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1.
为探究在全球气候变化敏感区的干旱区高寒湿地上,氮添加对土壤无机磷形态的影响。在保护良好的巴音布鲁克高寒湿地沼泽(S)、沼泽草甸(SM)和草甸(M)布设野外原位试验,依据巴音布鲁克草原氮沉降量,设置0(CK),8(N1),16(N2) kg·N/(hm2·a)的施氮量,研究短期氮添加对高寒湿地土壤无机磷形态的影响。结果表明:(1)高寒湿地土壤全磷含量平均为1.09 g/kg,总无机磷平均为492.71 mg/kg,而总无机磷平均占全磷的45.67%。(2)3种湿地类型土壤无机磷主要以Ca—P形态存在,在Ca—P中以Ca10—P为主,占无机磷含量的50.27%~64.69%。S区土壤Al—P、Fe—P含量显著高于SM和M区,SM区Ca2—P、Ca8—P、O—P含量显著高于S和M区,M区土壤Ca10—P含量显著高于S和SM区。(3)氮添加显著影响高寒湿地土壤各形态无机磷的含量,氮添加下,S和SM区土壤Al—P含量较CK显著增加了9.92%~17.35%,而Ca8—P含量显著降低3.18%~9.36%。[JP]S和M区土壤Fe—P含量显著降低了3.18%~9.36%,S区土壤Ca2—P含量显著降低了10.31%。氮添加下3种湿地类型土壤O—P含量均显著增加,较CK显著增加21.83%~25.94%。(4)土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾均是影响无机磷形态的重要因子。不同湿地类型土壤无机磷形态含量存在显著差异,氮添加显著改变了土壤各无机磷形态含量,主要是通过增加土壤中难利用无机磷(O—P)含量,使高寒湿地土壤的供磷潜力降低。研究结果有助于预测未来氮沉降持续增加背景下全球高寒湿地土壤无机磷形态的变化趋势。  相似文献   

2.
路新格  刘涛  王子铭  臧晓  张菊  邓焕广 《土壤通报》2022,53(5):1148-1155
  目的  了解东平湖湿地土壤不同形态无机硫含量水平与分布特征。  方法  采集东平湖湿地表层土壤样品(0 ~ 5 cm)和不同植被区(芦苇区、菹草区、植被混生区和对照区)土壤柱样(0 ~ 10 cm),分析样品中总无机硫(TIS)及其各形态(水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸溶解性硫及盐酸挥发性硫)的含量,探讨了不同形态无机硫含量的时空分布特征及其影响因子。  结果  东平湖湿地表层土壤总无机硫含量范围为31.26 ~ 117.36 mg kg?1,均值为75.85 mg kg?1;各形态的平均含量占比为水溶性硫(43.49%)> 盐酸溶解性硫(27.37%)> 吸附性硫(26.78%)> 盐酸挥发性硫(2.36%);其含量的空间分布总体表现为湖区码头附近显著升高,大汶河入湖口较低。柱状土壤总无机硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫与盐酸溶解性硫含量总体表现为夏季和芦苇区最高,且随土层深度的增加逐渐降低;菹草区总无机硫、吸附性硫、盐酸溶解性硫由于受季节与植被区的交互作用影响而无显著季节变化。表层土壤和柱状土壤不同形态无机硫含量间存在一定的正相关关系,且与有机质多呈显著正相关;柱状土壤中各形态无机硫含量(除盐酸挥发性硫外)与pH显著正相关,而与Eh显著负相关。  结论  东平湖湿地土壤不同形态无机硫的时空分布主要受到人类活动、植被分布和水动力条件的影响,且土壤有机质、温度、pH和Eh为其关键影响因子。  相似文献   

