利用CT扫描技术对太湖地区主要水稻土中大孔隙的研究

采集了太湖地区3种主要水稻土（白土、黄泥土和乌栅土）的原状土柱为供试土样，利用CT扫描技术，在不破坏土体结构的前提下，准确地得出了不同深度土壤剖面上各种大孔隙的数量、面积以及分布状况。结果表明，3种水稻土均以表层的大孔隙度最大，在30～40cm处达到一个最低点，再往下又呈波浪形变化。土柱各截面上大孔隙面积的变异系数随着深度的变化与大孔隙度相似，大孔隙度大的层次其变异系数也较大。等效直径越大的孔隙（〉5mm）在土壤不同深度下数量的变化也越大。表层上大直径（〉5mm）的大孔隙较多，在土壤剖面30～40cm以下其数量急剧减少；而直径较小孔隙（〈1mm）的数量在土壤剖面不同深度下相差不大。     

土壤结构定量化研究进展

土壤结构是土壤中各种过程进行的物理框架,土壤结构的定量化对土壤水、气、热和土壤生物、化学过程定量化研究具有重要意义。本文主要讨论了土壤结构研究的内容,介绍了土壤结构研究的主要方法,对分形理论、布尔模型和孔隙网络模型等在土壤结构中的应用作了简要的介绍,并且对未来土壤结构定量化研究进行了展望。     

祁连山区主要植被类型下土壤团聚体变化特征

土壤团聚体是反映土壤结构稳定性、肥力和质量状况的重要指标,与侵蚀过程、水土流失、环境质量密切相关,研究土壤的理化性质,对保护土壤资源、提高生产率、维护土壤生态系统平衡具有重要意义。以青藏高原北缘的祁连山区为研究对象,采集该区4种主要植被类型——荒漠、草原、草甸及灌丛的土壤,分析了不同植被类型的土壤团聚体指标,水稳定性团聚体质量百分数(percentage of water-stable aggregates,WSA)、平均质量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、结构体破坏率(aggregate destruction rate,PAD)、平均重量比表面积(mean weight soil specific area,MWSSA)和分形维数随海拔高度和土壤深度的变化趋势。结果表明:0~30 cm土层WSA、MWD、GMD、MWSSA依次:荒漠<草原<草甸<灌丛,>30~40 cm土层植被类型对团聚体无显著影响(P>0.05);随土壤深度的增加,土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚度逐渐降低,土壤结构趋于恶化,草甸带表层土壤团聚体稳定性显著高于深层土壤(P<0.05);随海拔高度增大,在海拔1692~2800 m土壤团聚体逐渐稳定,土壤结构改善,在海拔2800~3639 m土壤团聚体稳定性逐渐降低,土壤结构趋于恶化。WSA、MWD和GMD受1~4 mm粒级主导作用,分形维数主要受0.038~0.25 mm粒级的影响,MWSSA不能准确分析该地区的团聚体水稳性。     

土壤显微结构的X光—同步加速器计算机三维图像透视技术

土壤结构特征决定了土壤的主要物理性能 ,并影响着土壤生态系统内的许多功能 ,土壤结构的三维结构透视及其定量分析是认识土壤结构和研究土壤结构与功能关系的前提。自 2 0世纪 30年代 ,奥地利学者库比纳开始使用生物显微镜、偏光显微镜和双目实体显微镜 ,研究土壤生物、土壤中的结晶形成物、土壤的结构和孔隙 ,显微观测与探测技术的每一次进步都被应用到土壤微结构的研究 ,产生了土壤学的一支独立学科—土壤微形态学[1～ 7] 。但是 ,原状土壤样品的镜下观测需要复杂的前处理 ,观察的现像多数为二维图像 ,并且需要很多定性的描述和解译才能…     

岩溶坡地不同利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素

为了探讨岩溶坡地不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能差异及其影响因素,该文利用环刀法测定了不同利用类型石灰岩土壤的入渗过程曲线,并分析了孔隙状况、颗粒组成和土壤结构等对入渗的影响。结果表明：土地利用类型对岩溶坡地土壤入渗性能影响较大,初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率均表现为灌丛＞果园＞草地＞旱地。灌丛地表下层（＞15～30 cm）平均稳定入渗速率8.11 mm/min,最小值4.22 mm/min;旱地地表下层平均稳定入渗速率0.46 mm/min,最小值仅0.13 mm/min。旱地表层以下存在显著的入渗阻滞层。岩溶坡地土壤入渗性能与有机质、水稳性团聚体和孔隙度有显著相关性。非毛管孔隙在入渗初期的作用大于后期,＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量是影响稳定入渗速率的重要因素。该文为进一步研究岩溶坡地旱涝灾害、水土保持和水资源开发利用等提供了理论依据。     

