EMS诱导小麦品种烟农15突变体的鉴定和EST-SSR分析

用EMS对小麦品种烟农15进行诱变处理,以构建突变体库、创造小麦新种质,为小麦功能基因研究和小麦遗传改良提供基础材料。经过M2代筛选和M3代鉴定,得到11个农艺性状发生明显变异的突变系,其中籽粒大小和株高2个性状的变异幅度最大。11个突变系均有复合性状突变出现,将其分为3类突变表型:8个大粒、高秆突变系;2个半矮秆突变系;1个高秆、多蘖突变系。用715个EST-SSR引物对受体烟农15和4个M3突变系进行了分析,共有14个引物对在受体和突变系间能扩增出差异条带。其中12个引物对扩增结果的差异表现为条带的有无;2个引物对表现为扩增出长度不同的差异条带。     

空间环境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以"实践八号"育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分(11S/7S球蛋白)、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂(SKTI)等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417%和1.667%,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株(01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2)和中黄29的5株(02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8)变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

空间坏境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以“实践八号”育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分（11S/7S球蛋白）、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂（SKTI）等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417 %和1.667 %,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株（01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2）和中黄29的5株（02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8）变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S 蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

化学诱变剂EMS对胡麻种子的诱变效应

EMS诱变是创造突变体,创新种质和品种改良的有效手段。为探讨化学诱变剂EMS对胡麻种子的诱变效应,设置5个EMS浓度和4个处理时间对5个胡麻品种进行诱变处理。结果表明,EMS诱变处理对不同胡麻品种农艺性状的影响差异比较大,变异比较丰富。在不同胡麻品种间,EMS诱变对种子出苗期、成苗数的影响存在差异, 在不同籽粒颜色的品种间差异更显著。胡麻植株表型变异出现了黄化苗、畸形花、花瓣不展开、花瓣颜色变异株、分茎和分枝多,茎扁平、簇头、早熟、不育等类型,这些变异丰富了胡麻突变体库;通过EMS诱变产生的突变体,可为胡麻品种改良和种质创新提供优异资源。     

花生辐照后M_2代突变材料的SSR分析

以60Coγ射线辐照花生品种鲁花11号,通过调查其M2代植株农艺性状,筛选到7个叶部特征明显变异的突变材料,利用107对SSR引物对其进行PCR扩增,分析突变材料的DNA变异。结果发现突变材料与原品种之间存在不同程度的多态性,且均呈现多个位点突变。SSR标记的多态性分析表明,60 Co辐照诱变可使花生的DNA分子多个区段内发生重复或缺失等结构性变异。     

晋麦47 EMS突变体库的构建及高代突变材料品质性状的初步分析

为加快小麦抗旱种质资源创制,推进抗旱品种的遗传改良工作,采用0.6%甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)溶液处理晋麦47的种子,构建了包含12 272个单株的M₂突变体库,对各突变性状和突变率进行调查与分析。此外,对前期研究筛选出的50份M₇和M₈突变材料籽粒的硬度指数、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率、稳定时间、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸面积共8个品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,M₂突变体库表型变异丰富,包括茎秆性状、育性、穗型、抗病性、叶性状、生育期和芒性状等32种突变类型,总突变率为30.24%;其中,育性、株高和穗型的突变率较高。50份突变材料的籽粒不仅产生了粒形、粒长、饱满度和粒色方面的形态突变,其品质性状也发生了不同程度的变异,其中稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、沉降值的变异系数最高,硬度指数、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量的变异系数中等,吸水率的变异系数最小;除吸水率外,其余性状均有一定比例的材料产生了正向变异。初步筛选出4份品质性状优良的突变材料,除硬度指数和吸水率外其余6个品质性状表现均优于野生型。本研究结果为小麦功能基因的发掘提供了宝贵的遗传材料,并为抗旱新品种的选育提供了新的研究思路。     

甘蓝型油菜品种航天诱变后代性状分析

通过对搭载实践8号育种卫星的6个甘蓝型油菜品种(系)种子及其后代连续多年种植选择,对其SP3农艺性状及品质性状进行诱变效应分析,对SP4产量和农艺性状等进行鉴定与结果分析。结果表明,6个搭载品种的植株性状、生育期和抗逆性在SP1与对照相比均没有明显变化。对SP2进行田间观测,发现有多个主花序、主茎萎缩和小花瓣等变异株。对SP3室内考种和品质测试,发现了矮杆、大粒等有利变异株,还有一些芥酸、硫苷和含油率发生改变的变异群体。对SP4田间产量鉴定,得到了1份高产材料TK407,产量为3 048.35 kg·hm-2,产量构成三要素合理,分别为单株有效角果数365角、每角粒数23.43粒、千粒重4.61g。研究表明,航天诱变后代能产生变异植株,通过育种目标性状多代选择,能选育出高产、优质的新品种。     

