农田边界与生物多样性研究进展

本文综述了农田边界内涵和不同类型农田边界的特点及其生物多样性保护的关系，并依据对生物的保护功能和管理方法，可以把农田边界分成昆虫栖息地、保育边行、作物边界、休耕边界、无植被边界、开花植被边界及无作物野生生物边界。同时根据我国耕地资源和农田特点，提出研究农田边界生态学功能的必要性和进一步研究方向；即：边界生态系统与其生物多样性维持的关系，边界的植被结构与有害生物的关系，边界杂草种群和群落与节肢动物的关系，边界内生物的食物链关系，边界的管理措施。     

全球重要农业文化遗产地的农业生物多样性 特征及其保护与利用

2002年联合国粮食及农业组织提出了"全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)"的概念和动态保护理念,旨在建立全球重要农业文化遗产及其有关的景观、生物多样性、知识和文化保护体系,并在世界范围内得到认可与保护,使之成为可持续管理的基础。自此以后,特别是在全球环境基金的支持下,GIAHS的概念和保护理念已经得到越来越多的国家和国际组织的认可,并在项目实施过程中,通过项目试点地的积极探索,不仅使遗产地农业生物多样性和文化多样性得到有效保护,而且促进了遗产地经济社会的可持续发展。本文根据中国已被列入GIAHS的11个项目点及其保护工作,从遗传多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性、景观多样性以及文化多样性5个方面分析了农业文化遗产地农业生物多样性的特征,阐述了农业文化遗产地农业生物多样性利用的生态学思想以及原则,最后从建立监测和评估体系、强化农业生物多样性保护与可持续管理的研究、建立农业生物多样性保护的激励机制、建立农业文化遗产地自我维持和持续发展机制等4个方面,提出了农业文化遗产地农业生物多样性保护与利用的若干建议。     

长治湿地主要植被类型及其多样性梯度特征分析

湿地生态系统作为三大生态系统之一,对于区域乃至全球可持续发展具有重要的作用,已成为当代生态学研究的重点。研究以山西省长治市湿地为研究对象,采用TWINSPAN分类方法分析了该湿地生态系统的主要植被类型,并对每种植被类型的生物多样性关系进行了分析。揭示了长治湿地主要植被类型及其多样性梯度特征,表明水分和人为的干扰是决定生物多样性的主要因子。研究将为湿地的规划和建设提供新的思路和方法,为进一步研究湿地的植被群落特征奠定基础,为湿地生态系统的动态发展研究作出贡献。     

植物多样性对土壤动物影响的研究进展

生物多样性与生态系统功能一直是生态学研究的一个热点。近些年来的研究表明,植物多样性除了影响陆地生态系统地上部分的初级生产力等生态系统功能,还会间接影响地下生物多样性及土壤生态系统过程。本文概述了植物多样性对土壤动物的影响及其主要机制,归纳了植物多样性通过改变输入土壤中的资源数量与资源多样性、微生境结构、土壤环境因子等影响土壤动物的途径。目前关于土壤动物群落对植物多样性的响应仍存在很多问题和争议,本文总结了需要进一步深入研究的方向,特别指出了要加强研究影响植物多样性与土壤动物关系的生物与非生物因子、后续的生态效应和反馈、不同机制和途径的贡献定量化等。     

林业决策支持系统(DSS)应用综述

随着生态学的发展以及环境和资源问题的日益突出,林业管理已经从单目标(如木材生产、生态防护、生物多样性保护等)传统林业管理发展到强调生物多样性保护和生态-经济-社会综合功能的多目标可持续林业管理。由于森林系统的高度复杂性和多尺度性以及林业管理的多目标性,林业决策支持系统在帮助森林经营管理者确定经营目标、设计经营管理计划、评价气候变化和管理方案对森林生态系统影响方面具有难以替代的作用。森林动态模型和生境适应性模型是林业管理决策支持系统模型框架中的核心组分,通常结合在一起研究气候变化和林业管理方案对森林生态系统各种生态功能和服务价值,尤其是生物多样性的影响。本文在介绍生境适宜性模型和森林动态模型研究历史和现状的基础上,结合国内开发的两个林业决策支持系统和国外开发的一个决策支持系统,就决策支持系统的结构和研究现状进行综述,并对中国林业管理支持系统开发进行展望。     

近自然河道植物群落构建及其对生物多样性的影响

分析了河流作为重要地理要素和生态廊道在区域景观中的重要生态功能，以及河道建设中存在的主要问题。根据景观生态学原理，阐述了河道植物通过边缘效应、廊道效应和干扰效应可以对生物多样性产生积极影响。通过对10多个试点河段两年多的试验研究，提出河道建设要为植物措施创造条件，充分考虑生物多样性，恢复健康稳定的河道生态系统。认为河道生物多样性还需要考虑河流形态多样性，加强定位系统观测和注重研究植物群落演替规律。     

农业景观生物多样性功能和保护对策

研究表明,农业集约化生产和农业景观均质化导致农业景观生物多样性降低,致使生物多样性相关野生资源保护、自然授粉、害虫调节、水土涵养等生态系统服务功能受损,进而影响了农业可持续发展。本文对国内外农业景观生物多样性及其生态系统服务功能研究和实践进行了综述。分别探讨了农业景观在生物多样性保护、授粉服务、调节服务、水土涵养等多方面生态服务功能中发挥的作用及其生物多样性保护的意义,总结了欧美在农业景观生物多样性保护所采取的实践措施,指出中国虽然在生物多样性保护方面做出很多努力,但却忽略了对农业景观的保护,近些年的城市化和集约化发展都进一步加剧了农业景观生物多样性的丧失,亟需借鉴欧美国家经验提出我国的农业景观生物多样性保护策略。我们认为保护和提高农业景观生物多样性的生态集约化对维护农作物产量,改善品种具有重要的作用。农业景观生物多样性保护需要从农田生态系统和农业景观两个尺度上开展农业景观综合管理,提高农田作物和景观植物多样性和异质性,恢复和提高生物多样性及其生态服务功能。最后,针对我国农业可持续发展面临的问题和需求,建议从政策和法规、监测和评估、工程技术研发、技术集成示范、生态补贴制度、培训和推广等方面,开展农业景观生物多样性保护。     

生物多样性对生态系统功能及其稳定性的影响

生物多样性导致生态系统功能优化学说、组分有机体功能特点决定生态系统功能观点及一些中间观点的提出使生态学界对生物多样性与生态系统功能之间关系的研究结果各异,但关键种的丧失会严重损害生态系统功能是肯定的。对结构多样性的生态系统来说,关键种能稳定生态系统功能,并在一定程度上缓冲波动带来的压力。生物多样性与生态系统稳定性间关系的研究亦未形成共识,一般看法是生物多样性降低会导致生态系统稳定性下降。但也有与之不同的看法,认为多样性与稳定性间无任何关系。对局部多样性、区域多样性及全球范围内生物多样性改变及其相应保护措施的研究比较后认为,应为不同物种提供适合其繁殖条件的局部试验地块,用个体小的物种来控制区域生物多样性及通过各种自然试验方法增加不同范围内的生物多样性。     

河北省典型湿地生态系统综合评价及其调控对策

选择河北省具有代表性的5个典型湿地作为研究对象，在全面分析湿地资源特点的基础上，运用生态学方法和资源经济学方法，从湿地生态环境质量和生态服务价值2方面对河北省典型湿地生态系统进行综合评价，并以此为依据，探索河北省湿地资源可持续利用的调控对策，以期为湿地生态系统的保护和利用提供理论依据，促进湿地生态系统与社会、经济、环境和生物多样性的协调发展。     

三明仙人谷不同海拔梯度下植物多样性和群落结构探究

以福建省三明市仙人谷城市森林生态系统为对象,研究不同海拔梯度下植物多样性及植物群落结构特征。结果表明,植物科分类水平上的数量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随海拔的增加而增加,而属、种、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数都随海拔的增高而先增加后减少。海拔梯度和不同功能群水平都显著影响科属种的数量,且这2个因素对科属种的影响有交互作用,但海拔对科属种的3个多样性指数均无显著性影响。由此说明,城市森林在海拔梯度下的生物多样性保护功能表现出差异,三明市建设森林城市需要考虑人为活动、自然环境条件和本身生理生态特征对植物多样性的潜在影响,以期充分发挥可持续的森林生态服务功能。     

Cities and biodiversity: Perspectives and governance challenges for implementing the convention on biological diversity (CBD) at the city level

City governments are fundamental to implement international environmental agreements, such as the convention on biological diversity (CBD). Even though many of them are not directly involved in the negotiation of international agreements, which are signed by national governments, most of those agreements are in fact implemented at the city level. The importance of city governance to tackle the challenges of biodiversity loss has increased as urban population has grown enormously in the last decades, particularly in developing countries. The way cities are designed, planned and governed influences the magnitude of their direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity.This paper analyzes the relationship between cities, local governance and biodiversity. Initially, we examine the relationships between cities and biodiversity by looking at the major influences cities have on biodiversity loss or conservation within and outside the city boundaries, as well as the benefits of biodiversity conservation to cities, such as the provision of ecosystem services. The paper then moves to understand what are the main urban processes and governance mechanisms that can be improved to make cities effective to implement the directives of the CBD.Urbanization creates new challenges for biodiversity conservation. As a large part of the world’s population moves from rural to urban areas, there are changes in the link between human activities and biodiversity, and consequently to the way we should think biodiversity conservation policies. However, scarce attention has been given to understand how to make cities more biodiversity friendly, both within the urban fabric, but particularly in faraway places.     