基于稀土氧化物示踪法探究冻融循环对黑土团聚体周转的影响

为区分土壤团聚体形成和破碎过程,阐明冻融循环对黑土土壤结构的影响,本文利用稀土氧化物（REOs）示踪技术,通过室内模拟实验,探究不同初始含水量（50 %田间持水量（T50） vs. 100 %田间持水量（T100））和冻融循环次数（0次、3次、6次、12次和20次）对团聚体粒径分布、平均质量直径（MWD）以及团聚体周转过程的影响。研究结果表明：同一初始含水量下,随着冻融循环次数的增加,MWD、>0.25 mm和<0.053 mm团聚体含量显著降低,0.25～0.053 mm团聚体含量显著增加（P < 0.05）。6次冻融循环后,T50处理下的MWD显著高于T100处理（P < 0.05）,5～2 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体含量无显著差异。除5～2 mm团聚体外,相邻粒级团聚体之间周转更为激烈;在同一冻融循环次数下,5～2 mm团聚体向0.25～0.053 mm团聚体的破碎量在T100处理下显著高于T50处理（P < 0.05）。冻融循环促进了>0.25 mm团聚体的破碎和＜0.053mm的团聚,表现为0.25-0.053mm团聚体的累积,该变化与土壤初始含水量无关。冻融循环过程中,MWD与各粒径团聚体相对形成量呈显著正相关,与其相对破碎量呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）。随着冻融循环次数的增加,各粒径团聚体周转时间显著增加（P < 0.05）。同一冻融循环次数下,>0.25 mm团聚体的周转时间高于<0.25 mm团聚体,T100处理下的团聚体周转时间显著高于T50处理（P < 0.05）。综上所述,冻融循环次数和土壤初始含水量通过影响团聚体形成和破碎过程改变土壤结构的稳定性。本研究结果可为进一步探究冻融循环下黑土土壤结构变化提供理论依据。     

长期施肥对华北农田褐土团聚体微结构与稳定性的影响

为定量分析不同施肥措施对华北农田褐土微观结构及稳定性的影响,该研究依托长期定位施肥试验,集成同步辐射显微CT（SR-μCT）与图像处理技术对不施肥（CK）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）和有机、无机配施（OF）三种处理土壤团聚体微结构及其稳定性进行定量分析,结果表明：经过26 a不同施肥处理,研究区土壤孔隙微结构与稳定性产生了实质性变化,其中长期OF处理土壤孔隙度、大孔隙率、狭长孔隙率、平均孔隙直径、平均弯曲度、孔喉平均表面积及平均质量直径等指标较CK处理分别提升了23.84%、145.71%、21.43%、37.16%、21.3%、51.12%和59.26%,表明长期OF处理显著改善了研究区土壤微结构,提升了团聚体稳定性。长期NPK处理与CK处理土壤团聚体在微结构特征与稳定性方面相似,但大孔隙（等效直径≥500 μm）率均显著低于OF处理（P<0.05）。研究结果可为农业土壤质量评价与保护提供支撑。     

土壤团聚体稳定性评价方法比较

土壤团聚体稳定性是评价土壤结构和土壤物理形状的重要指标.对土壤团聚体分形维数、土壤团聚体平均重量直径和>0.25 mm团聚体含量3种土壤团聚体结构评价的方法进行了探讨.结果表明,分形维数与>0.25 mm团聚体的含量呈负相关性,但是平均重量直径与>0.25 mm团聚体的含量有正的相关性.这三种方法都能应用来评价土壤结构,但是分形维数不仅表示土壤结构,还能说明土壤水分和土壤其它的物理性质.因此,分形维数是评价土壤结构的较好的方法.     