利用空间诱变技术进行早籼稻新品种的改良

利用卫星搭载2个早籼稻品系浙105和浙207干种子,进行空间诱变处理。回收后SP2~SP7逐代选择,以主要农艺经济性状改良为目标,结合稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性筛选,获得一批突变品系;选用72对分布于水稻12条染色体上的SSR引物对5个变异株系与原种对照进行DNA分子检测。结果表明:空间诱变对水稻品种产生了不同程度的生理损伤,SP1表型不分离,SP2出现不同程度的变异,SP3起逐代选择获得农艺经济性状、稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性变异株,从中选出得到明显改良的新品系;5个变异株系与原种之间均存在着不同程度的SSR多态性差异。     

甘蓝型油菜EMS诱变后代农艺性状观察及分子检测

利用不同浓度甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)溶液处理甘蓝型油菜常规品种川油20和渝黄1号选系种子,结果表明:EMS对成苗率的抑制作用随着浓度的增加而增强,浓度1.0%为半致死量。M1中出现叶片卷曲、皱缩、黄化、双茎、扁茎和植株矮化等变异性状;M2中筛选到双茎、长角、多分枝等变异性状。对M2长角果等产量性状变异株进行考察,结果表明变异株角果长度(果身和果喙)高于对照,有效分枝数、有效角果、角果粒数和千粒重高于对照,一次分枝高度低于对照。对变异株进行SSR分析表明,变异株与对照在电泳条带上表现出多态性,进一步证明了变异的真实性。     

玉米自交系辐照效应的研究

用 2 0 0Gy6 0 Coγ射线辐照玉米自交系黄早四干种子 ,引起玉米自交系各性状的较大变异。M1表现出明显的辐射生理损伤效应 ,M2 、M3的质量性状未发现有明显的变异 ,但生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长等数量性状出现较高的突变频率 ;M3开始出现黄、白化苗、矮生株等隐性突变和雄性不育株 ,同时在粒色上也产生了有明显变异的个体。再次证明异花授粉作物的辐射诱发突变导致M2 形成杂合的植株 ,而诱发突变大多为隐性的 ,需在M3纯合后才表现出来 ,M4 代测交种试验结果表明 ,自交系经辐照后 ,有选择出高配合力个体的可能。     

EMS诱发大豆脂肪酸组成优良突变的研究

本文采用0.2％甲烷磺酸乙酯(EMS)溶液(pH7)处理大豆稳定系LF81-9903和F_1(合交77-153×哈80-3249)种子,研究大豆油主要脂肪酸的变异,以探求改善大豆油品质的有效技术方法。试验表明,经EMS处理后,大豆油中脂肪酸含量发生遗传改变,其方差明显提高,较未处理对照提高1.2～6倍。广义遗传力、遗传进度发生一定程度的变化。出现一些亚麻酸含量明显下降、亚油酸含量降低较少甚至增加的优良突变体,如518-1,643-3等。现正进行抗病性、丰产性的培育。0.2％EMS对诱发大豆脂肪酸有益突变是有效的。     

显性雄性核不育突变体水稻的遗传鉴定

利用γ射线处理水稻干种子 ,从 2个美国品种Orion和Kaybonnet中分别获得了雄性核不育突变体 1 783和 1 789。对 1 783的M7代和 1 789的M6 代的花粉育性和结实率进行了观察和考查 ,并对后裔单株育性的分离结果进行了统计分析。结果表明 ,突变体 1 783和 1 789的育性分离为 1可育 :1不育 ,雄性核不育性受一对显性基因控制 ,是一种人工诱变中不常见的显性突变。 2个雄性核不育突变体的花粉育性 ,经I KI染色表现为部分败育 ,自然状态下的结实率为 3 0 %左右 ,套袋结实率仅0 3 %～ 3 5 %。显性雄性核不育是水稻遗传育种中进行群体改良的有效工具     

