氨基酸对甘蓝硫代葡萄糖苷的影响

以中甘21(ZG21)、06-115两个甘蓝品种为试验材料,研究叶面喷施6种氨基酸对甘蓝硫代葡萄糖苷组分及其含量的影响。结果表明,不同种类氨基酸处理甘蓝硫代葡萄糖苷组分相同,均含有9种硫苷。氨基酸对甘蓝硫苷含量有一定的影响,半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸显著提高06-115硫苷的总含量、脂肪族硫苷的含量和4-甲基硫氧丁基硫苷含量,其中半胱氨酸处理含量最高,与对照相比分别提高63.0％、69.6％和69.1％;半胱氨酸处理提高了3-吲哚基甲基硫苷含量,达到725.6 μmol/kg, FW;半胱氨酸处理也显著提高了中甘21硫苷的总含量、脂肪族硫苷的含量、吲哚族硫苷含量和4-甲基硫氧丁基硫苷含量,与对照相比分别提高了27.2％、39.6％、15.3％和26.2％。半胱氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甘氨酸和谷氨酸处理都提高了3-吲哚基甲基硫苷的含量,其中半胱氨酸处理最高,达到292.7 μmol/kg, FW,其次是谷氨酸和甘氨酸处理。     

喷施蔗糖和葡萄糖对小白菜硫代葡萄糖苷含量的影响

以小白菜"上海青"为试验材料,研究了喷施蔗糖和葡萄糖对小白菜生长和硫代葡萄糖苷含量的影响。结果显示,蔗糖和葡萄糖喷施对小白菜地上部鲜重和干重均没有显著影响,喷施蔗糖均能够显著增加小白菜总脂肪族硫代葡萄糖苷、总吲哚族硫代葡萄糖苷和总硫代葡萄糖苷含量,其中,0.1mol/L蔗糖喷施显著提高了3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷和吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷含量,0.2mol/L蔗糖喷施显著增加了吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷和4-甲氧基吲哚-3-甲基硫代葡萄糖苷含量。0.2mol/L葡萄糖喷施显著增加总硫代葡萄糖苷及单个硫代葡萄糖苷含量。蔗糖和葡萄糖喷施均有增加总吲哚族硫代葡萄糖苷相对百分含量的趋势。研究表明外源喷施糖对小白菜硫代葡萄糖苷含量和组成具有显著的影响。     

氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率及产量的影响

【目的】氮(N)、硫(S)是生物所必需的营养物质,对小麦籽粒产量和品质起着重要作用。硫素供应不足,特别是在当前大量氮素供应情况下引起的作物生理性缺硫将导致作物产量和含硫氨基酸蛋白质含量下降。本文旨在探索氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率和籽粒产量的促进效果并提出合理的区域氮、硫施肥技术。【方法】20122013年,在河南温县以国审冬小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,进行大田试验。设置不同施氮量0、120、180、240和360 kg/hm2(分别以N0、N120、N180、N240和N360表示)和施硫0和60 kg/hm2(S0和S60)试验,调查氮、硫对冬小麦干物质积累、氮素积累分配、籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】对冬小麦生育后期干物质积累分析表明,干物质积累随施氮量增多而提高,相同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫小麦干物质积累量显著提高,其中成熟期干物质积累量N180S60、N240S60和N360S60分别较N180S0、N240S0和N360S0提高2225、3607和3120 kg/hm2,而且氮素低的处理添加硫后干物质积累量高于氮素高不加硫处理,如N180S60N240S0、N240S60N360S0,处理间差异均达显著水平。随施氮量增多,冬小麦植株氮素积累总量增加,在N 240和360 kg/hm2水平,硫素供应显著增加小麦植株氮素积累。不同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫均显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,分别提高了10.5%、18.3%、5.2%、5.6%和4.9%。随施氮量增多,氮肥偏生产力下降,氮回收效率、生理效率和农学效率则均以N 180达最高值。不同施氮水平下,施硫均显著提高了冬小麦氮素回收效率,但对氮生理效率影响不显著,其中在施N量为120、180和240kg/hm2时,施硫较不施硫氮肥偏生产力和农学效率均显著提高。【结论】在当前小麦生产中,采用控氮或减氮增硫技术措施,可实现小麦氮利用效率和籽粒产量的同步提高。在本试验地区小麦生产中,达到冬小麦稳产高效或增产高效的适宜施氮量为180 240 kg/hm2配合60 kg/hm2硫肥施用。     