晋西黄土丘陵区不同植物群落的土壤分形特征

为研究晋西黄土丘陵区不同植物群落与土壤结构特性和入渗特性的关系,探索土壤结构的定量化描述,运用分形学原理和方法,研究晋西黄土丘陵区油松纯林、刺槐纯林、油松＋刺槐混交林、侧柏纯林、黄刺玫灌丛、柠条灌丛及荒地7种植物群落的土壤分形维数与土壤质地、密度、孔隙度、含水量及饱和导水率的关系.结果表明：1）植物群落具有改善土壤颗粒结构的作用,其改善作用以针阔混交林（油松＋刺槐混交林）最好,阔叶林（刺槐纯林、黄刺玫纯林）次之,针叶林（油松纯林、侧柏纯林）最低.2）研究区土壤颗粒分形维数在2.799 ～ 2.805之间,黏粒（＜0.002mm）质量分数偏高.3）土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤黏粒质量分数呈显著正相关关系,与土壤砂粒（2.00～0.02 mm）质量分数、土壤总孔隙度、含水量及饱和导水率呈显著负相关关系.因此,土壤颗粒分形维数可以表征土壤结构特性和入渗特性的好坏.不同的植物群落对土壤的改良效果不同,研究结果可为研究区域植树造林提供参考依据.     

雨滴直径对表土结构和入渗特征的影响

为探究雨滴击溅对表层土壤结构和入渗特征的影响,揭示土壤微结构与入渗间的深层关联,以黄土高原土为对象,采用模拟降雨、同步辐射CT扫描和入渗试验,系统地分析了不同雨滴击溅作用下土壤结构变化与入渗速率间的关系。结果表明:(1)击溅土壤结构发生变化,团聚体数量和三维分形维数显著增加,孔隙体积和大孔隙率显著减小。雨滴直径越大,击溅后的团聚体破碎程度越强,孔隙堵塞率最高达46.40%。(2)雨滴击溅下,破碎的团聚体堵塞孔隙,在土壤表层形成致密低渗的结皮层,结皮强度随雨滴直径和击溅次数的增加逐渐增加。(3)土壤入渗速率随雨滴直径和击溅次数的增加逐渐减小,经过3次雨滴击溅后减渗效应最高可达91.81%。(4)土壤稳渗速率与雨滴直径和土壤结构特征参数呈显著指数关系变化。研究表明,雨滴直径显著影响表层土壤结构和入渗特征,雨滴直径越大,土壤结构越分散,土壤入渗能力越低。     

X-ray computed tomography to quantify tree rooting spatial distributions

Poor root development due to constraining soil conditions could be an important factor influencing health of urban trees. Therefore, there is a need for efficient techniques to analyze the spatial distribution of tree roots. An analytical procedure for describing tree rooting patterns from X-ray computed tomography (CT) data is described and illustrated. Large irregularly shaped specimens of undisturbed sandy soil were sampled from various positions around the base of trees using field impregnation with epoxy resin, to stabilize the cohesionless soil. Cores approximately 200 mm in diameter by 500 mm in height were extracted from these specimens. These large core samples were scanned with a medical X-ray CT device, and contiguous images of soil slices (2 mm thick) were thus produced. X-ray CT images are regarded as regularly-spaced sections through the soil although they are not actual 2D sections but matrices of voxels 0.5 mm×0.5 mm×2 mm. The images were used to generate the equivalent of horizontal root contact maps from which three-dimensional objects, assumed to be roots, were reconstructed. The resulting connected objects were used to derive indices of the spatial organization of roots, namely: root length distribution, root length density, root growth angle distribution, root spatial distribution, and branching intensity. The successive steps of the method, from sampling to generation of indices of tree root organization, are illustrated through a case study examining rooting patterns of valuable urban trees.     

用显微CT研究不同植被恢复模式的土壤团聚体微结构特征

为了更好了解不同植被恢复模式对土壤团聚体微结构的影响,该研究采用显微CT技术扫描3~5 mm土壤团聚体,获取了3.25μm分辨率的二维图像,并应用数字图像处理软件对团聚体孔隙结构进行三维重建,定量研究了黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式下(自然草地、人工灌木和坡耕地)土壤团聚体微结构特征。结果表明,两种植被恢复模式均显著提高了土壤有机碳含量和团聚体水稳性(P0.05),降低了土壤容重。与坡耕地处理相比,自然草地土壤团聚体总孔隙度、大孔隙度(100μm)、瘦长型孔隙度分别增加了20%、23%和24%,而分形维数和连通性指数欧拉特征值分别降低了2%和75%,且各指标二者间差异均显著(P0.05)。人工灌木土壤团聚体的上述各项孔隙参数均优于自然草地(较坡耕地分别增加了70%、88%和43%以及降低了4%和92%),且除欧拉特征值外,差异均显著(P0.05)。分形维数和连通性对土壤结构变化的响应相当敏感,可作为该地区植被恢复过程中土壤质量评价的指标,研究结果可为黄土高原土壤质量评价提供科学参考。     

