中亚热带杉木林和常绿阔叶林土壤C、N库及其火烧后的变化

Soil organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) pools of a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate, (Lamb.) Hook.) (CF) forest, and an evergreen broadleaf (EB) forest located in mid-subtropical, southeastern China, were compared before clearcutting, with the effect of slash burning on organic C and total N in the top 10 cm of soil before and after burning also being evaluated. Prior to clearcutting CF forest had significantly lower (P < 0.05) organic C and total N in the soil (0-100 cm) compared to EB forest with approximately 60% of the C and N at the two forest sites stored at the 0 to 40 cm soil. In post-burn samples of the 0-10 cm depth at 5 days, 1 year, and 5 years for CF and EB forests, significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) of organic C and total N than those in the pre-burn samples were observed. Compared to the pre-burn levels, at post-burn year 5, surface soil organic C storage was only 85% in CF forest and 72% in EB forest, while total N storage was 77% for CF forest and 73% for EB forest. Slash burning caused marked long-term changes in surface soil C and N in the two forest types.     

中国中亚热带杉树及常绿阔叶林中焚烧对养分流失及土壤肥力的影响

A Chinese fir forest(Cunninghamia lanceolata,CF) and an evergreen broadleaved forest(EB) located in Fujian Province,southeastern China,were examined following slash burning to compare nutrient capital and topsoil properties with pre-burn levels.After fire,nutrient(N,P and K) removal from burining rsidues was estimated at 302.5kg ha^-1 in the CF and 644.8kg ha^-1 in the EB.Fire reduced the topsoil capitals of total N and P by about 20% and 10%,respectively,in both forests,while K capital was incresed in the topsoils of both forests following fire.Total site nutrient loss through surface erosion was 28.4kg(N) ha^-1 ,84.kg(P)ha^-1 and 328.7kg(K) ha^-1 in the CF.In the EB,the losses of total N,P and K were 58.5,10.5 and 396.3kg ha^-1,respectively,Improvement of soil structure and increase in mineralization of nutrients associated with increasesd microbe number and enzyme acitvityes and elecvated soil respiration occurred 5 day after fire.Howerver,organic matter and available nutrient contents and most of other soil parameters declined ont year after fire on the burned CF and EB topsoils.These rsults suggest that short-tmerm site productivity can be stimulated immediately.but reduced subsequently by soil and water losses,especially in south China,where high-intensity precipitation,steep slopes and fragile soil can be expected,Therefore,the silvicultural measurements should be developed in plantation management.     

Changes in enzyme activities of spruce (Picea balfouriana) forest soil as related to burning in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The effect of forest fire on soil enzyme activity of spruce (Picea balfouriana) forest in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was assessed. Six specific enzymes were chosen for investigation: invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. It was found that the activities of invertase and proteinase were reduced by burning, but the activities of acid phosphatase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase increased. Meanwhile, burning significantly (P < 0.05) resulted in the decrease of concentrations of available N and K of 0–20 cm depth layer soil, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased concentrations of organic matter content, total N and P, as well as available N, P and K in soil at both 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths except for available P at 20–40 cm soil depth. These results illustrated that burning could influence the enzyme activities and chemical properties of soil not only of upper but also lower soil layers. Correlation analysis indicated that invertase activities in 0–20 cm depth layer soil were significantly positively correlated with organic matter, total N and P, as well as available N and P. Furthermore, all six enzymes studied were sensitive to fire disturbance, and thus could be used as indicators of soil quality. Our study also showed that soil enzyme activities were associated with soil depth, decreasing from top to bottom in both burned and unburned spruce forests. The distribution pattern of soil enzyme activities suggested that the rate of organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling depended on soil depth, which had important structural and functional characteristics in nutrient cycling dynamics and implications in plantation nutrient management. The finding that burning effects on enzyme activities and soil properties between different soil layers were homogenized was attributed to the 8-years’ regeneration of forest after burning.     