3.
选择黄河口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮输入模拟试验,探讨了不同氮输入梯度下(对照处理(N0)、低氮处理(N1)、中氮处理(N2)、高氮处理(N3))湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态在生长季的变化差异。结果表明:不同氮处理下各形态无机硫含量均表现为水溶性硫(H2O-S)吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)盐酸溶解性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S),且总无机硫(TIS)占全硫(TS)的比例介于34.52%~39.58%。外源氮输入不同程度地改变了湿地土壤的H2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量,且这种影响在生长季的某些时期达到了显著水平(P0.05)。相对于N0,N1和N2处理下H2O-S含量分别增加了6.12%和7.07%,而在N3处理下降低了0.98%;Adsorbed-S含量在N1处理下增加了11.73%,但在N2和N3处理下分别降低了23.53%和13.77%;HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S在N1、N2和N3处理下均呈降低趋势,降幅分别为5.21%,19.63%,59.59%和0.28%,16.10%,6.44%。尽管不同氮输入处理下土壤养分条件、水盐及酸碱状况均是影响无机硫赋存的关键因素,但pH和EC对其动态变化的影响尤为明显。研究发现,外源氮输入可能通过改变植物生长节律和土壤酸碱状况来影响植物对不同形态无机硫的吸收与利用,进而间接改变了土壤中不同形态无机硫含量及TIS赋存量。  相似文献   

4.
  目的  探讨元素硫添加后在草甸草原黑钙土中的氧化速率,明确土壤无机S组分的变化特征。  方法  依托内蒙古额尔古纳草甸草原硫磺添加试验平台,测定了元素S添加量(0、1、2、4、6、8、10 t hm?2)1年后的表观氧化速率及表层土壤(0 ~ 10 cm)各无机硫组分的变化。  结果  研究表明,对照中的土壤全硫含量为627.5 mg kg?1,其中无机硫和有机硫分别占2.4%和97.6%。硫添加处理的表土全硫含量分别比对照增加646.5 ~ 5182.5 mg kg?1,总无机硫分别比对照增加169.4 ~ 887.9 mg kg?1;硫添加处理中,表土中未氧化的元素硫分别为473.9 ~ 4264.0 mg kg?1,元素硫的表观氧化速率分别为173.5 ~ 271.3 g kg?1 a?1。在增加的表土总无机硫中,85.0% ~ 91.9%为(CaCl2浸提),7.8% ~ 17.1%为吸附性硫( Ca(H2PO4)2浸提),0.8% ~ 1.6%为难溶性硫(HCl浸提)。土壤无机硫组分与土壤pH呈显著负相关,与土壤电导率呈显著正相关。  结论  外源添加的元素硫主要氧化为植物可利用态的易溶性硫 和吸附性硫,而氧化为难溶性硫的比例很低。  相似文献   

5.
以天津市桃园土壤为研究对象,采用Tiessen磷分级方法研究绿肥栽培并利用条件下土壤磷组分含量变化和磷素活化周转特征。试验共设3个处理:绿肥覆盖(SC)、翻压(BU)和清耕对照(CT)处理。分别于绿肥处理1,4,7年后采集0—20,20—40 cm的土壤样品,测定全磷、活性磷库(Resin—Pi和NaHCO3—P)、中稳性磷库(NaOH—P)和稳定态磷库(Dil.HCl—Pi、Conc.HCl—P和Residual—P)含量。结果表明,与CT处理相比,SC和BU处理在各采样年份均提高了土壤全磷、Resin—Pi、NaHCO3—P、NaOH—P和Residual—P含量,降低Dil.HCl—Pi和Conc.HCl—P含量,处理间差异性随绿肥利用年限的增加而增加;其中,各指标BU处理均优于SC处理,且0—20 cm土层变化最为明显。绿肥利用7年后,BU处理0—20 cm土壤Resin—Pi、NaHCO3—P、NaOH—P和Residual—P含量较CT处理分别显著增加48.82%~128.41%,145.93%~231.16%,206.26%~590.06%和34.67%~37.66%,Dil.HCl—Pi和Conc.HCl—P含量分别显著降低12.37%~15.79%和43.72%~91.39%。综上,相对于清耕对照处理,果园绿肥栽培并利用可显著增加土壤活性磷库和中稳性磷库的比例,并显著降低稳定态磷库的比例;同时,随着绿肥利用年限的增加,土壤活性磷库和中稳性磷库的比例随之增加,稳定态磷库的比例随之降低。研究结果表明,果园绿肥栽培并利用可以有效促进土壤难溶性磷的活化周转,提高土壤磷素生物有效性。  相似文献   