Leaching of potassium,magnesium, manganese and iron in relation to porosity of tilled and orchard loamy soil

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the leaching of potassium, magnesium, manganese and iron in tilled and orchard silty loam soil. The experimental treatments were: conventionally tilled field (CT) with main tillage operations including pre-plough (10 cm)+harrowing followed by mouldboard ploughing to 20 cm depth, and a 35-year-old apple orchard (OR) with a permanent sward. Leaching of the cations was determined in soil columns of undisturbed structure, 21.5 cm diameter and 20 cm height, from a depth of 0–20 cm. All the columns were subjected to spray irrigation at a level of 1110 ml (30 mm), and leachate in 50-ml increments was collected. Concentration of the cations in the leachate was determined using a spectrophotometer ICP-AS. Pore size distribution data showed that the volume of pores >20 µm under CT was greater at a depth of 0–10 cm and lower in the 10–20 cm soil layer under OR, and the reverse was true with respect to pores <6 µm. At each 50-ml leachate, concentration of all the cations was greater under CT than OR. In most leachates the differences were more pronounced for potassium and magnesium than iron and manganese. Percolation of the leachate was considerably faster in orchard than tilled soil.     

利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙

为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。     

耕作方式对东北黑土坡耕地土壤物理性状及根系垂直分布的影响

为了明确耕作方式对东北薄层黑土坡耕地土壤物理性状以及玉米根系垂直分布的影响,该研究以东北薄层黑土坡耕地土壤为研究对象,设置免耕和翻耕2种耕作方式,研究耕作方式对不同坡位土壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布与稳定性、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤贯入阻力以及玉米根系在垂直方向主要分布深度的影响,并进一步探究各指标间的相互关系。结果表明,与免耕相比,翻耕处理通过增加土壤1～2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量,降低0～20 cm土层土壤容重,改善0～20cm土层土壤孔隙度,降低10～20cm土层土壤贯入阻力,增加玉米根系在垂直方向主要分布深度;但同时翻耕处理条件下5mm粒级土壤团聚体含量平均减少59.1%,平均重量直径平均降低31.9%。翻耕处理下,坡位对土壤孔隙度、5 mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量以及平均重量直径的影响都呈现坡中位与坡下位优于坡上位。研究结果表明,对于东北薄层黑土坡耕地,在坡中位和坡下位采用翻耕有利于降低土壤紧实度,促进玉米根系下扎;在坡上位可采用免耕改善土壤结构及其稳定性。该研究可为促进黑土可持续发展提供理论依据与参考。     

3D-visualization and analysis of macro- and meso-porosity of the upper horizons of a sodic, texture-contrast soil

The lower E and upper B horizons of sodic, texture-contrast soils are a formidable barrier to most annual and many perennial crops. The research presented here is part of a wider study into the nature of subsoil constraints to root exploration. The aim of this study was to characterize in three dimensions the macro- and meso-porosity across the E horizon–Btn horizon interface of a sodic, texture-contrast soil using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Intact soil cores of 50-cm length and 15-cm diameter were scanned with a medical CT X-ray machine. The pore volume reconstructed from these scans had a resolution of 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.4 cm (in the x, y, z dimensions, respectively). This resolution allowed visualization and quantification of the macroporosity of the intact cores. Undisturbed samples of 1.5-cm diameter and 4-cm length were carefully excised from the interface and scanned with micro-CT X-ray equipment. The reconstructed pore volumes had an isotropic resolution of 19 μm that allowed analysis of the mesoporosity just on the boundary between the E and Btn horizons. Mesoporosity decreased across the interface and increased lower in the Btn horizon. The distribution of the pores at the macro- and meso-scales showed the importance of the smaller pores in the A and E horizons, whereas most of the porosity in the Btn horizon was attributed to the larger pores. Pores in this sodic, texture-contrast soil were not distributed homogeneously at either the macro- or meso-scale. A greater proportion of the pores in the E–B interface were horizontal than in the upper A1, upper E and lower Btn horizons. Some 'coiling' of the pores was also apparent in the interface. The shape of some pores (long tubular pores) suggested formation by roots as they drilled through the soil. The orientation of these pores was a function of physical (and possibly chemical) impedance at the interface.     

