基于遥感的艾比湖流域近20年生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应

新疆艾比湖为我国西部的国门湖泊,是准噶尔盆地西南部边缘最低洼地及水盐汇集中心,探究艾比湖流域的土地利用变化及其生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征对于我国西北部地区环境策略的合理制定有重要的意义。以艾比湖流域为研究区,以1990—2011年的五期Landsat-TM系列多光谱遥感影像为基础数据源,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,参照谢高地等的中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值,并结合敏感度分析,探讨了艾比湖流域1990—2011年土地利用和生态系统服务价值的变化特征。结果表明:1990—2011年间,艾比湖流域土地利用处于发展阶段,土地利用程度呈现增大的趋势;研究期内生态系统服务价值总体呈上升趋势,从161.69亿元增加到163.99亿元,增加了2.3亿元;林地、草地、水域的生态系统服务价值是生态系统服务的主体部分,占整个系统的84.19%以上;艾比湖流域总体生态环境质量则呈现出恶化的趋势;虽然流域各类具有高生态价值的土地利用类型面积的扩大有利于整个流域生态质量的改善,但其整体生态环境仍然比较脆弱,还有待提高。     

“三江”流域(云南部分)土地利用变化的生态环境效应研究

以云南省三江流域为例,通过对区域土地利用变化的生态系统服务价值的研究,分析土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响及效应。土地利用的变化,最终导致了区域生态系统服务功能的整体变化。结果表明,单位面积生态系统服务功能价值中,湿地生态系统服务功能单价最高,其次为水域及森林。建设用地最低,均为负值。从地区分布看,三江流域中昆明市、大理州等单价较高,但建设用地的生态功能负效应最大值也出现在该州市。2000—2008年三江流域生态系统服务功能总价值增加1 032.13亿元,增幅为13.75%。     

阿拉善干旱荒漠区土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响

为探析干旱荒漠区生态系统服务对土地利用变化的响应,支撑干旱荒漠区生态—经济—社会可持续发展,选择生态环境脆弱、人地关系紧张的阿拉善干旱荒漠区为典型研究区,运用ArcGIS对阿拉善2000—2015年土地利用变化进行了分析,在此基础上利用InVEST模型评估了阿拉善土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:2000—2015年,阿拉善土地利用变化明显,草地、建设用地、耕地、水域面积呈增加趋势,而未利用土地和林地面积呈减少趋势。同期,研究区生态系统服务总价值从1 025.26亿元增加到1 237.70亿元,主要归因于未利用土地面积的减少和草地面积的增加;而这一变化对研究区土壤保持服务价值增加的影响尤为明显。2000—2015年,研究区分布有5个生态系统服务价值热点区域,这些区域生态服务价值的提高普遍得益于近些年生态治理工程的实施。但值得注意的是,阿拉善右旗和居延海绿洲的热点区域有缩小的趋势,在今后的生态治理过程中需要重点关注。     

城市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值损益估算——以成都市为例

生态系统服务价值研究是目前生态学研究的热点之一。对土地利用变化的生态服务价值损益进行定量估算,为生态资源利用的有效补偿和促进自然生态系统持续发展提供科学的依据。基于遥感与GIS技术提取、分析了16 a来成都市土地利用变化信息;参考谢高地的生态服务价值系数,并结合成都市实际情况,对生态系统服务价值系数表进行修正,制定了成都市生态系统服务价值当量表,对生态系统服务价值进行了定量估算。结果表明：1992-2008年土地利用时空演变呈加大趋势,土地利用变化导致生态系统服务价值增加、区域差异与流向变化显著,且生态系统服务价值主要由林地、水域与农业用地等生态系统支撑,系统结构较简单;1992-2000年生态系统服务价值由35.429亿元增加到38.833亿元,增加了3.403亿元,变化率为9.605%;2000-2008年生态系统服务价值增加到40.705亿元,增加了1.872亿元,增长率达4.821%;不同土地利用类型的生态服务价值差别很大,1992年、2000年、2008年林地的生态系统服务价值分别占总价值的59.684%、70.929%和67.125%,其次为水域和耕地;1992-2008年间土地利用转化导致生态服务价值流向变化,耕地、林地、水域向建设用地的转移导致生态服务价值的负流向。这一研究结果,对加强对耕地、林地、水体等生态系统的保护,严格控制农地向建设用地转移具有重要意义。     

基于GeoSOS-FLUS的涪江流域生态系统服务价值评估及多情景模拟

为了探究涪江流域的土地利用结构及其生态服务价值的时空变化,通过预测情景支持未来土地规划,研究基于1980—2018年5期遥感影像,构建生态系统服务价值评估模型并分析时空动态变化,采用GeoSOS-FLUS模拟自然发展情景、耕地安全情景、生态保护情景和快速发展4种情景下未来的土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值的演变趋势。结果表明:(1)1980—2018年,耕地面积减少542.25 km²,减幅为2.57%; 建设用地扩张面积525.66 km²,增幅达255.50%。(2)对应其生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势,由1980年的776.48亿元增加到2018年的783.67亿元,不同土地利用类型对生态系统服务价值的贡献顺序为林地>耕地>水域>草地>未利用土地。(3)在空间上呈现上游高中下游低,下游地区大致呈现由中部向东西两侧递减趋势,流域西南部是低价值区。(4)4种发展情景下,2030年的生态服务价值分别是784.80亿元、740.31亿元、811.09亿元和751.40亿元,相较于2015年变化了1.44亿元(增加)、-43.05亿元(减少)、27.74亿元(增加)和-31.96亿元(减少)。综上,38年来流域生态价值提高,同时模拟结果显示为维持该流域生态安全,需要加强生态用地的抚育。     