施用硫肥对陕西关中地区冬小麦氮、硫吸收与转运及产量的影响

为了解陕西省关中地区冬小麦小偃22氮、 硫吸收与转运及产量对硫肥的响应,通过大田试验研究了不同施硫水平下冬小麦的氮、 硫吸收转运规律和产量效应。结果表明, 全生育期内各器官的吸硫量随施硫量的增加而提高,吸氮量随施硫量的增加先升高后降低; 施硫促进了小麦花后营养器官氮、 硫向子粒的运转,氮素向子粒的转运率（71.40%~75.27%）远远高于硫素向子粒的转运率（8.52%~27.73%）,同时增加了总转运量对子粒氮、 硫的贡献率。各器官中的 N/S 比随着施硫量的增加而降低,其中,孕穗期叶片中的N/S比变异最显著,与产量的相关性最好。子粒产量随施硫量的增加而增加,在施硫量为 S 150 kg/hm2时,增产幅度达30.1%。因此,在施硫量为S 37.5~150 kg/hm2 范围内,增施硫肥可促进冬小麦对氮、 硫的吸收和转运,提高单位面积穗数和每穗粒数,有显著增产效果。     

氮、硫供应对章丘大葱生长和含硫有机物含量的影响

以章丘大葱为材料,并以珍珠岩为栽培基质,采用盆栽试验研究了不同氮、硫供应水平对大葱生长前期的干物质累积及含硫有机物含量的影响。结果表明,氮、硫供应及其交互作用显著影响大葱生长和含硫有机物含量。在硫不足（SO42- 0.01 mmol/L）和硫充足（SO42- 4.00 mmol/L）供应条件下,随氮供应水平提高,大葱植株干物重明显增加,当供氮水平为N 6.0 mmol/L时,植株干物重及氮素吸收数量达到最大;增加硫素供应可显著提高植株的硫含量和总硫量。然而,硫供应不足时,随着供氮水平提高,植株含硫有机物含量逐渐下降;反之,充足供硫条件下,随着氮供应水平的提高,大葱含硫有机物含量出现先增加后降低。当供氮水平为N 12.0 mmol/L时,含硫有机物含量最高,达到7.23 μmol/g,FW。过量氮供应（N 24.0 mmol/L）则抑制植株生长,降低含硫有机物含量。因此,充足供硫条件下,氮素调控水平对保证大葱高产和高含硫有机物含量至关重要。     

不同供氮条件下施硫对冬小麦光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

在大田条件下，以强筋小麦豫麦34为供试材料，在330kg／hm^2（高氮）、240kg／hm^2（中氮）2个供氮水平下施用纯硫0，20，60，100／hm^2，研究了不同供氮条件下施硫对小麦光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明：在适宜的供氮水平下施硫对小麦氮同化的关键酶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性、叶绿素SPAD值、叶片可溶性蛋白、旗叶光合速率均有促进的影响，高氮条件下有随施硫量的增加NR活性、叶片中可溶性蛋白含量以及旗叶光合速率有减少的趋势。在2个供氮水平下施硫均对干物质积累量和籽粒产量影响效果明显，在N330水平下，各施硫处理的产量高低依次为S100〉S60〉S20〉S0；与S0相比，施硫处理籽粒产量分别提高了28．6％，12．6％和1．9％，S100与S20和S0相比达显著水平，S100和S60间差异不显著。在N240水平下，施硫肥处理籽粒产量分别提高了25．7％，25．3％和12．2％，S100，S60和S20差异不显著，但均显著大于S0。     

硫肥对小油菜产量、品质及生理特征的影响

利用盆栽试验研究不同硫肥施用量对小油菜产量、品质和叶片生理特征的影响。结果表明,硫肥显著提高了小油菜鲜重,且随施硫量的增加呈先增加后降低的抛物线变化。施60 kg/hm~2硫肥处理叶片鲜重较对照增加20.4%,硝酸盐含量显著减少15.5%;并且施硫增加了叶片可溶性糖和Vc含量,但不同施硫处理间差异不显著。小油菜叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶均随生育期的进行呈上升趋势;同一生育期内以60和90 kg/hm~2施硫处理增加最为显著。施30、60和90 kg/hm~2硫处理较对照显著提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,但施120 kg/hm~2硫处理与对照差异不显著。因此,施60~90 kg/hm~2硫肥可改善叶片氮素代谢酶活性,延缓叶片衰老,提高小油菜产量和品质。     

