南水北调中线陕西水源区生态补偿量模型研究

在跨流域生态共建共享补偿机制中,生态补偿量的计算是工作的重点和难点,是确定补偿水源区多少的关键,补偿标准确定方法的合理性直接关系着机制的顺利实施.选择南水北调中线陕西水源区为研究对象,构建生态补偿量计算模型.从水源区保护水源所付出的成本、受水区经济可承受能力、水源区的水资源价值和环境容量排污权的损失价值4种途径计算陕西水源区水土保持生态补偿量.通过4种途径计算结果比较分析,认为基于水源区保护水源所付出成本的水源区生态服务补偿支付较为可行.陕西水源区的生态补偿量生态环境建设期为99.56亿元/年,生态环境管护期为90.86亿元/年,同时,根据受水区所需水质标准对所推荐的补偿标准进行修正,为建立跨流域调水水土保持生态补偿机制提供了有益参考.     

水土保持与国家生态安全

 探讨水土保持在保障国家生态安全中保护两道生态屏障、防治洪涝灾害的作用。提出了充分发挥生态自我修复能力、加大水土保持法的执法力度、积极推进生态环境建设、建立科学合理的流域生态补偿机制和管理模式等水土流失防治对策。     

我国水土保持生态补偿机制研究

水土保持生态补偿是国家生态补偿的主要内容。水土保持生态补偿归根结底是人类社会系统为控制水土流失、维护水土保持功能、保障水土资源的持续利用对生态系统进行的物质和能量输入。如何使这种物质和能量自觉地、及时地、恰当地输入自然生态系统,有必要在社会系统建立水土保持补偿机制。在分析水土保持现状、总结国内外生态补偿成功经验、深入探讨水土保持补偿机理的基础上,提出了补偿额度的测算方法、补偿实现途径以及相关制度安排。     

黄河流域的水土保持生态补偿及发展建议

在以科学发展观为统领的国家政策制度下,要求尽快建立健全水土保持生态补偿制度已成为可持续发展的必然选择。黄河流域经过近20年的水土保持生态补偿探索与实践,形成了基于法律法规政策、财政转移支付、征收资源开发税费、生态保证金、民间资本等五类的水土保持生态补偿类型。介绍了黄河流域水土保持生态补偿的成功经验、做法和存在的问题,提出了完善水土保持生态补偿的法律法规、健全水土保持生态补偿监管体系、加大水土保持财政转移支付力度、建立多元化水土保持生态补偿机制、开展水土保持生态补偿试点工作、加快水土保持生态补偿基础研究、加快水土保持补偿制度的宣传和教育的建议。     

小流域综合治理方案的模拟与优化调控——以渭北旱塬淳化县秦庄沟流域为例

以渭北旱塬淳化县秦庄沟流域为例,分析了小流域系统内部生态、经济、社会三大子系统相互作用的关系。以水土保持为中心,以沼气池为纽带,生态、经济、社会治理目标为衡量依据,运用VENSIM软件构建SEE(社会-生态-经济)系统动力学模型,量化分析了生态、经济、社会3大子系统的综合治理效益,并对系统2011-2026年时间段内的发展趋势进行了模拟。模拟比较分析结果表明,方案3(人均产粮目标为350 kg的自给型模式)为水土保持生态设计的优化方案。该模式从源头上改变了秦庄沟流域系统恶化的趋势,可使生态系统中水土流失得到有效控制,消除点源面源污染;使流域的生态农业建设得到进一步发展,人均收入达到6 000元;可以在全流域实现饮水安全,出行便利和改善人居环境。     