辽河三角洲生态系统服务价值变化

生态系统服务功能的变化对于区域的生态保护及可持续发展具有重要意义。利用遥感数据分析了辽河三角洲土地利用/覆盖变化,应用Costanza等提出的生态系统服务价值系数,分析了辽河三角洲土地利用/覆盖变化及其引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,从1986~2000年,辽河三角洲湿地、水体面积大量减少,农田、城镇用地大量增加。这造成本区域的生态系统服务价值发生明显变化,从1986年的2.79×109美元减少到2000年的2.48×109美元,减少0.31×109美元。最后根据生态系统服务价值变化,从生态保护与可持续发展的角度探讨了辽河三角洲在发展中应该注意解决的问题及措施。     

元谋干热河谷土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响(简报)

为了研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响,该文以金沙江干熟河谷的元谋县为例,采用遥感与地理信息系统技术,利用LANDSAT TM影像,分析从1986～2000年间的土地利用变化情况,根据谢高地的生态服务价值系数对区域土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值进行评估,并对其进行了敏感系数(CS)分析.结果表明:研究区在1986～2000年之间,耕地、草地、水域和未利用土地面积均呈现减少的趋势,而林地和建设用地面积呈增加趋势;元谋县2000年的生态系统服务价值比1986年有所提高,土地利用变化使研究区生态资产增加了0.0399亿元,这主要是林地面积增加以及林地的生态价值系数最高的原因所至;敏感性系数分析表明本研究采用的谢高地生态价值系数是合理的.     

九龙江流域生态需水量时空变化趋势分析

为了维持和保护流域生态系统健康,避免流域生态环境退化,进行流域生态需水量的确定和研究是有必要的。根据九龙江2000—2018年2个水文站实测数据,结合Tennant法确定河道内生态基流,选择面积定额法,利用流域内土壤质地分布状况,以及基于遥感开发的MCD12Q1土地利用产品和MOD16A2蒸散发产品估算植被生态需水量,并对区域生态环境需水量进行时间变化趋势分析和空间分布分析。结果表明：(1)在2000—2018年,九龙江流域有林地、草地面积整体呈现增加趋势,农田、疏林地面积呈现下降趋势;(2)九龙江流域内北溪、西溪河道内多年平均生态需水量分别为22.68亿m³,10.67亿m³,植被多年平均生态需水量为105.27亿m³;(3)有林地、草地的生态需水量呈显著上升趋势,疏林地、农田生态需水量呈下降趋势,前者显著,后者不显著。受人类活动影响,九龙江流域土地覆盖/利用类型年际变化剧烈,因此在区域生态需水量变化中其作用不可忽略,随着遥感/GIS技术的发展,对土地覆盖/利用类型以及植被蒸发量的高时空分辨率观测变得可能,有助于准确预...     

黄土高原生态脆弱区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以汾河流域为例

土地利用变化改变区域生态系统服务价值,进而影响区域经济可持续发展与生态环境保护。基于汾河流域1980年、2000年、2010年、2016年4期土地利用数据为基础,通过引用生态系统服务价值、土地利用动态度等指标,从整体和不同阶段上分析了土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:(1) 1980—2016年汾河流域土地利用类型整体以耕地、草地和建设用地为主,土地利用变化是以耕地向其他土地利用类型转移的方式为主,且综合土地利用动态度呈逐渐增长趋势。(2) 1980—2016年汾河流域的生态系统服务价值呈现先增长后减少的趋势,耕地生态系统服务价值一直处于减少的趋势,退耕还林(草)政策的持续实施是导致耕地生态系统服务价值持续减少的关键原因。(3)通过汾河流域主要行政区的生态系统服务价值差异分析,1980—2016年汾河流域共有13个行政区生态系统服务价值处于增长的趋势;20个行政区生态系统服务价值处于减少的趋势。     

奈曼旗土地利用动态及其生态系统服务功能

[目的]研究内蒙古自治区奈曼旗土地利用动态及生态系统服务功能与价值的演变情况,为该区土地的合理利用及生态治理工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于奈曼旗2000,2010与2018年土地利用数据,运用ArcGIS,Envi Classic计算土地利用动态度与土地利用转移矩阵,分析土地利用变化及生态系统服务的演变特征。[结果](1)2000—2018年间奈曼旗呈"林地—水域—沙地"主导的土地类型演变特征,即林地、水域面积增加,沙地面积减少;其中林地面积净增312 100 hm~2,水域面积净增500 hm~2,沙地面积净减142 100 hm~2。(2)时间上,生态系统服务价值变化呈"一减一增"的趋势,其服务价值由2000年的3 050.7万元减至2010年的至1 991.58万元再增至2018年的4 728.55万元。(3)空间上,生态系统服务高值区、中值区与低值区分别位于南部、中部和北部,形成了"高—中—低"的区域分布格局。(4)生态系统服务功能上,气候调节的变化最为明显,其对应的服务价值由2000年的801.64万元增至2018年的1 349.85万元。[结论] 2000—2018年间,研究区土地利用变化明显,其覆被结构明显优化,生态系统服务功能与服务价值也均提高。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.