氮硫互作对越冬大葱生长及品质的影响

为探讨氮、硫对大葱生长及产量品质的影响，本文采用裂区试验设计，研究了盆栽砂培条件下越冬大葱对营养液氮、硫水平的响应特性。结果表明，随着氮水平的提高，大葱各器官生长量均显著增加，产量以N 16.00 mmol/L（N2）时较高，分别比N 4.00 mmol/L（N1/2）、 8.00 mmol/L（N1）时提高了50.09 %和22.46 %；而随硫水平的升高，大葱生长量亦呈增加趋势，但反应不如对氮敏感，产量以S 1.68 mmol/L（S1）、3.35 mmol/L（S2）时较高，继续增加硫浓度至6.69 mmol/L（S4）时则产量降低。尽管氮、硫对大葱主要内含物质的作用方向不尽相同，但大葱硫化物（以丙酮酸计）含量均随氮、硫供应水平的增加而显著增加，且合理增施氮、硫均可显著改善大葱的综合品质。氮、硫对大葱生长及产量品质存在显著的互作效应，综合分析表明，以营养液中N 16.00 mmol/L（N2）、S 3.35 mmol/L（S2）时最有利于大葱的生长及产量和品质的提高。     

追施氮肥量对菘蓝根的外形品质、干物质积累及活性成分含量的影响

采用田间小区试验,设5个处理,氮肥用量分别为 225、 450、 675、 900、 1125 kg/hm2,每一个处理3个重复小区,研究不同追施氮肥量对菘蓝的光合参数、 根的外形品质、 干物质积累及活性成分含量的影响,探讨氮肥施用量对菘蓝植株地上部和地下部生长的生理影响,优选菘蓝最佳追施氮肥量。结果表明, 追施氮肥有利于提高菘蓝叶片的净光合速率、 气孔导度、 胞间CO2浓度、 蒸腾速率,可以显著增加菘蓝根主根直径和根长,有明显的壮根效应;而菘蓝总鲜重随着施氮量提高而增加,但超过 900 kg/hm2 后就不再增加;在450 kg/hm2下菘蓝根侧根数最少,低氮（225 kg/hm2）和高氮（900、 1125 kg/hm2）水平下菘蓝根侧根数增加过多,影响了菘蓝根药材外形品质;随着施氮量增加,地上部和地下部干物质积累先增加后下降,而根冠比不断下降,氮肥量为675 kg/hm2 时地上部干物质积累最大,氮肥量为900 kg/hm2 的地下部干物质积累最大,追施氮肥对地上部的促进效应明显高于地下部。施氮量增加,多糖含量先增加后下降,施氮量为 675 kg/hm2 时菘蓝根中多糖含量最高为158.383 mg/g,而(R,S)-告依春含量没有明显的变化规律,氮肥量为900 kg/hm2 时含量最高达到 0.5655 mg/g。为保证菘蓝根产量和药用品质适宜的追施氮肥量是675900 kg/hm2。     

供硫水平对花生叶片硫素含量与形态的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了供硫水平对花生不同叶龄叶片的硫酸盐、谷胱甘肽和蛋白态硫含量及其形态的影响。结果表明,叶片谷胱甘肽含量随叶龄增大而减少,硫酸盐含量却相反。当硫素供应充足时,幼叶谷胱甘肽含量占总硫 4.6%,蛋白态硫含量占 91%,其余以硫酸盐形式存在;中龄叶及老叶的硫酸盐含量占总硫的60%~80%,而谷胱甘肽含量不到1%。当硫素供应不足时,幼叶和中龄叶含硫化合物总量减少,尤其是硫酸盐。因此,在缺硫时,谷胱甘肽不是植株硫的主要来源,且低氮加重缺硫症状发生。不同叶龄叶片对缺硫反应不同,幼叶对缺硫反应更为敏感。     

Glucosinolate concentration in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera L.) roots as affected by nitrogen and sulfur supply

Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted with four different nitrogen (N) treatments (80, 160, 240, and 320 kg ha (-1)) in combination with three sulfur (S) treatments (10, 20, and 60 kg ha (-1)) to study the effects of combined N and S supply on glucosinolate concentration and composition in turnip roots. Total glucosinolate concentration varied widely from 9.7 (N 320S 10) to 91.6 (N 160S 60) mg (100 g) (-1) root fresh weight (FW) and individual glucosinolate concentrations were increased with increasing S supply regardless of the N treatment, whereas enhanced N supply (160 - 320 N ha (-1)) at the high S level (60 kg ha (-1)) did not affect total glucosinolate concentration. In contrast, assumingly attributed to the individual glucosinolate biosynthesis concentration of N-containing tryptophan-derived indole glucosinolate was highest with increased N supply, whereas S-containing methionine-derived aromatic and aliphatic glucosinolates decreased with increasing N supply combined at low S level (10-20 kg ha (-1)).     

Sulfur and nitrogen supply influence growth,product appearance,and glucosinolate concentration of broccoli

The effects of insufficient and optimal sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) supply on plant growth and glucosinolate formation were studied under controlled experimental conditions in broccoli “Monaco”. Here, we report on the interaction between S and N supply, plant growth, and quality parameters and discuss the relevance of this interaction in relation to crop‐management strategies. Broccoli plants supplied with insufficient amounts of S or N showed typical deficiency symptoms and yield decreases. In contrast, total glucosinolate concentrations were high at insufficient N supply, independent of the S level, and low at insufficient S supply in combination with an optimal N supply. This was mainly due to the presence of the alkyl glucosinolates glucoraphanin and glucoiberin. Furthermore, with S concentrations above 6 g (kg DM)^–1 and an N : S ratio lower than 10:1, the glucosinolate concentrations were on average around 0.33 g (kg fresh matter)^–1 and differed significantly from those plants characterized by an S concentration below 6 g (kg DM)^–1 and an N : S ratio above 10:1. In addition, N : S ratios between 7:1 and 10:1 promoted plant yield and enhanced overall appearance. Therefore, to produce broccoli (and potentially other Brassicaceae) with higher crop yields and enhanced product quality in the field, it is vital to establish the optimal S and N nutritional status of the plant and to integrate this information into crop‐management strategy programs.     

Changes in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. italica) health-promoting compounds with inflorescence development

Changes in phenolic compounds, total glucosinolates, and vitamin C were monitored during the productive period along five inflorescence development stages of three broccoli commercial cultivars (Marathon, Monterrey, and Vencedor). In an attempt to identify differences due to agronomic factors, broccoli cultivars were grown under different sulfur fertilization with poor (15 kg/ha) and rich (150 kg/ha) rates. Phenolic compounds and vitamin C concentrations showed, in all broccoli cultivars, a rising trend from the first stage until the over-maturity stage, both for rich and poor sulfur fertilization. Significant differences were detected in the first two stages between rich and poor sulfur fertilization in total glucosinolates for all broccoli cultivars, where the highest concentration was always observed in the second development stage (used as minimally processed product) during poor fertilization. With regard to the last three stages, the glucosinolate concentration in the poor sulfur fertilization started to slope down until the over-maturity stage. Where rich sulfur fertilization is concerned, the highest level was reached during the third stage (used as minimally processed product also), and after that, glucosinolate concentration decreased until the fifth stage.     

硫肥对双低油菜产量与品质的影响

在澳大利亚新南威尔士州缺硫土壤上进行了硫、氮不同水平组合对双低油菜(Canola)的影响试验。结果表明,试验条件下施用硫肥可显著提高油菜产量及含油量。低硫(S10)或无硫(So)条件下,一定量的氮肥(N80)可提高子粒内的含硫量,但高硫条件下,高量氮肥则降低含硫量。植株体内的含硫量随生育进程趋于降低。施硫处理在抽苔期出现一吸硫高峰,而对照呈指数下降;但在开花期与角果充实期则保持相对稳定。氮肥对生长前期(莲座期与抽苔期)植株(茎、叶)含硫量的影响不显著,而中、后期(开花、角果充实期),则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。高量氮肥(N160)会降低子粒内的硫代葡萄糖甙含量;施硫,特别是在高施硫量条件下,其含量则明显增加,但仍远低于子粒硫代葡萄糖甙40mol/g的标准,因而不会影响脱油饼粕的饲喂质量。     

Effect of differential N and S competition in inter- and sole cropping of Brassica species and lettuce on glucosinolate concentration

Field and greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential to use intercropping as an alternative method to increase glucosinolates in Brassicas by manipulating nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) balance by intercropping with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). In both experiments, four combinations of N and S fertilization were used. In the field experiment no effect of intercropping on the total glucosinolate concentration was found as the growing lettuce was strongly inhibited by the presence of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italic). In contrast to this, in the pot experiment both total and individual glucosinolate concentrations in red leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.) increased by intercropping. Fertilization treatments influenced glucosinolate concentrations in both experiments, and an interaction between N and S fertilization was noticed.     