Spatial congruence between biodiversity and ecosystem services in South Africa

Ecosystems services sustain humans all over the world. The unsustainable use of ecosystem services around the world has led to widespread degradation which now threatens human health and livelihoods. Although the maintenance of ecosystem services is often used to justify biodiversity conservation actions, it is still unclear how ecosystem services relate to different aspects of biodiversity and to what extent the conservation of biodiversity will ensure the provision of services. The aim of this study was to find out whether biodiversity priorities, biomes, species richness and vegetation diversity hotspots co-occur in space with ecosystem services. The distribution of the ranges and hotspots of five ecosystem services (surface water supply, water flow regulation, carbon storage, soil accumulation, and soil retention) was assessed in South African biomes. Coincidence, overlap, and correlation analyses were used to assess spatial congruence between ecosystem services and species richness (plants and animals) and vegetation diversity hotspots. The grassland and savanna biomes contained significant amounts of all five ecosystem services. There was moderate overlap and a generally positive but low correlation between ecosystem services hotspots and species richness and vegetation diversity hotspots. Species richness was mostly higher in the hotspots of water flow regulation and soil accumulation than would be expected by chance. The water services showed varying levels of congruence with species richness hotspots and vegetation diversity hotspot. These results indicate that actions taken to conserve biodiversity in South Africa will also protect certain ecosystem services and ecosystem services can be used to strengthen biodiversity conservation in some instances.     

Diversity erosion beyond the species level: Dramatic loss of functional diversity after selective logging in two tropical amphibian communities

Assessing the effects of logging on different aspects of biodiversity and general ecosystem properties is of prime importance if the few remaining areas of intact tropical forest are to be efficiently protected. Commonly used measures of biodiversity may only inadequately reflect actual disturbance after logging and studies restricted to only one specific eco-region do not allow for generalizations of results. We hence measured the impact of selective logging on different levels of diversity of two tropical anuran communities in two geographically distinct eco-regions. Species-diversity patterns were incoherent both, within and between studies. In West Africa, species richness did not differ between primary and exploited forest sites, whereas South American anuran communities exhibited higher species richness in primary sites. Yet, in both eco-regions, functional diversity (FD) was higher in primary forest communities. Absolute values of FD were higher in South American anuran communities, despite higher species richness in West African communities. FD was higher in older recovery, as compared to younger recovery states, even though species-diversity did not differ significantly. Three major conclusions can be drawn from our results. 1. Scale matters: it is important to monitor different levels of biodiversity in order to reveal its actual loss after anthropogenic disturbance. 2. Time matters: the disturbance history of a site is important in order to detect patterns that otherwise remain unnoticed. 3. Geographic history matters at the local scale: whereas general patterns at higher diversity levels were identical in both eco-regions, species richness, species diversity and turnover patterns differed.     

Magnitude of Species Diversity Effect on Aboveground Plant Biomass Increases Through Successional Time of Abandoned Farmlands on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau of China

Recent empirical and theoretical studies have shown that magnitude and direction of biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning can shifts over time. Here, we used species richness and plant abundance (total individual plant stem density) as proxies for species diversity and aboveground biomass for productivity. We used an analytical approach combining both chronosequence and 6 year of vegetation monitoring in a subalpine ecosystem as a model system to assess temporal species richness–abundance–aboveground biomass relationships at different successional stages and spatial scales. We observed that both species richness and plant aboveground biomass increased rapidly early in succession after land abandonment, then after 10 years of abandonment reached a steady state. We found that the relationship between species richness and plant abundance with aboveground biomass was strengthening over successional time. In all successional stages, species richness had stronger positive effects as compared with plant abundance on plant aboveground biomass. Species richness was linearly correlated with aboveground biomass, whereas plant abundance showed a humped‐back relationship with aboveground biomass across all successional stages. Our results showed an increase in the effect of plant diversity over time, and a combination of both plant species richness and abundance is correlated with plant productivity throughout successional time, knowledge that maybe important to managing ecological restoration and conservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil fertility and bacterial community composition in a semiarid Mediterranean agricultural soil under long-term tillage management