中国杉连作对土壤肥力的影响

The changes in soil fertility under continuous plantation of Chinese fir were studied by comparing soil samples from different forest stands:the first and second plantations of Chinese fir,evergreen broad-leaved forests,and clear-cut and burnt Chinese fir land located at Xihou Village,Nanping of Fujian Province.The soils were humic red soil originated from weathered coarse granite of the Presinian system.Soil pH,CEC,base saturation ,exchangeable Ca^2 ,exchangeable Mg^2 and A1-P declined after continuous plantation of Chinese fir.The same trends were also found in the soils under broad-leaved stands and slash burnt lands.The explantation was that not merely the biological nature of the Chinese fir itself but the natural leaching of nutrients,soil erosion and nutrient losses due to clear cutting and slash burning of the preceduing plantation caused the soil deterioration .Only some of main soil nutrients decreased after continuous plantation of Chinese fir,depending on specific silvicultural system,which was different from the conclusions in some other reports which showed that all main nutrients,such as OM,total N,available P and available K decreased,Some neccessary step to make up for the lost base,to apply P fertilizer and to avoid buring on clear cut lands could be taken to prevent soil degradation and yield decline in the system of continuous plantation of Chinese fir.     

秸秆深度粉碎均匀抛洒还田降低秸秆焚烧率并提高养分归还量

  【目的】  研究粉碎程度与还田方式对减少秸秆焚烧率及其养分损失的影响,以提升秸秆还田的科学性和可行性。  【方法】  水稻秸秆还田田间试验与模拟试验在湖南宁乡进行。田间试验设秸秆传统不粉碎条带还田 (T1)、中度粉碎条带还田 (T2)、深度粉碎均匀抛撒还田 (T3) 3个处理,T1、T2、T3的秸秆还田长度分别为39.0、14.4、5.3 cm,抛撒均匀度分别为37.7%、45.4%、87.4%。模拟试验设置与田间试验T1、T2、T3处理相对应的M1、M2、M3处理,并增加秸秆深度粉碎条带还田 (M4) 处理。早稻收获后,秸秆按照处理进行焚烧后还田,分析秸秆焚烧率,测定焚烧前及焚烧后还田秸秆灰渣的养分含量,计算养分损失量及损失率。在焚烧后第1天及在晚稻成熟期,测定土壤的氮、磷、钾和有机质含量。  【结果】  模拟试验条带还田下,秸秆粉碎程度为M4时,焚烧率显著低于M1和M2,焚烧后M4处理的灰渣中氮含量分别较M1、M2处理显著增加76.5%、73.5%,磷含量分别减少42.0%、39.1%,钾含量分别减少11.1%、10.7%,碳含量分别显著增加37.3%、36.0%。田间试验秸秆 (不含稻茬) 焚烧后,T2处理秸秆中的C、N、P₂O₅、K₂O平均损失量分别为1101.3、34.1、2.7、13.9 kg/hm2,平均损失率分别为91.1%、89.8%、22.4%、16.1%。T3处理秸秆无法焚烧,从而实现了养分理论上全量归还。与焚烧前相比,T1和T2处理平均N、P₂O₅、K₂O的养分归化比分别下降了18.8、3.2、8.2个百分点;与T1和T2处理的平均值相比,T3处理的N、P₂O₅、K₂O的养分归化比分别增加了18.7、3.5、9.1个百分点。经过秸秆焚烧后,T3处理土壤的速效氮、磷、钾含量在晚稻成熟期显著高于T1和T2处理,活性有机质含量3个处理间没有显著差异。  【结论】  秸秆深度粉碎结合均匀抛撒还田可基本防止秸秆焚烧,实现秸秆养分全量归还,降低秸秆焚烧所造成的养分损失,促进双季稻田土壤周年培肥与可持续利用。     

马尾松采伐迹地炼山前后土壤养分变化的研究

对炼山前后马尾松采伐迹地的土壤养分变化进行比较分析。结果表明：炼山后表层（0－20cm)土壤pH值、全磷、全钾、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾都有不同程度的提高，有机质、全氮量呈下降趋势，但底层（20－40cm)土壤的主要养分含量无明显变化。可见，炼山有利于提高土壤的速效养分含量，但由于炼山造林使林地枯枝落叶和养分库严重退化，不利于地力的长期维持。     

