不同养分和水分模式对水稻土化学和微生物学质量参数的影响

A field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 to compare and evaluate the effects of nutrient and water regimes on paddy soil quality by investigating soil chemical and microbiological parameters. Four nutrient regimes, a control, chemical fertilizers only (CF), chemical fertilizers with swine manure (SM), and chemical fertilizers with wheat straw (WS), and two soil moisture regimes, continuous waterlogging (CWL) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD), were investigated. With SM and WS total organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those with CF. A similar effect for organic amendments was observed in the soil light fraction organic C (LFOC), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and water-soluble organic C (WSOC). CWL, in particular when swine manure was incorporated into the paddy soil, markedly decreased soil redox potential (Eh) and increased total active reducing substances (ARS). Meanwhile, as compared to CF, SM and WS significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and mineralizable carbon, with differences in AWD being higher than CWL. In addition, SM and WS treatments significantly (P < 0.05) improved rice above-ground biomass and grain yield, with AWD being greater than CWL. Thus, for ecologically sustainable agricultural management of paddy soils, long-term waterlogging should be avoided when organic manure was incorporated into paddy soil.     

地下水位及有机肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响

利用自1981年开始的红壤性水稻土长期定位试验,对耕层土壤有机碳活性组分、孔隙状况及团聚体进行分析,以探究不同地下水位(20、80 cm)和施肥(高量有机肥、常量有机肥、化肥)管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响,并分析孔隙状况和团聚体对土壤有机碳活性组分的作用关系.结果表明:降低地下水位导致高量有机肥和化肥处理的轻...     

果园土壤有机碳及呼吸速率对豆科和禾本科草类的差异反应

在行间长期(连续6年)种植豆科植物毛苕子和禾本科植物黑麦草的苹果园,调查土壤不同深度的有机碳组分和表层土壤呼吸速率日变化。结果表明:间作2种植物后,行间土壤0—20,20—40cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、轻质有机碳(LFOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量均显著提高;在40—60cm土层,仅DOC含量明显提高;0—20cm土层的TOC和全部有机碳组分及20—40cm土层的TOC、DOC、POC和ROC的含量在种植毛苕子后均明显高于种植黑麦草。TOC与LFOC、TOC与POC、DOC与LFOC、DOC与MBC、DOC与ROC、MBC与ROC、ROC与POC、LFOC与ROC之间均呈显著正相关,土壤呼吸速率与LFOC、DOC、MBC和ROC之间也呈显著正相关。种植2种草类均显著提高土壤呼吸速率,并使呼吸速率日变化峰型更突出,其中毛苕子的作用效果比黑麦草更显著。     

肥料减施条件下水稻土壤有机碳组分对紫云英—稻草协同利用的响应

研究紫云英与稻草不同利用模式在化肥减量条件下稻田表层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的差异,为合理利用有机物料调控土壤肥力提供参考。采用湖南省南县连续5年(2011—2015年)大田定位试验的方法,研究了减量施肥下洞庭湖地区紫潮泥双季稻田0-20cm表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)对紫云英与稻草不同利用模式的响应。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施化肥(F100)TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC和LFOC的含量均有显著上升,增幅分别为12.2%,19.5%,18.6%,11.3%和100.9%。化肥减量20%条件下紫云英与稻草利用模式更有助于有机碳组分的积累,其中晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英(F80+HR+A)处理效果最为突出,与CK相比,增幅分别为18.3%,47.2%,24.1%,20.0%和204.0%。减量施肥下紫云英单独利用相比稻草单独还田更益于MBC、DOC与EOC的积累,增幅分别为9.8%,4.0%和0.6%,土壤LFOC则相反,下降了34.8%。敏感指数分析表明土壤有机碳及其活性组分中LFOC对土壤质量变化最为敏感,其次是MBC,二者可作为衡量土壤质量状况的良好指标。F80+HR+A各有机碳组分敏感性均显著高于F100处理。相关性分析表明水稻产量、土壤有机碳及其组分之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。综上所述,化肥减量条件下不同紫云英与稻草利用模式对紫潮泥稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的影响存在明显差异,稻草还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,紫云英的利用则有利于土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,而紫云英与稻草协同利用模式,尤其是晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英更有助于土壤有机碳及其活性组分的积累。     

黄土台塬不同林分结构土壤有机碳质量分数特征

为探讨林分结构对土壤有机碳固定的影响,本文以黄土台塬的油松、 沙棘、 刺槐和侧柏纯林及其混交林为对象,对土壤有机碳、 易氧化态、 轻组、 颗粒态以及可溶性有机碳进行了分析。结果表明, 1）混交林可有效增加土壤不同组分有机碳含量,侧柏混交林与纯林相比增加最为明显,其土壤有机碳增加了123%和160%,易氧化态有机碳增加了161%和304%,轻组有机碳增加了1399%和482%,颗粒态有机碳增加了454%和436%,可溶性碳增加了138%和170%（05 cm土层）; 刺槐-沙棘、 油松-沙棘-刺槐混交林相对改良效果较差。2）各活性有机碳间相比较,混交林对土壤易氧化态碳含量增加效果最显著,而对土壤颗粒有机碳的改善效果不甚明显。3）在0100 cm土层,轻组有机碳敏感性指标分别是总有机碳、 可溶性和易氧化态有机碳的1.00~10.58、 3.83~10.19和1.78~5.10倍。4）有机碳与活性有机碳组分均呈线性极显著正相关关系; 轻组有机碳与颗粒有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他,易氧化态碳与可溶性有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他。     