This research attempted to investigate a part of the United Nations sustainable development goal 15, dealing with preventing land degradation and halting the loss of microorganisms’ diversity. Since soil deterioration and biodiversity loss in the Mediterranean area are occurring because of intensive management, we evaluated some biochemical and microbiological parameters and bacterial biodiversity under long-term conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) practices, in Basilicata, a typical Region of Southern Italy, characterized by a semiarid ecosystem. The highest biological fertility index (BFI) (composed of soil organic matter, microbial biomass C, cumulative microbial respiration during 25 days of incubation, basal respiration, metabolic quotient and mineralization quotient) was determined for the 0–20 cm of NT soil (class V, high biological fertility level). The analysis of the taxonomic composition at the phylum level revealed the higher relative abundance of copiotrophic bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the NT soil samples as compared to the CT soil. These copiotrophic phyla, more important decomposers of soil organic matter (SOM) than oligotrophic phyla, are responsible of a higher microbial C use efficiency (CUE) in tilled soil, being microbial community composition, C substrates content and CUE closely linked. The higher Chao1 and Shannon indices, under the NT management, also supported the hypothesis that the bacterial diversity and richness increased in the no-till soils. In conclusion, we can assume that the long-term no-tillage can preserve an agricultural soil in a semiarid ecosystem, enhancing soil biological fertility level and bacterial diversity.     

基于C、N同位素技术的河流食物网基础碳源研究进展

基础碳源是河流生态系统最重要的特征之一,它通过生物间能量传递,影响着河流生态系统生物多样性、群落结构及其稳定性。本文基于稳定性同位素技术综述了河流基础碳源类型、食物网能量贡献率估算模型、食物网基础碳源理论模型(河流生产力模型RPM、河流连续模型RCC和河流脉冲模型FPC)及其交互作用以及它们在实际应用上的利弊,介绍了能较好平衡各种模型利弊、适应于多样化水文特征的河流生态系统综合体(RES)新假说,并展望了稳定性同位素技术与非致命取样方法相结合建立长期河流同位素数据库的重要意义,旨在推动对河流生态系统中不同生物之间营养关系的理解,为河流生态系统的修复与保护提供理论依据。     

Diversity and distribution of Victoria Land biota

Understanding the relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is critical to predicting and monitoring the effects of ecosystem changes on important soil processes. However, most of Earth's soils are too biologically diverse to identify each species present and determine their functional role in food webs. The soil ecosystems of Victoria Land (VL) Antarctica are functionally and biotically simple, and serve as in situ models for determining the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem processes. For a few VL taxa (microarthropods, nematodes, algae, mosses and lichens), species diversity has been intensively assessed in highly localized habitats, but little is known of how community assemblages vary across broader spatial scales, or across latitudinal and environmental gradients. The composition of tardigrade, rotifer, protist, fungal and prokaryote communities is emerging. The latter groups are the least studied, but potentially the most diverse. Endemism is highest for microarthropods and nematodes, less so for tardigrades and rotifers, and apparently low for mosses, lichens, protists, fungi and prokaryotes. Much of what is known about VL diversity and distribution occurs in an evolutionary and ecological vacuum; links between taxa and functional role in ecosystems are poorly known and future studies must utilize phylogenetic information to infer patterns of community assembly, speciation, extinction, population processes and biogeography. However, a comprehensive compilation of all the species that participate in soil ecosystem processes, and their distribution across regional and landscape scales is immediately achievable in VL with the resources, tools, and expertise currently available. We suggest that the soil ecosystems of VL should play a major role in exploring the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and in monitoring the effects of environmental change on soil processes in real time and space.     

多情景退耕还林对林地生物多样性保护价值的潜在影响

退耕还林对生物多样性保护具有显著的正向影响,评估其生物多样性保护生态服务价值意义重大。现有研究多采用当量法计算生物多样性保护的生态服务价值,但该方法未考虑不同林地类型的差异化生物多样性价值,因而难以实现空间精细化评估。该研究从生态连通视角切入,以云南省保山市施甸县为例,根据坡度和相关政策设定1种现状情景（情景I）与3种退耕情景（情景II、情景III与情景IV）,采用形态空间模式识别生态源地、指数法分析生态连通性和斑块重要性,进而计算各情景下的生物多样性保护的生态服务价值。在此框架中,该研究通过空间精细化手段修正各类林地的当量因子系数。结果表明：随着物种扩散距离的增加,生态连通性增加,情景II、III和IV的森林的生物多样性保护的生态服务价值均呈现增加趋势,依次增加了3.02×107、4.7×106和1.57×107元,更有助于增加生物多样性保护生态服务价值的退耕方式是情景II;从修正当量角度看,情景II、III和IV的修正当量系数分别为1.51、1.46和1.47,最有利的退耕情景为退耕程度最小的情景II,而退耕程度最大的情景III却没有取得相应的成效。研究表明,除退耕程度外,栖息地空间结构和分布也是影响生物多样性保护价值的因素,三者共同构成确定退耕还林形式和建立生态补偿机制的关键依据。同时,该研究通过实地调研和回归模型验证了结果的准确性,为探究其他区域提供理论依据。