Positional effect on protein and oil content and composition of soybeans

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) protein and oil qualities, with respect to monogastric nutrition, have been linked to the relative abundance of specific protein subunits and fatty acids, respectively. An analysis of field-grown soybean seeds by near-infrared spectroscopy revealed significant differences in their protein and oil contents as a function of nodal position. Seed proteins from the plant apex were high in protein and low in oil content, while those from the basal region exhibited an opposite pattern of accumulation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total seed proteins revealed that the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin content was 4-fold higher in seeds from the apical nodes than in seeds from basal nodes. The glycinin A3 polypeptide content gradually increased in successively lower nodes from the top of the plant. Its accumulation was drastically reduced when nitrogen was applied at specific growth stages. Exogenous nitrogen did not alter the pattern of beta-subunit accumulation, but accrual of the acidic and basic polypeptides of glycinin was diminished. The remaining seed storage protein components were not influenced by nodal position or nitrogen application. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids indicated that only oleic (18:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids showed variability in accumulation at different nodes. Neither the abundance nor the distribution of the fatty acids was altered by nitrogen application.     

Genetic diversity analysis and character associations in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) based on agro-morphological and phytochemical traits

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is one of the important medicinal plants that used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, 32 Iran endemic black cumin genotypes were evaluated through randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 growing seasons to determine the extent of genetic diversity and character associations for agro-morphological and phytochemical traits. Results showed the significant differences between genotypes for all traits studied. Clustering analysis using agro-morphological and phytochemical traits grouped genotypes into the two distinct groups. The values of percentage of essential oil and fatty oil content varied from 0.65 to 0.1.36% and 25.30% to 35.02% between genotypes, respectively. The highest seed yield and fatty oil yield obtained for Arak genotype. GC and GC/MS analyses of essential oil and fatty oil compositions of the Arak genotype revealed that p-cymene and linoleic acid were main components, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that shoot dry mass, days to ripening and seed length were the most important traits associated with seed yield, fatty oil yield and essential oil yield. Hence, these traits can be considered as important indicators for early selection for seed yield and quality in black cumin breeding programs.     

Oil goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

Whole berries, seeds, and pulp/peel of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) were compared in terms of fatty acids, lipid classes, triacylglyerols, phytosterols, fat-soluble vitamins, and beta-carotene. The total lipid contents in the whole berries, seeds, and seedless parts were 2.0, 1.8, and 0.2% (on a fresh weight basis), respectively. Linoleic acid was the dominating fatty acid followed by oleic acid as the second major fatty acid. Palmitic and stearic acids were the major saturates. In pulp/peel oil, the fatty acid profile was characterized by higher amounts of saturates, monoenes, and trienes than in whole berry and seed oils. Neutral lipids comprised >95% of total lipids in whole berry oil and seed oil, while neutral lipids separated in lower level in pulp/peel oil. Triacylglycerols were the predominant neutral lipid subclass and constituted ca. 81.6, 86.6, and 65.1% of total neutral lipids in whole berry, seed, and pulp/peel oils, respectively. Nine triacylglycerol molecular species were detected, wherein three species, C54:3, C52:2, and C54:6, were presented to the extent of approximately 91% or above. The highest level of phytosterols was estimated in pulp/peel oil that contained the highest level of unsaponifiables. In both whole berry and seed oils, campesterol and beta-sitosterol were the sterol markers, whereas Delta5-avenasterol and campesterol were the main 4-desmethylsterols in pulp/peel oil. The tocopherols level was much higher in pulp/peel oil than in whole berry and seed oils. beta- and gamma-tocopherols were the major components in whole berry and seed oils, whereas gamma- and alpha-tocopherols were the main constituents in pulp/peel oil. beta-Carotene and vitamin K(1) were also measured in markedly high levels in pulp/peel oil followed by whole berry oil and seed oil, respectively. Information provided by the present work is of importance for further chemical investigation of goldenberry oil and industrial utilization of the berries as a raw material of oils and functional foods.     

谷子EMS矮秆突变体的产量性状分析

为丰富谷子遗传多样性和突变体库材料,本研究采用1%浓度的甲基硫磺乙酯(EMS)诱变晋谷40号 10 h, 在谷子生育期间对突变体M1和M2代材料进行表型性状调查。结果表明,共获得332株表型差异突变型单株,这些突变体类型主要包括株高、穗型、茎粗、育性、刚毛、抗拿扑净、颖壳色、抽穗期、穗轴、粒色、穗紧实度、抗逆性、穗重等;对数量性状的表型指标进行变异分析,其中株高的变异系数最大,为41.25%,抽穗期的变异系数最小,为11.03%;对20份矮秆突变体材料进行产量性状分析,发现E-13、E-58和E-98可作为矮秆、早熟、高产的材料;突变体中发现褐米色、抗拿扑净等优质、适宜产业化的材料。本研究构建的谷子突变体库具有丰富的突变类型,为谷子分子遗传学和育种提供了优异的基础材料。     