Effects of exotic tree plantations of teak (Tectona grandis) and gmelina (Gmelina arborea) on a forest soil in south-western Nigeria

Abstract. The properties of soil under 15-year-old plantations of gmelina ( Gmelina arborea ) and teak ( Tectona grandis ) were compared with logged forest soil in south-western Nigeria. The soil was significantly denser in the 0–10 cm layer of plantation soil and total porosity less than that of forest soil. Organic carbon was significantly greater in the 0–10 cm layer of forest soil. Similarly, the concentrations of total N, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K were greater under forest soil, but the concentrations of available P were similar under all three ecosystems. The smaller organic carbon and nutrient content of plantation soil is mainly due to its more open organic matter and nutrient cycles and nutrient immobilization in the fast-growing exotics.     

秸秆还田对东北黑土碳氮磷钾化学计量特征及玉米产量的影响

【目的】秸秆还田是提升农田土壤肥力,改善土壤养分含量及有效性的重要措施。我们分析了东北黑土区不同秸秆还田方式下土壤碳氮磷钾含量和玉米产量的年际变化,并从土壤化学计量特征角度研究了土壤养分的有效性。【方法】依托2012年在东北黑土区建立的秸秆还田长期定位试验,选取秸秆移除(CK)、秸秆混合还入0—20 cm耕层(RI)和秸秆覆盖还田(RC) 3个处理,测定了处理实施1年(2013)、3年(2015)、5年(2017)和8年(2020)后,不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)含量及玉米产量,计算了土壤化学计量特征(C∶N、C∶P、N∶P),并分析了各指标之间的相关性。【结果】随试验年限的增加,在0—20 cm土层,CK处理SOC含量有所下降,TN含量基本保持不变,而RI和RC处理的SOC和TN含量均有所增加,RC处理下均为最高;RI处理的SOC和TN含量在0—20 cm土层分布相对均匀,RC处理SOC和TN含量在0—5 cm土层中明显增加,尤其在试验5～8年间的增幅明显升高。CK、RI和RC 3个处理的TP和TK含量均随试验年限的增加缓慢升高,处理间无显著...     

不同林龄杉木林下套种阔叶树对土壤磷组分的影响

套种是杉木人工林经营的重要措施,磷是南方森林生态系统中主要限制性养分元素之一,但套种模式对土壤磷素的影响尚不明确。以亚热带杉木人工林表层(0-10 cm)土壤为对象,研究套种林(杉阔套种幼林、杉阔套种成熟林)和杉木幼林土壤理化性质和土壤各形态磷含量差异,分析套种对杉木人工林土壤磷含量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同套种林显著改变土壤总磷、土壤总无机磷、土壤总有机磷、土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP)和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性(APA),大小顺序均为杉阔套种成熟林>杉阔套种幼林>杉木幼林。(2)土壤各磷组分中活性磷含量较低,其中NaHCO3-Po在活性组分中占主导;土壤NaOH-Po是中等活性磷的主要组分,杉阔套种成熟林尤为显著;闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)在总磷含量中最高。(3)与杉木幼林相比,杉阔套种成熟林显著增加了树脂提取态磷(Resin-Pi)、碳酸氢钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi、NaHCO3-Po)、氢氧化钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po)、氢氧化钠残留提取态有机磷(NaOHu.s-Po)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-Pi)和闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)含量;土壤总无机磷、NaHCO3-Po、HCl-Pi、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOHu.s-Pi和Residual-P对杉阔套种幼林的响应不敏感。(4)除含水率外不同林龄下杉阔套种林土壤磷形态与土壤理化性质(土壤总碳氮、土壤可溶性有机氮、土壤微生物生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶)呈正相关性(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤磷组分的变化主要受MBP调控,且MBP与有机磷组分(NaOHu.s-Po、NaOH-Po)和HCI-Pi呈显著正相关。总之,套种林的土壤磷素有效性高于杉木幼林,土壤养分状况更佳。     

Small grains stubble burning and tillage effects on soil organic C and N, and aggregation in northeastern Saskatchewan