6.
本研究以番茄–黄瓜轮作下的设施土壤为研究对象,共设4个处理(1/2化肥氮+1/2生物有机肥氮,COF;全部施用生物有机肥氮,OF;全部施用化肥氮,CF;不施肥处理,CK),探讨生物有机肥配施化肥对设施土壤养分含量及团聚体分布和稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,相较于单施化肥处理,施用生物有机肥均提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾养分含量和土壤pH,分别提高了9.61%~54.28%、7.38%~35.45%、31.86%~98.53%、40.88%~96.40%、3.02%~15.99%、0.96%~18.23%和0.73%~7.03%;单施生物有机肥或与化肥配施均可使土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)比例上升,微团聚体(<0.25 mm)比例下降,显著提高了土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R0.25)(P<0.05),且土壤团聚体稳定性随着施入生物有机肥年限的增加而增加;相关分析表明,MWD、GMD和R0.25均与>2 mm和0.25~2 mm团聚体质量分数呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与<0.053 mm团聚体组成呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与0.053~0.25 mm团聚体组成呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。生物有机肥替代化肥更有利于提高土壤养分含量、大团聚体的数量及团聚体的稳定性。  相似文献   

7.
基于133个滨海湿地土样的全氮(TN)含量和光谱反射率(R)及其对数(lgR)、对数的一阶微分((lgR)'')、倒数(1/R)、倒数的一阶微分((1/R)'')、一阶微分(R'')、平方根(√R)、一阶微分的倒数(1/(R)'')变换,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林回归(RFR)和支持向量机回归(SVR)3种算法分别建立土壤TN含量估测模型。结果表明:①土壤TN含量与光谱变换形式相关性由高到低为:(1/R)''> R''> (lgR)''> 1/R > lgR > 1/(R)''> √R > > R,经光谱变换,土壤TN含量与变换光谱的相关性均高于R,其中与(1/R)''的Pearson相关系数最大为0.746。②PLSR和SVR基于R''、(1/R)''、(lgR)''和1/(R)''变换构建的模型、RFR方法构建的所有模型R2均大于0.732,均可用于滨海湿地土壤TN含量的估算。③基于1/(R)''建立的SVR模型预测精度最高,其R2为0.987,RMSE为0.057 g/kg,MAE为0.050 g/kg,是预测滨海湿地土壤TN含量的最优模型,可为准确获取滨海湿地土壤TN含量提供稳定方法。  相似文献   

8.
为探讨外源乙烯缓解玉米(Zea mays)幼苗镉(Cd)毒害的生理机制,通过水培试验研究了Cd处理下,外源乙烯对玉米幼苗相关生理指标与Cd的亚细胞分布的影响,以不做任何处理为空白对照,以Cd处理和(NH42SO4处理为试验对照。结果显示,相对Cd处理,乙烯和(NH42SO4处理可显著降低Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量,使净光合速率分别提升1.23倍和1.22倍;显著降低抗氧化物酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性,抗氧化物质[抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)]含量则显著上升。另外,相对于Cd处理,乙烯+Cd处理可使玉米幼苗ATP硫酸化酶活性、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、半胱氨酸和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量分别上升54.43%、27.93%、50.77%和49.85%,而对非蛋白硫醇(NPT)和植物螯合素(PCs)含量无显著性影响。在乙烯+Cd处理的基础上添加GSH合成抑制剂BSO(buthionine sulfoximine)可导致玉米叶片GSH含量显著降低,H2O2含量上升,光合速率下降。外源乙烯可显著降低Cd胁迫下玉米叶片Cd含量,而显著提升根部细胞壁和液泡中Cd含量。因此,外源乙烯一方面通过提升玉米叶片GSH和AsA含量,增强叶片非酶促抗氧化能力,而非通过抗氧化酶促反应和NPT、PCs的螯合作用;另一方面则通过根细胞壁的固定作用和液泡区室化作用,减少Cd向玉米叶片中的转移,从而缓解Cd毒害。研究结果可为乙烯作为潜在的作物重金属拮抗剂提供理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
不同磷源对设施菜田土壤速效磷及其淋溶阈值的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
土壤中磷的移动性不仅取决于磷的数量且与磷肥形态有关。了解不同磷源(有机肥和化肥)对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响对于指导科学施肥和面源污染防治至关重要。本文选取河北省饶阳县3种不同磷含量的农田土壤(未种植过蔬菜的土壤、种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤和种植蔬菜4年的日光温室土壤)为研究对象,采用室内培养试验和数学模型模拟方法研究有机无机磷源对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响,确定无机肥和有机肥源土壤磷素淋溶的环境阈值。结果表明添加有机肥和无机磷肥都会显著增加3种不同种植年限设施菜田土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)和氯化钙磷(CaCl2-P)含量,但增加速度不同。对于未种植过蔬菜的低磷对照土壤,磷投入量高于50 mg·kg-1(干土)后,无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量。对于已种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤,高磷投入时[300 mg·kg-1(干土)和600 mg·kg-1(干土)],无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量,低于此磷投入量时有机肥和无机肥处理之间没有显著差异。3种不同农田土壤CaCl2-P的含量所有处理均表现出无机肥显著高于有机肥处理,尤其是在高磷量[>300 mg·kg-1(干土)]投入时表现更加明显。两段式线性模拟结果表明,设施菜田土壤有机肥源磷素和无机肥源磷素淋溶阈值分别为87.8 mg·kg-1和198.7 mg·kg-1。随着土壤Olsen-P的增加,添加无机肥源磷对设施菜田土壤CaCl2-P含量的增加速率是有机肥源磷的两倍。因此,建议在河北省高磷设施菜田应减少无机磷肥的投入,特别是土壤速效磷高于198.7 mg·kg-1的设施菜田应禁止使用化学磷肥和有机肥,在土壤速效磷低于198.7 mg·kg-1的设施菜田应加大有机肥适度替代无机肥技术的推广。  相似文献   