长期不同施肥对太湖地区黄泥土总有机碳及颗粒态有机碳含量及深度分布的影响

研究了长期不同施肥处理(化肥与秸秆配施、化肥与猪粪配施、单施化肥和不施肥)下,水稻土总有机碳和颗粒态有机碳的深度变化。结果表明,总有机碳(TOC)和颗粒态有机碳(POC)的深度分布都符合幂函数方程(Y=aX-b);不同的施肥处理主要影响耕层土壤的TOC和POC含量,POC分配比例在土壤深度上也有差异。其中,化肥与猪粪配施处理,由于有机物质的输入其TOC和POC含量显著高于其它3种处理;不施肥处理的POC含量显著高于单施化肥和秸秆配施化肥。并且,没有观察到耕层POC含量与不同小区的作物平均产量间的显著线性关系,这意味着土壤POC仅从含量来说,与作物生物量的输入并没有直接关系。而可能与施肥中的直接输入有较大关系。同时,POC含量与大团聚体颗粒组含量间的相关性不显著,说明不同施肥处理下POC的结构和性质可能发生了变异,导致其对大团聚体颗粒组形成及其稳定性的作用存在差异。可见,不同的施肥处理并没有改变TOC和POC的深度分布格局,只是改变了它们在耕层土壤的含量以及POC的分配比例。不同施肥处理下POC的结构性质及其稳定性的变化还有待于进一步的研究。     

民勤绿洲区苜蓿地土壤有机碳组分分布特征

为了解西北民勤绿洲区紫花苜蓿种植后土壤有机碳组分的变化趋势及影响因素,以民勤绿洲区3a(A3)、14a(A14)和22a(A22)苜蓿种植地为研究对象,以棉花种植地(CK)为对照,通过野外调查取样以及室内测试分析,对土壤中的全部有机碳(TOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和微生物量碳(MBC)的含量进行测定,分析变化趋势并对其规律进行研究。结果表明:相对于棉花种植地,22a苜蓿地土壤容重和电导率分别降低了13.9%和95.4%。3~22a苜蓿地较棉花种植地(CK)的TOC、LFOC、HFOC和MBC分别表现出175.0%,1 416.0%,47.8%和216.0%的增长幅度,变化差异较为显著。在垂直剖面上,棉花种植地(CK)显著低于苜蓿地LFOC、POC、MBC含量,并随土层加深而不断降低。逐步回归分析表明LFOC与TOC显著正相关(p0.05)。苜蓿种植年限、土层以及这两个变量的交互作用对POC/TOC产生显著影响(p0.01),对TOC、LFOC、HFOC、POC、MBC、LFOC/TOC、HFOC/TOC和MBC/TOC均产生极显著影响(p0.001)。苜蓿种植提高了土壤质量,降低了土壤容重和盐碱性,连续种植14a是苜蓿最为合理的种植年限,同时苜蓿种植有利于0—60cm垂直土层有机碳组分的累积,尤其对TOC、LFOC和MBC的增长效果极其显著。     

