大黑山生态修复区不同植被类型土壤颗粒的分形特征

运用土壤粒径质量分布原理与分形理论,对大黑山生态修复区6种不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形特征进行研究。结果表明：1）不同植被类型土壤颗粒粒径的质量分数分布差别很大,土壤黏粒和粉粒含量林地比荒草地高87.47%和89.94%,砂粒含量和细砾与粗砾含量林地比荒草地低25.09%和19.19%;土壤粉粒和黏粒含量黑桦＋山杨混交林、蒙古栎和山榆等天然次生林地明显高于山杏和油松等人工林地。2）有林地土壤颗粒分形维数明显大于荒草地,天然次生林土壤颗粒分形维数大于人工林,且以天然次生混交林最大。3）不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤粒径〈0.05 mm的黏粒含量和粒径0.05-0.25 mm之间的粉粒含量呈明显的线性正相关关系,土壤的颗粒越小,细粒含量越高,分形维数越大。4）不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤不均匀系数呈较好的线性负相关关系,随着土壤不均匀系数的降低,土壤颗粒分形维数增大。除荒草地外,大黑山生态修复区其他5种植被类型土壤均为不均匀性良好的土壤,以天然次生林土壤粒径分布结构较好,尤其是以天然次生混交林的最好,其次是人工林的。     

晋西黄土丘陵区不同植物群落的土壤分形特征

为研究晋西黄土丘陵区不同植物群落与土壤结构特性和入渗特性的关系,探索土壤结构的定量化描述,运用分形学原理和方法,研究晋西黄土丘陵区油松纯林、刺槐纯林、油松＋刺槐混交林、侧柏纯林、黄刺玫灌丛、柠条灌丛及荒地7种植物群落的土壤分形维数与土壤质地、密度、孔隙度、含水量及饱和导水率的关系.结果表明：1）植物群落具有改善土壤颗粒结构的作用,其改善作用以针阔混交林（油松＋刺槐混交林）最好,阔叶林（刺槐纯林、黄刺玫纯林）次之,针叶林（油松纯林、侧柏纯林）最低.2）研究区土壤颗粒分形维数在2.799 ～ 2.805之间,黏粒（＜0.002mm）质量分数偏高.3）土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤黏粒质量分数呈显著正相关关系,与土壤砂粒（2.00～0.02 mm）质量分数、土壤总孔隙度、含水量及饱和导水率呈显著负相关关系.因此,土壤颗粒分形维数可以表征土壤结构特性和入渗特性的好坏.不同的植物群落对土壤的改良效果不同,研究结果可为研究区域植树造林提供参考依据.     

鲁中南山地典型植被土壤颗粒与土壤水分特征曲线的分形学特征

土壤粒径分布与水分特征曲线是土壤的重要物理性质,对土壤侵蚀状况和土壤肥力有显著影响。以鲁中南山地典型植被下土壤为研究对象,运用分形学理论研究5种典型植被土壤颗粒与水分特征曲线的分形学特征。结果表明:1)不同植被类型的土壤颗粒单重分形维数、多重分形参数和土壤水分特征曲线分形维数具有显著差异,均表现为麻栎+刺槐混交林>黑松+黄连木混交林>黑松林>核桃林>荒草地;2)土壤分形维数有林地大于荒草地,混交林大于纯林;3)土壤分形维数与黏粒体积分数、粉粒体积分数呈显著正相关,与砂粒体积分数呈显著负相关;4)土壤颗粒单重分形维数与土壤水分特征曲线分形维数呈显著的正相关关系。说明土壤颗粒分布与土壤水分特征曲线的分形参数可以作为反映土壤结构性状变化的定量指标,可利用土壤颗粒分形与土壤水分特征曲线分形维数的相关关系来描述对应的土壤水分特征曲线。研究成果可为鲁中南山地退耕还林与生态造林工程建设及其生态效益评价提供理论参考。     