10.
为探明滴灌、微喷灌和磷钾肥减施对小麦产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,通过田间试验,以漫灌常量施肥为对照(CK),设滴灌(W1)和微喷灌(W2)2种节水灌溉方式,生育期均灌水4次,即越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水(越冬水、拔节水灌水量600 m3/hm2、返青水和灌浆水灌水量300 m3/hm2);W1和W2下设磷钾肥常量(RPK)和磷钾肥减施20%(RPK-20),30%(RPK-30)和40%(RPK-40),施用方式均底肥撒施50%,返青期和拔节期水肥一体化各施25%;以磷钾肥常量全部底施为相对对照(CK),11个处理,调查分析产量及其构成、品质特性和水肥利用效率等。结果表明,W1和W2减施处理的产量均随磷钾肥减施量增加而减少,其中滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时显著增产,较CK增产15.49%,增产主要与成穗数和穗粒数增加有关;相同减施处理W2产量低于W1;W1、W2处理的蛋白质含量、沉降值及稳定时间均较CK显著提高,RPK和减施处理的沉降值W1>W2。相同减施处理生育期耗水量W12,水分利用效率则相反,其中W1较CK提高42.35%~105.24%,W2较CK提高36.06%~56.18%。磷钾肥底施+水肥一体化追施的水分利用效率高于CK;W1、W2较CK氮磷钾肥偏生产力提高,相同减施处理氮磷钾肥偏生产力W1>W2,滴灌在磷钾肥减施20%时氮肥偏生产力显著提高;滴灌磷钾肥减施对0—40 cm土壤养分含量影响较小,但使有效磷含量有所提高。综合分析,山西省南部麦区,冬小麦采用滴灌浇水,生育期灌4水(1 800 m3/hm2),磷钾肥减施且采用50%底施+返青期和拔节期水肥一体化追施25%时,减施20%产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,是高产高效水肥管理模式,减施30%虽产量次高,但品质性状最好,是稳产提质水肥管理模式。  相似文献   

11.
玉米生理年龄的差异对N缺乏诊断的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Many studies have shown that chlorophyll meter readings (CMRs) can be used to diagnose deficiencies of nitrogen (N) during the growth of corn (Zea mays L.) in small-plot trials, but there is need to address additional problems encountered when diagnoses are made in fields of the size managed in production agriculture. A noteworthy difference between smallplot trials and production agriculture is the extent to which the effects of N are confounded with the effects of other factors such as tillage, landscape, soil organic matter and moisture content. We illustrate how some of these factors can cause differences in the physiological age of plants and introduce errors in the diagnoses of N deficiencies. We suggest methods (measuring the height to the youngest leaf collar and assigning leaf numbers by using the first leaf with pubescence and the ear leaf as references to identify growth stages) for minimizing these errors. The simplified method of growth stage identification can be used to select appropriate plants and leaves for making diagnoses in fields and to distinguish the effects of N from the effects of other factors that influence plant growth.  相似文献   