湄公河流域生态系统服务与利益补偿机制

湄公河流域是中国"一带一路"沿线的重要门户,核算流域各国的生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Value,ESV)与利益补偿量,对建立各国资源利用与经济补偿的联动关系、促进流域协调发展具有重要意义。基于生态足迹理论,对湄公河流域1995—2015年的ESV和生态盈余(或赤字)状况进行了动态评估,结合流域各国的实际经济发展水平对生态补偿优先级进行量化分析,初步建立了各国ESV与实际生态补偿量的转化关系,并对"生态消费型"国家在现状年(2015年)的实际生态补偿量进行了确定。结果表明:1)湄公河流域ESV由1995年的1 289.76亿美元下降至2015年的1 259.21亿美元,各国ESV从大到小依次为:泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、越南、缅甸;各国林地ESV的比例最大(60.0%),水域和湿地ESV比例的增幅最快,近20 a增加了4.5%。2)1995-2015年间,流域境内的缅甸、老挝两国为生态盈余状态,其他3国为生态赤字状态,且赤字水平呈逐年加重趋势,其中泰国、越南两国对全流域生态足迹(Ecological Footprint,EF)的贡献比例高达80.1%。3)流域上游的缅甸、老挝两国为"生态输出型"国家,下游的3个国家为"生态消费型"国家,其中泰国、越南两国经济发展水平较好且生态补偿优先级系数(Ecological Compensation Priority Sequence,ECPS)更低(分别为0.05和0.09),均低于其他3个湄公河流域国家(缅甸:2.67,老挝:1.16,柬埔寨:0.55),应率先进行生态支付。4)结合流域各国的实际经济发展水平,初步确定下游"生态消费型"国家应支付实际生态补偿合计680.63亿美元,泰国、越南和柬埔寨分别支付507.73、167.61和5.29亿美元。该研究结果可为湄公河流域资源管理和生态补偿政策的建立提供理论支撑,并为其他跨境流域相关的研究提供借鉴与参考。     

浑河流域森林生态补偿标准测算

[目的]测算浑河流域森林生态补偿标准,为建立流域森林生态补偿机制提供科学依据。[方法]以浑河流域森林生态补偿为研究对象,在应用ArcGIS 9.3计算流域上游向下游空间转移的森林生态服务价值基础上,利用主成分分析法得到浑河流域下游各市县社会经济发展水平测算出来的补偿系数,最终确定浑河流域森林生态补偿标准。[结果]沈阳市森林生态补偿标准最高为4.12亿元/a,大洼县森林生态补偿标准最低为0.07亿元/a。[结论]森林生态服务价值转移量随着距离上游地区空间距离增加而减少。得到森林生态服务价值转移量越多,补偿系数越大,补偿标准越高。     

流域生态补偿研究的演进与热点分析

[目的] 分析和掌握流域生态补偿研究现状,为完善补偿制度和促进中国流域生态保护与高质量发展提供依据。[方法] 以中国知网CNKI收录的876篇文献为样本,应用CiteSpace可视化软件,结合普赖斯定律、X指数,对作者共现、高频关键词、研究主题聚类等内容进行分析。[结果] 国内流域生态补偿研究主要兴起于2000年,年度发文量整体呈现上升趋势;研究热点与国家政策及流域发展高度耦合,主要包括流域生态补偿标准量化研究、博弈视角下的流域生态补偿主体行为研究、生态保护背景下的流域生态补偿机制研究3方面;按研究主题演进特征可分为初步探索（2007年之前）、快速发展（2007—2017年）、巩固提升（2018—2021年）3阶段,经历了水资源治理背景下的理论分析到补偿标准量化分析的变化;研究对象重点关注长江流域和黄河流域两大水系,干流与重要支流研究交错开展,逐步深化;研究形成了多个科研基础平台,但高产作者和跨部门合作较少。[结论] 中国流域生态补偿领域研究20 a多来已形成了一定的理论体系研究框架,研究主题和热点特色鲜明,研究方法趋于系统化、多样化,未来应理论和应用相结合探讨适合区域特征的动态化、市场化补偿机制。     

鄂尔多斯市实施水土保持生态修复的实践与启示

鄂尔多斯市通过实施禁牧舍饲等水土保持生态修复措施,成功实现了由传统农牧业向现代农牧业的转变。近年来,鄂尔多斯市以农牧业"三区"经济发展规划为指导,统筹城乡发展,实施"收缩转移集中发展"战略,以禁休轮牧及草畜平衡、生态移民、农牧业产业化建设为重要抓手,开创了水土保持生态修复的新局面,为黄河流域加快推行水土保持生态修复提供了典型经验,树立了榜样。建议以国家功能区划总体意见为指导,进一步完善黄河流域水土保持规划,加强流域监督和监测评价,尽快探索和建立水土保持生态补偿机制,以促进流域水土保持生态修复。     

关于建立南水北调中线工程水源区水土保持生态补偿机制的思考

南水北调中线工程是缓解京津和华北平原水资源供需矛盾、促进国民经济与社会可持续发展的重大举措。这一工程的实施,增加了水源区经济社会发展的成本,因此有必要建立水土保持生态补偿机制。在介绍水源区为保护生态环境而付出巨大代价的基础上,论述了建立水源区水土保持生态补偿机制的必要性和重要意义,指出建立水土保持生态补偿机制是贯彻落实党的十七大精神的重要举措,是地方性法规的明确要求,进而提出了开展水土保持生态补偿的原则、主体、对象、途径、方式和有关建议。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI