,NADH-GOGAT基因表达变化与酶活性变化存在差异,OsNADH-GOGAT1和NADH-GOGAT2表达量显著升高,海稻86的NR和GOGAT基因表达量高于珍汕97,GDH基因表达量低于珍汕97。综上表明海稻86具有强耐碱胁迫能力,与其具有较稳定的氮代谢关键酶活性有关。本研究为深入了解水稻耐碱机理和培育耐碱水稻品种提供了重要的理论依据。     

施氮量对稻茬弱筋小麦籽粒氮代谢及灌浆的影响

为探讨施氮量对稻茬弱筋小麦籽粒氮代谢相关酶活性和籽粒蛋白质合成的影响,在大田试验条件下,设置0、75、150、225、300 kg·hm^-2 5个施氮水平,研究不同施氮处理对小麦籽粒氮代谢关键酶活性、籽粒可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量及灌浆特性的影响。结果表明,在0～300 kg·hm^-2施氮范围内,随着施氮量的增加,小麦灌浆期硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性呈上升趋势,与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理下灌浆期试验点一和试验点二小麦籽粒NR活性提升了0.48%～28.26%和9.49%～23.02%、GS活性提升了7.65%～46.46%和15.97%～57.32%、GPT活性提升了18.79%～74.20%和10.31%～65.13%、GOT活性提升了-5.58%～55.23%和29.76%～66.59%。小麦灌浆期籽粒游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、籽粒蛋白质含量和各蛋白质组分含量均随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量高于225 kg·hm^-2时,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量超过国家弱筋小麦蛋...     

麦套花生氮素代谢及相关酶活性变化研究

大田条件下,以花生“花育22号”为材料,研究了麦套花生的氮素代谢及相关酶活性变化情况。结果表明,麦套花生根叶游离氨基酸、氮素平均含量及根系可溶性蛋白平均含量高于单作;而叶片可溶性蛋白平均含量则低于单作。与小麦共生期间,麦套花生根叶硝酸还原酶（NRase）活性、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性、叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性及谷氨酸-丙酮酸转氨酶（GPT）活性（除播后25 d）明显低于单作;整个生育期麦套花生根系GS平均活性及GPT活性高于单作花生。可见,花生苗期小麦遮荫对花生氮素代谢及酶活性有一定影响。     

不同花生品种氮代谢相关酶活性的研究

为研究不同品种花生各器官中氮代谢酶活性的差异及与籽仁蛋白质含量间的关系,采用田间小区试验,利用高产大花生品种(花育22号)和小花生品种(白沙1016)研究了两品种不同生长发育时期植株各器官中可溶性蛋白质(Pro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NRase)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化。结果表明,两粒型花生品种各器官的Protein、NRase、GS、GDH活性变化态势大致相同,但其含量的高低有异;各器官中的各指标含量均以小花生品种白沙1016较高。各器官中NRase活性随生育期的推进呈渐降趋势,籽仁中NRase活性远高于其他营养器官;两粒型品种叶片、茎和根中GS活性的变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,其峰值均出现在结荚期;叶片GDH活性以苗期较高,花针期最低,之后又迅速升高。茎和根中GDH活性均呈V字型曲线变化,根中峰谷滞后于茎,出现在饱果期,而籽仁中GDH活性成熟期略有升高。各器官中蛋白质含量与GS和GDH活性间的相关关系不明显,但与其相应器官中的NRase活性表现显著或极显著相关。     