~(60)Coγ射线对小豆种子辐射处理效应的研究

本试验研究结果表明 :60 Coγ射线辐照小豆种子的半致死剂量平均为 3 89Gy ,且M1生长初期叶片性状有明显的叶面缺刻、叶色缺绿、叶形不对称、叶缘卷曲、花叶、黄叶等致变现象 ,各种畸型叶出现频率与辐照剂量大小有关 ;M1根尖细胞中有多种染色体畸变类型 ,以染色体桥和断片频率较高 ,辐照剂量在 40 0Gy以上时根尖细胞异常率达 1 0 %以上 ;植株花粉育性与辐照剂量呈极显著负相关 ,京农 2号植株花粉育性达 5 0 %时的辐照剂量为 3 78Gy。根据M1出苗率、成活株率、根尖细胞异常率、叶片致畸率、植株花粉育性、植株农艺性状受抑程度及M2 植株性状的变异等综合分析 ,60 Coγ射线辐照小豆种子的较适宜剂量为 40 0Gy     

Accumulation of genistein and daidzein, soybean isoflavones implicated in promoting human health, is significantly elevated by irrigation

To circumvent drought conditions persisting during seed fill in the mid-south U.S. soybean production region, researchers have developed the early soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production system (ESPS), which entails early planting of short-season varieties. Because soybean supplies a preponderance of the world's protein and oil and consumption of soy-based foods has been associated with multiple health benefits, the effects of this agronomic practice on seed quality traits such as protein, oil, and isoflavones should be investigated. Four cultivars of soybean, two from maturity group IV and two from maturity group V, were planted in April (ESPS) and May (traditional) in a two-year study at Stoneville, MS. Near-infrared analysis of soybean seed was utilized to determine the percentages of protein and oil. Dependent upon variety, the oil content of the early-planted crop was increased by 3-8%, whereas protein was not significantly changed. Visualization of protein extracts fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis revealed that early planting did not affect the relative accumulation of the major seed-storage proteins; thus, protein composition was equal to that of traditionally cultivated soybeans. Maturity group IV cultivars contained a higher percentage of oil and a lower percentage of protein than did the maturity group V cultivars, regardless of planting date. Gas chromatographic separation of fatty acids revealed that the percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly altered by planting date. Methanol extracts of seed harvested from different planting dates when analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography showed striking differences in isoflavone content. Dependent upon the variety, total isoflavone content was increased as much as 1.3-fold in early-planted soybeans. Irrigation enhanced the isoflavone content of both early- and late-planted soybeans as much as 2.5-fold. Accumulation of individual isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, was also elevated by irrigation. Because this cultural practice improves the quality traits of seeds, ESPS provides an opportunity for enhancing the quality of soybean.     

INVESTIGATIONS ON FOLIAR SPRAY OF BORON AND MANGANESE ON OIL CONTENT AND CONCENTRATIONS OF FATTY ACIDS IN SEEDS OF SUNFLOWER PLANT RAISED THROUGH SALINE WATER IRRIGATION

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilization of some micronutrients [i.e., manganese (Mn) and boron (B)] on reproductive yield and fatty acid concentrations of a standard sunflower hybrid (‘NuSun 636') irrigated with different concentrations of saline water made by dissolving sea salt. Reproductive yield showed a significant decrease with the increase in salt in the rooting medium. However, foliar sprays of boric acid (H₃BO₃) and manganese chloride (MnCl₂) showed a significant increase in seed number, seed weight, and oil content of seeds in the nonsaline control, which persisted even under saline water irrigation. An increase under the MnCl₂ spray was more than with H₃BO₃ irrespective of non saline or saline water irrigation. Increasing levels of salinity appeared to be responsible for a decrease in oleic monounsaturated fatty acid concentration and an increase in the linoleic polyunsaturated, palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acid content whereas no significant change was found in linolenic polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Foliar applications of H₃BO₃ and MnCl₂ brought some beneficial alteration in fatty acid concentrations of sunflower. Foliar application of H₃BO₃ caused a significant increase in palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acids and linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acids in control as well as under saline conditions. Oleic monounsaturated fatty acid concentration showed a decline under H₃BO₃ treatment irrespective to nonsaline or saline conditions. Foliar applications of MnCl₂ increased the concentration of palmitic saturated fatty acid and oleic monounsaturated fatty acid irrespective to the plant growth under non saline or saline conditions. While stearic saturated fatty acid, linoleic and linolenic polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased with the application of manganese as compared to the non sprayed control.