氮、磷、钾用量与种植密度对油菜产量和品质的影响

以华油杂9号为试验材料,固定氮（N）:磷（P2O5）:钾（K2O）比例为1:0.55:0.8,设置施纯氮量135、225、315 kg /hm2,以及种植密度15、45、75万株/hm2不同处理,研究施肥量与密度对油菜产量及品质的影响。结果表明,籽粒产量随施肥量、密度的增大而增加,增加施肥量的增产幅度大于增加密度;施肥水平较低时,提高密度的增产作用更为显著。改变施肥量与密度对经济性状、产量构成因素均可产生显著影响,但改变密度对单株有效分枝数及角果数的影响更大。不同肥力下密度每增加30万株/hm2,单株有效分枝数降低1.7～3.8个。主茎籽粒含油量高于分枝,蛋白质及硫苷含量低于分枝。随施肥量增加含油量下降,硫苷、蛋白质含量上升。随密度增加含油量上升,蛋白质含量下降,主茎与分枝的硫苷含量上升,但整株硫苷含量下降。因此,若以减少施肥、节本增效为前提,选择每公顷施纯氮135～225 kg、P2O575～124 kg、K2O 108～180kg,并且在45～75万株/hm2范围内适当提高密度,有利于获得3000kg/hm2以上的籽粒产量。     

Glucosinolate composition of young shoots and flower buds of capers (Capparis species) growing wild in Turkey

The content and glucosinolate composition of young shoots and raw flower buds of Capparis spinosa var. spinosa and Capparis ovata Desf. var. canescens at three different sizes (x 13 mm) were investigated by HPLC with UV detection. Samples were harvested in August 2001 in Turkey. Twelve different glucosinolates were identified in the young shoots and buds of both species. Total content of glucosinolates ranged from 6.55 micromol/g (large buds of C. spinosa) to 45.56 micromol/g (young shoots of C. ovata). The main glucosinolate was glucocapperin, which amounted to approximately 90% of the total glucosinolates. In both species the total glucosinolate content varied in dependence on the bud size, whereas a greater variability was given for buds from C. spinosa.     

Water supply and growing season influence glucosinolate concentration and composition in turnip root (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera L.)

The overall objective of this study was to determine whether growing season, water supply, and their interaction influence glucosinolate (GSL) concentration and composition in turnip roots (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera L.). Field experiments on a loamy soil in Großbeeren, Germany, were conducted in the spring‐summer (SS), summer‐autumn (SA), and autumn‐winter (AW) growing seasons. Each experiment included three water‐supply treatments with 25%, 50%, and 75% of available soil water (ASW) as lower thresholds. We found that the total GSL concentration in turnip roots was 1774–3221 μmol (kg fresh matter [FM])^–1 and the dominant GSL was aromatic gluconasturtiin (GST) with concentrations of 1004–1628 μmol (kg FM)^–1 in turnip roots. Total, aliphatic, and some specific individual GSLs in turnip roots were significantly influenced by water supply, growing season, and their interaction, due to the variations of the root sulfur (S) concentration, climatic conditions, or both. The influence of water supply on GSL concentration was modified by growing season, which in turn influenced S concentration in turnips. In the SS season, the 25%‐ASW water treatment enhanced concentrations of total GSLs by 52% and 47%, aliphatic GSLs by 60% and 131%, and aromatic GSLs by 47% and 21% when compared to the 50%‐ and 75%‐ASW water treatments, respectively. No reduction of root yield was observed, although the shoot yield was reduced by limited water supply. In SA and AW, total GSL concentration did not change under different water‐supply levels, but concentration of individual aliphatic and indole GSLs did. Based on these results, growers can adjust their irrigation and S‐fertilization practices to growing season in order to optimize turnip quality in terms of GSL concentration and composition, while still obtaining higher root yield and enabling better resource utilization.