干旱胁迫对春大豆氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为探讨不同大豆品种各关键酶活性间的差异与抗旱性的关系,以耐旱型大豆品种黑农44和敏感型品种黑农65为试验材料,研究不同时期干旱胁迫及复水对大豆叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰氨合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)3个氮代谢关键酶的影响。结果表明:在正常供水条件下,随着生育进程的推进,大豆叶片NR活性呈单峰曲线,GS和GOGAT活性呈双峰曲线。苗期2个品种在轻度和中度胁迫下NR活性相差不大,在重度胁迫下活性明显下降;GS酶活性随干旱胁迫程度增加而升高;GOGAT活性随干旱程度的增加而降低。不同时期干旱复水后,耐旱型品种黑农44的NR活性明显大于正常供水处理,而敏感型品种黑农65明显低于正常供水处理;但GS活性与NR恰好相反;GOGAT活性升高,但仍低于正常供水处理。耐旱型品种黑农44叶片NR、GS和GOGAT活性均高于敏感型品种黑农65,因此可通过提高NR、GS和GOGAT活性来减轻干旱胁迫对大豆的伤害。本研究可为大豆品种的筛选和抗旱栽培提供理论依据。     

不同产量水平下花生功能叶片氮素代谢特征的研究

大田栽培条件下, 研究了不同产量水平下花生功能叶片中氮代谢关键酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量的变化, 重点阐述超高产水平下花生功能叶片氮素代谢变化规律。研究结果表明: 自花生初花期, 不同产量水平的功能叶片中, 硝酸还原酶(NR)活性均呈逐渐下降的变化趋势, 超高产与高产花生相比无明显差异, 但明显高于一般产量花生; 不同产量水平功能叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)的活性变化呈单峰曲线, 峰值出现在结荚期, 超高产花生功能叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生, 而且在生育中后期活性下降速度慢; 功能叶片中谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性未表现出规律性变化, 但超高产花生明显高于高产和一般产量的花生; 超高产花生功能叶片中可溶性蛋白质及游离氨基酸含量均明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生。研究认为, 超高产花生叶片氨的同化能力、蛋白质和氨基酸的合成能力均明显高于高产花生和一般产量花生, 而且衰老缓慢, 功能期维持时间长。     

施磷对小麦旗叶氮代谢关键酶活性和子粒蛋白质含量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以强筋品种济麦20和弱筋品种山农1391为材料,研究了不同施磷水平对2类型品种小麦旗叶氮代谢关键酶活性和子粒蛋白质积累的效应。结果表明,在P2O5 0～135 kg /hm2范围内,施磷明显提高济麦20灌浆前期旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性;但却降低山农1391旗叶NR、GS活性。强筋品种济麦20在灌浆中、后期旗叶内肽酶（EP）、羧肽酶（CP）活性和蛋白质含量因施磷而提高;而弱筋品种山农1391的EP、CP活性和子粒蛋白质含量则降低。施磷使济麦20子粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量提高,球蛋白含量有所降低;但弱筋品种山农1391子粒球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量因施磷而降低,清蛋白含量未见显著变化。说明小麦施磷应考虑不同品质类型品种氮代谢及子粒蛋白质含量对施磷的反应。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

产地溯源是保护农产品品牌及地区特色产品、防止欺诈、保护消费者权益的有效保障。稳定同位素指纹分析是用于食品产地溯源的有效技术之一,具有高效、准确、可靠的特点。本文系统分析了近5年来,稳定同位素指纹分析技术在植物源性初级农产品、加工农产品溯源中的应用以及稳定同位素在食品加工过程中分馏变化的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了今后稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源中的研究重点和发展方向。     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

植树造林在黄河三角洲生态与环境建设中的作用

通过认真分析黄河三角洲生态环境的现状和存在的问题，探讨了林业在黄河三角洲生态环境建设中的作用，并结合黄河三角洲的实际情况，从森林生态体系建设的角度，提出了黄河三角洲生态环境建设的对策，为黄河三角洲生态建设和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征

基于GIS技术和统计手段,利用GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI数据集,并结合气温和降水0.5°×0.5°格网数据集,分析1981—2014年塔塔克拉玛干西部别里库姆沙漠NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)研究区NDVI半月值呈下降趋势,NDVI春冬季值整体为上升趋势,NDVI夏秋季值整体为下降趋势,NDVI年均值呈上升趋势;(2)1982—2014年NDVI值增加区域大于减少区域,整体上空间分布向南部移动,NDVI较大值主要在南坡和西坡;(3)植被覆盖度分布在0~0.004 3。