Field experiments were conducted over 5 years (2000–2004) at two sites (Star City and Birch Hills) in the Saskatchewan Parkland region to determine the effects of tillage and crop residue burning on soil total organic C (TOC), total organic N (TON), light fraction organic matter (LFOM), light fraction organic C (LFOC), light fraction organic N (LFON) and dry aggregation. Two tillage (ZT, zero tillage; CT, conventional tillage, with one tillage in autumn and another in spring) and two burning (B, residue burnt in autumn; NB, residue not burnt and returned to the soil) treatments were combined in a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)–canola (Brassica napus L.) rotation. After five crop seasons, the mass of TOC and TON in the 0–15 cm soil tended to be greater, whereas mass of LFOM, LFOC and LFON was significantly greater in NB than B treatments at both sites. Zero tillage resulted in greater TOC, TON, LFOM, LFOC and LFON in soil than CT, in both B and NB treatments. The mass of TOC, TON, LFOM, LFOC and LFON in soil was the highest in the ZT–NB treatment, and lowest in the CT–B treatment. Zero tillage had a lower proportion of fine aggregates (<0.83 mm diameter) and a greater proportion of large aggregates (>6.4 mm diameter) at both sites, but the mean weight diameter (MWD) was greater under ZT than CT only at Birch Hills. Although the tillage × burning interaction was not significant in most cases, the ZT–NB treatment usually had the lowest proportion (22.6%) of fine aggregates and the greatest proportion (47.1%) of large aggregates, compared to the highest (34.9%) and the lowest proportion (35.6%) of these aggregates, respectively, in CT–B treatment. This indicated reduced potential for wind erosion when tillage was omitted (ZT) and crop residues were returned to the soil (NB). Returning crop residue to soil rather than burning usually increased soil organic C and N, and aggregation, but the differences between treatments were of greater magnitude between tillage treatments (ZT versus CT) than between burning treatments (B versus NB). Overall, returning crop residues along with ZT improved soil organic C and N, and aggregation, while burning in combination with CT resulted in the deterioration of these soil properties.     

潮土条件下长期施肥对作物产量、氮吸收与土壤剖面中硝酸盐含量分布的影响

Soil properties were investigated in sites where three succeeding generations of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lambert) Hooker) in Nanping, Fujian, China, were cultivated in order to show the impact of a repeated monoculture on site productivity. Compared with the first generation (FG) stand the soil structure deteriorated in the second generation (SG) and the third generation (TG) stands. For instance, the destruction rate of the peds increased by 55%-115% in the SG and the TG stands compared to the FG stand. Soil nutrient storage and nutrient availability also decreased in the SG and the TG stands. For surface soils of 0-20 cm, the organic matter content, total N and P, and available N and P decreased by 3%-20% relative to those in the FG stand. For many soil parameters, the differences between the FG stand and the SG and the TG stands were statistically significant (LSD test, P < 0.05). Furthermore, with each succeeding generation of Chinese fir, the total number of soil microbes declined, the soil enzyme activity weakened, and the soil biological activity decreased. In order to maintain sustainable site productivity, new silvicultural practices need to be developed for management of Chinese fir plantations.     