No tillage and crop rotation effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon in a Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil

In Brazil, no tillage (NT) is a soil conservation practice now widely adopted by farmers, including smallholders. The effect of NT and conventional tillage (disc ploughing followed by two light disc harrowings, CT) was investigated on the aggregation properties of a clayey Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil under different crop rotations. The same soil type under secondary forest was used as reference. Macro- and microaggregate classes were separated by wet sieving using a series of eight sieves (8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.053 mm) at four sampling layers (0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm). The soil in general had high structural stability. At 0–5 cm, meanweight diameter (MWD, 11.1 mm) and total organic C in macroaggregates (TOC, 39 g kg⁻¹ soil) were highest for the forest soil. Soil under NT had a more similar distribution of aggregate size classes and TOC to the forest soil than CT. The most pronounced difference between tillage systems was observed in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm). In this layer, NT had higher aggregate stability (AS_NT: 96%; AS_CT: 89%), had higher values of aggregate size distribution (MWD_NT: 7.9 mm, MWD_CT: 4.3 mm), and had on average 28% greater TOC in all aggregate size classes than CT. Soil under NT had greater TOC in macroaggregates (NT: 22 g kg⁻¹; CT: 13 g kg⁻¹). Crop rotation did not have a significant effect on soil aggregate distribution and TOC. By increasing macroaggregation NT increased organic carbon accumulation in soil.     

侵蚀程度对红壤团聚体分布及养分含量的影响

[目的]探讨不同侵蚀程度下红壤团聚体和养分的变化规律,为侵蚀红壤的肥力提升和合理开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]将红壤表层按照不同深度剥离来模拟不同土壤侵蚀程度,比较分析不同侵蚀程度下团聚体稳定性、有机质和各养分的变化规律及其相互关系。[结果]各侵蚀程度红壤团聚体干筛粒级分布规律大体相似,以≥2mm粒级团聚体为优势粒级,与无明显侵蚀土壤相比,强烈侵蚀土壤≥2mm水稳性团聚体含量降低近1/3;随着土壤侵蚀程度增加,土壤碳、氮、磷等养分含量均表现出逐渐减少的规律,其中强烈侵蚀土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量减少了30%左右,碱解氮含量减少了近50%,速效磷含量减少了80%以上。相关分析表明,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮含量均与≥2 mm团聚体含量、WSA,MWD和GMD值具有较好的正相关性(p0.05),与D和PAD值呈负相关。[结论]不同侵蚀程度对红壤团聚体分布及养分含量有一定影响,可通过增加有机肥来改善侵蚀红壤结构,提高土壤肥力。     

X射线CT确定土壤大孔隙结构

Undisturbed soil core with many macropores and disturbed soil core with only one macropore (diameter is 10 mm) were probed by x-ray computed tomography (CT). The size, number, shape and continuity of macropores in the transverse and vertical sections of soil were characterized using CT scanning images. The probability densities of macropores in the transverse section of soil core exhibited a logarithmic F distribution. Results indicated that CT scanning was a promising nondestructive method for characterizing macropores in soils.     

Relationships between intra-aggregate pore structures and distributions of Escherichia coli within soil macro-aggregates

The study evaluated the effects of soil intra-aggregate pore distributions on movement and fate of E. coli (a global indicator of fecal pollution) within soil aggregates. The first objective was to characterize pore structure of intact soil aggregates (4–6 mm in size) using X-ray computed microtomography and to quantify the differences in pore structures of the aggregates from the same soil type but under >18 year contrasting land use and management settings. The studied settings were (i) conventionally plowed row crop (CT), (ii) no-till row crop (NT), and (iii) native succession vegetation (NS) treatments from Long Term Ecological Research site, W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, southwest Michigan. The second objective was to examine spatial distribution of E. coli introduced into the aggregates and the relationships between E. coli distributions and intra-aggregate pores. The results indicated that E. coli distribution in the aggregates was driven by specific configurations of the intra-aggregate pores. When the aggregates’ initial water contents were relatively low, presence of large (>100 μm) pores in the aggregate interiors limited water and thus E. coli entry. Such centrally located large pores were more abundant in the aggregates from NT and NS treatments as compared to CT aggregates. Medium-sized pores (30–60 μm) were more abundant in the aggregates from CT soil and such pores were relatively homogeneously distributed through entire bodies of CT aggregates. Thus, upon entering the aggregate, E. coli became more uniformly distributed through the CT aggregates, while in NT and NS aggregates it more commonly remained in the aggregate exterior parts without reaching the interiors. Implications of these distributional patterns for E. coli survival and re-entering water flow in soil under different land use need to be addressed in further studies.