12.
A two-year field study (2003–2004 and 2004–2005) on the effects of four sulfur (S) levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha?1) in an onion–maize system revealed that S application in onion up to 30 kg ha?1 significantly increased fresh and dry bulb and foliage yield over the previous levels of 0 and 15 kg ha?1 (direct effect). In maize (residual effect) and onion–maize sequence as a whole (direct?+?residual effects), the same trend was visible. Sulfur additions beyond 30 kg ha?1 reduced the yields (economic yields as well as foliage/straw yields) of individual crops of onion, maize, and sequence (onion?+?maize) to the level of either 15 kg ha?1 or even the control. Sulfur-use efficiencies (kg yield kg?1 S) at S doses of 15, 30, and 45 kg ha?1, over no S, were 373, 303, and 109; 43, 63, and 2; and 413, 367, and 111 in onion, maize, and onion?+?maize, respectively. The utilizations of S added at three rates by onion, maize and onion?+?maize were 21.3, 16.7, and 9.1%; 2.0, 10.7, and –0.4%; and 23.3, 27.3 and 8.4%, respectively.  相似文献   

13.
The form of sulfur fertilizer can influence its behavior and crop response. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate five sulfur fertilizer forms (ammonium sulfate, ammonium thiosulfate, gypsum, potassium sulfate, and elemental sulfur) applied in seed row at 20 kg S ha?1 alone, and in combination with 20 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha?1, to three contrasting Saskatchewan soils. Wheat, canola, and pea were grown in each soil for 8 weeks and aboveground biomass yields determined. The fate of fertilizer was evaluated by measuring crop sulfur and phosphorus concentration and uptake, and supply rates and concentrations of available sulfate and phosphate in the seed row. Canola was most responsive in biomass yield to the sulfur fertilizers. Sulfate and thiosulfate forms were effective in enhancing soil-available sulfate supplies in the seed row, crop sulfur uptake, and yield compared to the elemental sulfur fertilizer. Combination of sulfur fertilizer with monoammonium phosphate may provide some enhancement of phosphate availability, but effects were often minor.  相似文献   

14.
A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field in Mollisols of Tarai soils in Uttarakhand (India), to assess the direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization in wheat-soybean cropping sequence. Four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha?1) were applied to main crop (wheat) along with recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). The direct and residual effect of sulfur at highest level showed 27 and 6 percent increase in grain yield of wheat and soybean over control, respectively. The increase in grain yield of wheat was significant at each sulfur level. The direct as well as residual effect of sulfur showed significant increase in sulfur concentration and its uptake by grain and straw except increase in sulfur concentration and uptake by soybean straw. In wheat-soybean cropping sequence, the agronomic efficiency and apparent sulfur recovery decreased with increase in levels of sulfur, but the percent response increased with increasing sulfur application. Different forms of sulfur such as total sulfur, organic sulfur, calcium chloride extractable sulfur, potassium dihydrogen phosphate extractable sulfur, and non-sulfate sulfur in post-harvest soil increased according to sulfur level applied but it decreased under control and also after residual crops. The buildup of sulfur in surface soils was greater than in the deeper soils. Application of sulfur showed the positive sulfur balance and it increased with increase in sulfur level, while it was negative under control. A major portion (46–62%) of applied sulfur contributed to increase in sulfur content of root zone soil followed by unaccounted component (25–40%) and small portion (11–18%) was absorbed by wheat plant as uptake.  相似文献   

15.
以亚热带湿地松人工林为研究对象,通过3种水平(对照CK:pH 6.5;低硫LS:pH 4.5;高硫HS:pH 2.5)的模拟硫沉降控制试验,分析土壤生化特性及酶活性对硫添加的响应。结果表明:(1)硫输入促进了土壤酸化,0—5 cm土层土壤pH在HS处理下显著降低,5—10 cm土层土壤pH在LS和HS处理下显著降低(P0.05);(2)硫输入对土壤有机碳库存在一定影响,土壤总有机碳(TOC)对硫输入无显著响应,但土层间的差异性显著增加(P0.05),土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)受影响有限,5—10 cm土层微生物量碳(MBC)LS显著降低(P0.05);(3)硫输入对土壤有效氮库影响存在差异,土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)、铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)尚未表现出显著变化,土壤硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)均在HS处理下显著降低,且硫输入加剧土层间的差异性(P0.05);(4)硫输入抑制了酶活性,土壤脲酶活性在HS处理下显著降低(P0.05),土壤蔗糖酶活性无显著变化,但硫输入均弱化了土层间酶活性的差异性。综合分析所有处理下的土壤生化性质和酶活性等指标发现,对硫添加响应敏感的是土壤pH和酶,土层是另外一个主要影响因子,硫添加和土层的交互作用则影响有限。采用Pearson分析得出,硫输入改变了土壤生化特性、酶活性等指标间的相关性程度。可见,酸雨对土壤酸化的影响是一个逐渐累积的过程,外源性硫添加对土壤碳氮及酶活性的影响存在一定差异,这可为硫沉降环境胁迫下森林管理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