秸秆和有机肥配合替代部分化肥提高作物水分利用率减少土壤硝态氮残留

  【目的】  研究长期秸秆和有机肥配合替代部分化肥对小麦玉米一年两熟种植制度下农田生产力及氮肥残留的影响,为改善旱地土壤肥力,提高作物产量,降低环境风险提供科学依据。  【方法】  依托中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地始于2007年的长期定位培肥试验,选取不施肥对照 (CK)、常规氮磷钾化肥 (NPK)、秸秆和有机肥配合替代1/3的氮磷钾养分 (SOR) 3个处理。调查了2015—2020年度夏玉米、冬小麦及周年产量、生育期耗水量、水分利用效率;分析了2020年冬小麦收获期0—60 cm土层土壤养分含量,以及硝态氮在0—380 cm土层剖面的分布积累量。  【结果】  与2007年试验开始时相比,2020年CK处理0—20 cm土层土壤养分(除速效钾外)含量显著下降,而NPK和SOR处理不同程度地提高了土壤养分含量。与NPK处理相比,SOR处理0—60 cm土层土壤有机质含量显著提高了10.4%～16.4%,0—40 cm土层全氮含量显著提高了16.7%～20.0%,0—20 cm土层土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了12.9%和15.4%。与NPK处理相比,SOR处理夏玉米产量在干旱年 (2015和2017年) 及5年平均分别显著提高了35.3%和10.1%,水分利用效率在干旱年、平水年 (2016年) 及5年均值分别显著提高了42.7%、12.3%和18.5%,周年产量和水分利用效率在干旱年分别显著提高了20.5%和23.5%;冬小麦产量在不同降水年型下均未显著降低,但水分利用效率在平水年 (2015—2016、2016—2017、2019—2020) 及5年均值较NPK处理分别显著降低了9.8%和7.9%。NPK处理的硝态氮总累积量为732 kg/hm2,其中68.2%积累在100—230 cm土层;SOR处理的硝态氮总累积量为833 kg/hm2,其中74.8%积累在80—200 cm土层。与NPK处理相比,SOR处理显著降低了200—380 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累量,在200—230、260—290、320—350和350—380 cm土层分别显著降低了54.9%、21.1%、25.0%、57.9%。  【结论】  无论降雨多寡,秸秆和有机肥配合替代1/3氮磷钾肥均未降低冬小麦产量,但显著提高了干旱年夏玉米及周年产量及水分利用效率,并提高了0—60 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量,提高了0—20 cm土层土壤速效磷和速效钾含量,同时较常规氮磷钾处理显著降低了200—380 cm土层土壤硝态氮积累量,是旱作麦玉两熟区兼顾产量、效率和环境的施肥模式。     

不同处理采伐剩余物对营造杉木幼林土壤胞外酶活性的影响

土壤酶对森林生态系统生物化学过程有重要作用,能快速反映土壤环境(如养分含量和有效性)的变化。采伐剩余物是林地土壤养分的重要来源,其处理方式会对森林土壤的养分含量和有效性产生影响。为探讨采伐剩余物不同处理方式对杉木幼林土壤酶活性的影响,在福建省三明市格氏栲自然保护区40年生的杉木成熟林采伐迹地上对采伐剩余物进行不同处理(保留RR、火烧RB、去除R)并种植杉木幼林,通过采集0-10,10-20 cm土层土壤,对6种胞外酶活性进行研究。结果表明:(1)采伐剩余物处理4年后,相比保留处理,火烧和清除处理的土壤可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮、无机氮、硝态氮含量均显著下降。其中火烧处理下硝态氮下降幅度显著高于清除处理,2个土层下降幅度平均分别为88%和51%;(2)相比保留处理,火烧和清除处理土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量磷含量以及6种土壤酶活性,即酸性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素水解酶、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、过氧化酶、酚氧化酶均明显更低,而且火烧处理两土层微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量磷含量显著低于清除处理;(3)冗余分析表明,0-10 cm土层土壤酶活性与微生物生物量磷、微生物生物量碳含量显著相关,而可溶性有机氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量碳是影响10-20 cm土层土壤酶活性变化的关键因子。保留采伐剩余物有利于提高土壤养分和酶活性,是土壤肥力维持和森林生产力提高的有效经营管理措施。     

洱海流域减氮施肥条件下水稻产量和土壤剖面氮磷变化特征

[目的]研究实现水稻稳产和土壤氮磷淋失低风险的肥料管理措施,以减少农田养分进入流域水域的风险,并提高农业生产的效益.[方法]田间试验在云南大理国家农田生态系统野外观测研究站进行,种植制度为水稻–大蒜–水稻–蚕豆轮作,试验连续进行了两年.设置8个水稻施肥处理:不施肥(CK);常规施肥(CF);减施20％常规肥(T1);等...     