重庆市四面山几种人工林地土壤水分特性研究

采用压力膜仪法测定了重庆市四面山5种人工林地(杉木人工纯林,杉木×马尾松人工混交林,木荷×香樟×思栎×枫香人工混交林,木荷×思栎人工混交林,杉木×马尾松×木荷人工混交林)的土壤水分特征曲线,并据此对这5种人工林地的土壤水分特性进行了分析。结果表明,采用Gardner于1970提出的经验方程θ=aS-b能够较好地模拟这5种人工林的土壤水分含量与土壤水吸力间的关系,且拟合后的决定系数均达到0.99;通过对拟合参数a值的比较得出,5种人工林地的持水能力的顺序为:木荷×杉木×马尾松人工林(a=0.328)>木荷×香樟×思栎×枫香人工林(a=0.248)>杉木人工林(a=0.225)>木荷×思栎人工林(a=0.218)>杉木×马尾松人工林(a=0.206);通过拟合方程计算得出5种人工林土壤有效水上限吸力值为0.03MPa比较合适,而根据比水容量的计算显示,吸力值为0.15MPa时,植物所能吸收到的土壤水量显著减少,故把此吸力值作为易有效水与难有效水的界限;通过比较ab值(即拟合参数a与b的乘积,土壤水吸力S=1.00×105 Pa时的比水容量)和易有效水含量两个指标得出,5种林地不同土层的供水性能变化规律性不明显,但5种人工林地整体的供水性能顺序为:木荷×香樟×思栎×枫香人工林(ab=0.065,易有效水11.704)>杉木人工林(ab=0.062,易有效水10.677)>木荷×思栎人工林(ab=0.058,易有效水10.485)>木荷×杉木×马尾松人工林(ab=0.058,易有效水10.003)>杉木×马尾松人工林(ab=0.056,易有效水9.980)。     

江子河小流域不同植被类型土壤粒径的多重分形特征

为探讨植被类型对土壤粒径分布非均匀性和土壤结构异质性的影响,运用激光粒度分析方法和分形理论,研究桐柏大别山区江子河小流域5种植被类型的土壤颗粒组成及其多重分形特征。结果表明:1)土壤颗粒单分形参数D、多重分形参数Δα、Rf、[α(-1)]-f[α(0)]和f[α(1)]/f[α(0)]均与土壤黏粒体积分数显著正相关,即土壤中细颗粒物质体积分数越高,土壤颗粒分布的非均匀性和奇异性越大;2)不同植物群落土壤颗粒分形维数D和多重分形参数表现为杂木林和针阔混交林(马尾松+栓皮栎)>茶园>竹林和水稻田,即森林(防护林)植被可以增加土壤中黏粒和粉粒等细粒物质体积分数、改善土壤质地的均匀性和增强土壤颗粒结构的异质性。     

四面山不同林地类型土壤特性及其水源涵养功能

通过对四面山不同林地类型土壤特性及水源涵养功能进行研究.结果表明:(1)在0-60 cm土层,杉木×马尾松混交林、木荷×石砾混交林和杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林的土壤容重分别为1.10 g/cm~2,1.03 g/cm~3,1.24 g/cm~3.(2)3种林地的土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度均随深度的增加而减低.在0-60 cm土层,杉木×马尾松混交林、木荷×石砾混交林和杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林的土壤总孔隙度分别为42.32%,48.87%和39.82.而三者的土壤毛管孔隙度分别为33.53%,38.22%和33.97%,土壤非毛管孔隙度分别为8.79%,10.65%和5.86%.(3)木荷×石砾混交林饱和蓄水量最大,为2 932.4 t/hm~2;杉木×马尾松混交林.为2 539.2 t/hm~2;杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林最差,为2 389.6 t/hm~2.术荷×石砾混交林土壤贮蓄水分和调节水分的潜在能力比杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林高122.7%.(4)木荷×石砾混交林枯落物的总蓄积量最大为246.94 t/hm~2.而杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林林枯落物的总蓄积量最小为64.47 t/hm~2.枯落物最大持水率相差较大.变动范围为229%～327.5%之间.枯落物的最大持水量依次为:木荷×石砾混交林(254.28 t/hm~2)>杉木×马尾松混交林(191.72 t/hm~2)>杉木×马尾松×木荷混交林(60.35 t/hm~2).     

红壤丘陵区不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形与水分物理特征

为探明红壤丘陵区不同植被对土壤分形结构及水分物理特征的改良作用与机制,运用土壤分形学和水文物理学原理与方法,以南方红壤丘陵区福建省长汀县为例,研究经济林、针阔混交林、乔灌混交林及针叶林4种植被类型土壤颗粒组成、分形维数、水分物理参数及其相关性。结果表明:1)红壤丘陵区不同植被类型土壤中以粗砂粒质量含量最高,细砂粒和石砾质量含量次之,粉黏粒质量含量较低,与裸地相比,不同植被类型具有显著提高土壤细砂砾和粉黏粒质量含量的作用,并且混交林作用程度高于纯林;2)红壤丘陵区不同植被类型具有降低土壤密度、增加土壤孔隙度的功能,针阔混交林、乔灌混交林、针叶林、经济林土壤的饱和蓄水量分别是裸地的1.20、1.16、1.14和1.10倍,表土层(0～20 cm)贮水能力好于表下土层(20～40 cm);3)土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤粉黏粒、总孔隙度、饱和蓄水量、孔隙比呈极显著正相关,与石砾质量含量、土壤密度呈极显著负相关,红壤丘陵区4种植被类型土壤均为不均匀性良好的土壤,以混交林土壤粒径分布结构较好,尤其是以针阔混交林的最好,其次是纯林的,针叶林好于经济林,表土层(0～20 cm)大于20～40 cm土层。     