16.
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur (S) fertilization on distribution of S in soil and use efficiency on blackgram in subtropical Inceptisol of acidic soil of Assam, India. Five levels of S were applied (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg S ha?1) along with recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Available S content gradually decreased with the advancement of crop growth stages and lowest value was observed at 60 DAS. Different S fractions were found to increase with increasing levels of S application and 40 kg S ha?1 resulted the highest content for all S fractions. The grain and stover yield of blackgram increased significantly up to 20 kg S ha?1 which was 95.69% higher over control. Agronomic efficiency, apparent S recovery and recovery efficiency of S were higher at 10 kg S ha?1and found decreased with increase in level of S.  相似文献   

17.
Understanding the behavior of sulfur (S) in the soil‐plant system is important for crop production, for predicting the movement of the radioisotope 35S in the environment, and for investigating the role of S in plant metabolism of xenobiotics. A database of relative mean S concentrations in 121 species of flowering plants was constructed using a Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedure with new experimental data for 76 species and literature data for 57 species, there being 12 species in common. The relative mean S concentrations in plant species were normally distributed and their range greater than previously reported for S concentrations between plant species. There was a significant phylogenetic effect on S concentrations when they were analyzed using a nested ANOVA coded with a recent phylogeny of flowering plants. About 36% of the variance between species was associated with the rank of Order and above. At the rank of Order, S concentrations were Brassicales > Malphigiales > Lamiales > Rosales > Caryophyllales > Malvales > Poales > Fabales > Fagales > Asterales. Experiments to quantify intervarietal differences within Beta vulgaris, Triticum aestivum, and Cicer arietinum revealed that these reached a maximum in B. vulgaris at about 20% of those found at the species level and above. A comparison of relative mean S concentrations with previously reported relative mean concentrations for heavy metals suggested correlations between S and cadmium (Cd), and S and zinc (Zn). The frequency distributions and phylogenetic effects reported here are useful to understanding soil‐plant transfer of stable and radioactive S isotopes in agricultural and natural ecosystems and might aid investigations of plant response to xenobiotics.  相似文献   

18.
A field experiment involving four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha?1) and three sources [elemental S, gypsum, and ammonium sulfate] significantly increased contents of all the S fractions compared to no S application and which decreased with crop growth. Application of ammonium sulfate recorded greater values of S fractions compared to gypsum and elemental S. Lower values of S fractions were recorded in elemental S treatments. Significant decreases in water-soluble and available soil S between flowering and harvest contributed to the pool of plant-available S. Significant increases in residual S fractions were observed due to levels of applied S even after harvest. Correlations between the S fractions indicated significant positive relations. Greatest pod and haulm yields, oil content, and oil yield of the groundnut were recorded in the T10 treatment followed by gypsum and elemental S treatments.  相似文献   

19.
We developed a model for plant available sulfur (S) in Ohio soils to predict potential crop plant S deficiency. The model includes inputs of plant available S due to atmospheric deposition and mineralization of soil organic S and output due to leaching. A leaching index was computed using data on annual precipitation; soil pH and clay content that influence sulfate adsorption; and pore water velocity based upon percent sand, silt, and clay. There are five categories of S status ranging from highly deficient to highly sufficient, and the categories are defined based on whether the crop S requirement was 15 or 30kg S ha−1 year−1. The final database derived from the model includes 1,473 soil samples representing 443 of the 475 soil series in Ohio. For a crop requiring 15kg S ha−1 year−1, most soils (68.6%) were classified as variably deficient, which implies that the response to S fertilization will be variable but often positive depending on specific crop conditions. For a crop requiring 30kg S ha−1 year−1, 43.2% of soils were classified as variably deficient, but 49.7% were classified as moderately or highly deficient, implying that a response to S fertilization will usually or always occur. The model predicts crop S status for a single state in the USA, but with proper inputs, it should be applicable to other areas.  相似文献   

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