杉木人工林皆伐对林地径流水化学特征的影响

杉木人工林皆伐前后径流水化学特征研究结果表明，杉木人工林皆伐后引起林地土壤养分大量流失，皆伐后2年内土壤N素、P素、盐基离子（K^ ,Na^ ,Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ）的可溶性盐分的流失增量分别为20.54kg/hm^2、0.817kg/hm^2、42.67kg/hm^2和774.44kg/hm^2，表晨杉木人工林具有一定的调节、富集和保持土壤养分的能力。     

火烧和保留采伐剩余物对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

采用室内培养法,比较分析了福建三明地区米槠次生林皆伐后火烧、保留采伐剩余物处理对土壤有机碳累积矿化量的影响,分析了土壤有机碳累积矿化量和土壤初始有机碳、微生物生物量碳及可溶性有机碳的关系。结果表明,火烧、保留采伐剩余物处理6个月和18个月后,火烧处理表层0~10 cm土壤有机碳含量较对照处理分别下降了6.0%和1.9%,保留采伐物处理土壤表层有机碳增加了15.6%和25.0%。两次培养中,火烧处理各土层累积矿化量显著低于对照和保留采伐剩余物处理;火烧6个月后,保留采伐剩余物处理各土层累积矿化量显著低于对照,18个月后10~20和20~40 cm土层累积矿化量显著高于对照处理。火烧18个月后,保留采伐剩余物处理各土层累积矿化量显著高于1年前的累积矿化量,分别高57.0%、112.0%和49.9%;火烧和对照处理前后两次培养各土层累积矿化量变化并无明显规律。土壤有机碳累积矿化量与土壤初始有机碳、微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳呈显著地线性相关关系(p0.05)。营林活动初期,皆伐后保留采伐剩余物措施较火烧能够增加土壤有机碳库,对土壤肥力及后期林木生长有重要的促进作用。     

Dynamics of residue decomposition and N2 fixation of grain legumes upon sugarcane residue retention as an alternative to burning

Burning of sugarcane residues contributes to air pollution and sugarcane producers have been forced to abandon it. The change from burning to residue retention is likely to alter the cycling of nutrients. Additionally, there is often a time gap of 6–8 months between two different sugarcane cycles during which legumes could be planted. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of burning, mulching or incorporation of sugarcane residues on residue decomposition and N mineralization (sugarcane residue management period) and subsequently upon ploughing (legume period) on N dynamics, N₂ fixation, development and nutrient yields of groundnut and soybean grown between two sugarcane cycles on a sandy soil in Northeast Thailand.

Soil microbial biomass N increased when sugarcane residues were incorporated instead of burned or surface applied at 14 days after initiation of cane residue management. Thereafter, high net N mineralization was accompanied by a reduction in microbial biomass N, indicating that mineralized N was derived from microbial N turnover. However, upon ploughing after 96 days the different previous sugarcane residue management strategies had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on net mineral N and microbial biomass N during the subsequent legume period. Although, ¹⁵N enrichment in control reference plants and plant N uptake indicated significant N immobilization effects persisting into the legume crop phase, the proportion of N derived from N₂ fixation (%Ndfa) or amount of N₂ fixed were not significantly different between sugarcane residue management treatments. Soybean fixed more N₂ (78%Ndfa, 234 kg N fixed ha⁻¹) than groundnut (67%Ndfa, 170 kg N fixed ha⁻¹) due to its larger N demand and a poorer utilization of soil N (64 kg N ha⁻¹ vs. 85 kg N ha⁻¹). Groundnut led to a positive soil N balance while that of soybean was negative due to its high nitrogen harvest index. Legume residues returned 61 and 146 kg N ha⁻¹ to the soil for soybean and groundnut, respectively, compared to only 34–39 kg N ha⁻¹ by fallow weeds. Sugarcane residue retention improved soil organic carbon and N content. The results suggested that although a change from burning to sugarcane residues retention led to alterations in N cycling and improved soil organic matter it did not significantly affect N₂ fixation due to the uniforming action of ploughing and the extended time gap between sugarcane residue incorporation and legume planting.     