重庆四面山几种人工林地土壤抗蚀性分析

选择重庆四面山张家山林场5种人工林为研究对象,通过浸水实验,对林地表层土壤的抗蚀性能及其与土壤理化性质关系进行了研究,结果表明:(1)不同人工林地土壤抗蚀性能差异显著,土壤抗蚀指数表现为木荷石栎混交林地最大(87.2%),其后依次为枫香木荷石栎香樟混交林地(83.5%)、杉木纯林地(73.3%)、杉木马尾松混交林地(69.0%),杉木马尾松木荷混交林地最小(52.5%).(2)林地土壤抗蚀性能随土壤深度和浸水时间的增加而降低,表现为土壤抗蚀指数0-10 cm土层为10-20 cm土层的1.1～1.6倍,土壤抗蚀指数与土粒浸水时间成二次多项式函数关系,林地土壤抗蚀指数与其理化性质存在显著的线性关系.     

杨树低效林下土壤粒径分布与分形特征

[目的]研究鄂尔多斯地区杨树低效林下土壤粒径分布与分形特征,为该地区杨树低效林的成因分析及改造提供基础依据,并为杨树人工林的科学管理提供参考与决策支持。[方法]使用Mastersizer3000激光衍射粒度分析仪测量土壤粒径,采用土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型计算分形维数D值,并测定土壤养分。[结果]①鄂尔多斯地区杨树低效林下土壤颗粒组成主要以细砂粒(42.33%)、极细砂粒(15.72%)、中砂粒(19.77%)为主;主要土壤质地类型为砂土;土壤颗粒的分形维数D值在1.222 5～2.204 5范围内,处于较低水平。②土壤颗粒分形维数D值与粉粒、极细砂粒、细砂粒含量呈显著正相关关系,与中砂粒、粗砂粒、极粗砂粒呈显著负相关关系。③随着土层加深,粒径250μm的土壤颗粒含量增加,粒径250μm的土壤颗粒含量减少;土壤颗粒分形维数D值随土层加深而增大,增大幅度不大。④土壤颗粒分形维数D值与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量的关系均未达到显著水平,土壤各养分含量的变化对分形维数D值没有显著影响。[结论]鄂尔多斯地区杨树低效林下土壤颗粒组成以砂粒为主,土壤分形维数较低,土壤结构极不均匀,这样的土壤结构对杨树的正常生长发育极为不利,不良的土壤结构也在一定程度上导致了低效林的形成,因此在对杨树低效林进行预防和改造时也要改善林下土壤结构。     

沂源石灰岩山地不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形特征研究

运用分形学理论与方法对沂源石灰岩山地营造的3种不同植被类型和封禁条件下灌草丛的土壤颗粒分形特征进行研究,结果表明:(1)不同植被类型土壤颗粒粒径质量百分含量差异显著,有林地粉黏粒含量明显高于灌草地.(2)有林地的分形维数明显大于灌草地,其中,侧柏扶芳藤混交林最大,灌草丛最小.(3)不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤粉黏粒含量和细砂粒含量之间呈明显的正相关(线性)关系,与极粗砂粒呈明显的负相关(线性)关系.(4)不同植被类型土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤不均匀系数呈较好负相关(线性)关系.除灌草丛外,其它3种植被类型土壤均为级配连续、不均匀性良好的土壤.采用土壤颗粒分形维数评价不同植被类型土壤结构和质地是一个重要的量化指标.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

植物CBL基因家族的研究进展

细胞中游离的Ca2+是植物细胞中普遍存在的第二信使,类钙调神经素B亚基蛋白CBL作为一种特殊的钙感受器在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要作用.本文主要对植物CBL家族的起源与进化、蛋白结构、亚细胞定位以及CBL的功能进行综述,并对今后钙感受器CBL家族的研究重点和发展方向进行了展望.