猫儿山自然保护区不同林分类型土壤生态化学计量特征

  目的  为揭示猫儿山自然保护区不同林分下的土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）、全钾（K）含量与化学计量比之间的相关性及其变化特点。  方法  采用野外调查采样与室内实验分析相结合的方法,测定水青冈林、毛竹林、杉木林3种林分类型的不同深度土层土壤有机C、全N、全P、全K养分含量,计算其化学计量比,并用多重比较和相关性分析方法综合评价土壤生态化学计量特征。  结果  不同林分类型土壤养分含量与生态化学计量比都存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。土壤有机C、全N含量在林分和土层间差异显著(P < 0.05),在同一林分下随土层深度增加而降低。土壤有机C、全N含量在3种林分间表现为水青冈 > 毛竹 > 杉木,即以水青冈林分最大,其平均值分别达55.91 g kg?1和4.20 g kg?1;全P、全K含量在林分间、土层间存在差异,但未达显著水平;而不同养分含量比C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P、N/K、P/K整体变化相似,在林分间排列顺序为水青冈 > 毛竹 > 杉木。相关分析结果表明,土壤有机C与全N、全P与全K间分别呈极显著(P < 0.01)和显著正相关关系(P < 0.05),而全P与有机C、全N均无显著相关性,全K与有机C、全N呈显著负相关关系。  结论  水青冈天然次生林分土壤有机C、全N高于毛竹人工林、杉木人工林两林分,有较好的养分归还及地力维持效果。     

Organic matter addition, N, and residue burning effects on infiltration, biological, and physical properties of an intensively tilled silt-loam soil

Seventy years of different management treatments have produced significant differences in runoff, erosion, and ponded infiltration rate in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer fallow experiment in OR, USA. We tested the hypothesis that differences in infiltration are due to changes in soil structure related to treatment-induced biological changes. All plots received the same tillage (plow and summer rod-weeding). Manure (containing 111 kg N ha⁻¹), pea (Pisum sativum L.), vine (containing 34 kg N ha⁻¹), or N additions of 0, 45 and 90 kg ha⁻¹ were treatment variables with burning of residue as an additional factor within N-treatments. We measured soil organic C and N, water stability of whole soil, water stable aggregates, percolation through soil columns, glomalin, soil-aggregating basidiomycetes, earthworm populations, and dry sieve aggregate fractions. Infiltration was correlated (r = 0.67–0.95) to C, N, stability of whole soil, percolation, and glomalin. Basidiomycete extracellular carbohydrate assay values and earthworm populations did not follow soil C concentration, but appeared to be more sensitive to residue burning and to the addition of pea vine residue and manure. Dry sieve fractions were not well correlated to the other variables. Burning reduced (p < 0.05) water stability of whole soil, total glomalin, basidiomycetes, and earthworm counts. It also reduced dry aggregates of 0.5–2.0 mm size, but neither burning nor N fertilizer affected total C or total N or ponded infiltration rate. Water stability of whole soil and of 1–2-mm aggregates was greater at 45 kg N ha⁻¹ than in the 0 and 90 kg N ha⁻¹ treatments. Zero N fertilizer produced significantly greater 0.5–2.0 mm dry aggregate fractions. We conclude that differences in infiltration measured in the field are related to relatively small differences in aggregate stability, but not closely related to N or residue burning treatments. The lack of an effect of N fertilizer or residue burning on total C and N, along with the excellent correlation between glomalin and total C (r = 0.99) and total N (r = 0.98), indicates that the major pool of soil carbon may be dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.     

阔叶幼林取代杉木林后的土壤肥力研究

研究了3种阔叶混交幼林的土壤肥力，并将其肥力特征与杉木幼林进行对比研究。3种林分的立地条件相似常绿阔叶混交林1由12种观赏树种组成，常绿阔叶混交林2由7种速生乡土阔叶树种组成，常绿阔叶混交林3由12种阔叶树种组成。结果表明，各林地的土壤呈强酸性。常绿阔叶混交林1的土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量居各林地之首，其余的养分含量也大于或近似于杉木林地；常绿阔叶混交林2的全磷、全钾、有效氮、有效钾含量在4种林分中最高，有机质、全氮和有效磷含量也较高，说明这两种阔叶混交林有效地改善了土壤养分状况。常绿阔叶混交林3的土壤有机质、全氮和有效氮含量大于杉木林地，但是全磷、全钾、有效磷、有效钾含量小于后者。常绿阔叶混交林地1和常绿阔叶混交林地2的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量大于杉木林地，脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性也较高，表明这2种阔叶混交林显著地改善了林地肥力。