长期施肥红壤性稻田和旱地土壤有机碳积累差异

  【目的】  提高土壤有机碳水平对提升农田生产力有重要意义。基于长期定位施肥试验,比较施肥影响下相同成土母质发育的红壤性稻田和旱地土壤的总有机碳 (TOC) 及其组分的积累差异,以深入理解红壤有机碳的固持及稳定机制。  【方法】  稻田和旱地长期施肥试验分别始于1981和1986年,包含CK (不施肥对照)、NPK (施氮磷钾化肥) 和NPKM (有机无机肥配施) 3个处理,在2017年晚稻和晚玉米收获后,采集两个试验上述处理的耕层 (0—20 cm) 土样,通过硫酸水解法分离土壤活性与惰性有机碳,测定并计算土壤中TOC及其组分的含量及储量,并利用Jenny模型拟合试验期间耕层土壤TOC含量的变化动态,估算土壤固碳潜力。  【结果】  与CK相比,长期施肥可提高稻田和旱地土壤各有机碳组分的含量,且NPKM处理的效果优于NPK处理。相比于稻田土壤,施肥对旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的提升更加明显。NPK和NPKM处理下,旱地土壤活性有机碳组分Ⅰ、活性有机碳组分Ⅱ、惰性有机碳含量的增幅分别是稻田土壤的2.7、2.7、5.8倍和2.0、1.4和2.5倍。不论施肥与否,稻田土壤TOC的固存量和固存潜力均显著高于旱地土壤。施肥促进土壤固碳,在稻田和旱地土壤上,NPKM处理的TOC固存量分别是NPK处理的1.7和25.5倍,TOC固存潜力则分别是NPK处理的1.4和5.8倍。长期不同施肥均显著提高稻田和旱地土壤年均碳投入量,线性拟合方程表明,随碳投入量增加,土壤活性有机碳储量的累积对稻田、旱地土壤TOC储量累积的贡献率分别达64.7%、44.6%。不同处理间稻田与旱地土壤活性有机碳 (包括活性有机碳组分Ⅰ与活性有机碳组分Ⅱ) 含量的差异可解释其TOC含量差异的52.9%～60.0%。  【结论】  与施氮磷钾化肥相比,有机无机肥配施可更好的促进土壤固碳,且在旱地土壤上的促进作用比在稻田土壤上更为明显。与稻田土壤相比,旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的变化对长期施肥的响应更敏感,且在施氮磷钾化肥条件下表现更为明显。红壤性稻田和旱地土壤TOC积累的主要贡献组分分别为活性有机碳和惰性有机碳。红壤植稻虽有利于有机碳固持,但红壤性稻田土壤的活性碳占比较高,可能易因不当管理而发生损失。     

小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地土地利用变化对土壤活性碳组分的影响

[目的]以小兴安岭森林沼泽为研究对象,研究湿地经过人类活动开垦为农田,和排水造林,以及弃耕地的土壤活性碳组分,为深入了解土壤活性碳组分动态变化及其可能影响全球变暖的机制研究提供科学依据。[方法]选择小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地4种土地利用方式(天然沼泽、排水湿地、弃耕地、农田)为研究对象,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,对比分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(EOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)的含量变化和比例关系,并用相关分析法分析土壤有机碳各活性组分之间的关系。[结果]不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加而降低,总体上,在土壤剖面上,天然沼泽的SOC含量大于其他土地利用方式,其他3种土地利用方式之间差异不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性碳组分(DOC,MBC,EOC,POC,LFOC)含量在垂直分布上均呈现出随土壤深度的增加而降低的趋势,土壤活性碳组分含量顺序总体上呈:天然沼泽排水湿地弃耕地农田。4种土地利用类型土壤DOC占SOC的比例,在垂直剖面上,无明显规律变化。土壤SOC含量与DOC,MBC,EOC,POC,LFOC之间的相关性均达到显著水平(p0.05)。土壤DOC和MBC之间呈显著性正相关(p0.05),LFOC和POC之间呈极显著性正相关(p0.05),EOC与其他活性碳组分相关性均不显著(p0.05)。[结论]土地利用变化会对小兴安岭森林沼泽土壤活性碳组分产生影响,应该合理开发小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地。     

新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤养分及活性有机碳组分研究

土壤有机碳及其组分是土壤质量的重要指标,在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。通过对我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用类型土壤养分及有机碳组分。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用类型土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用类型对土壤养分具有较大影响,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,而不同土地利用类型土壤全磷差异并不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用类型土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地耕地草地未利用地。林地和草地EOC/SOC比例显著低于耕地和未利用地,说明林地和草地转变成耕地降低了土壤有机碳的稳定性;微生物商(MBC/SOC)基本表现为耕地林地草地未利用地,其中耕地和林地土壤MBC/SOC比例差异不显著(p0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤活性有机碳各组分与SOC,TN,TK均具有极显著相关性关系,并且不同土地利用类型土壤EOC,POC,LFOC,WSOC和MBC含量之间均具有极显著相关性(p0.05),说明土壤活性有机碳很大程度上依赖于有机碳含量,活性有机碳各组分之间相互影响和密切联系,其中SOC,TN和TK是不同土地利用类型土壤活性有机碳变化的重要影响因子。     

不同养分与水分管理对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响

室内盆栽试验研究不同养分与水分管理模式对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响结果表明 ,干湿交替模式和控制水分灌溉模式采用厩肥 化肥配施处理水稻植株根系平均活跃吸收面积分别比单施化肥处理高 19.3%和 2 8 2 % ;平均根系活力分别高 2 3.7%和 37.9%。而连续淹水模式则削弱有机与无机肥配施对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的改善效果。厩肥 化肥配施处理可显著提高水稻中后期植株根表磷酸酶活性 ,尤以控制水分灌溉模式采用有机与无机肥配施比单施化肥处理高 4 4 .7%。     

Effect of moisture and temperature regimes on available phosphorus in wetland rice soils

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water and temperature regimes on availability of soil phosphorus (P). Four soil samples with variable levels of available P collected from a long‐term P frequency trial were incubated under two moisture regimes, continuous waterlogging (CWL) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) at 20°C and 30°C temperature for 90 days. The samples were extracted with 0.5M NaHCO₃ for available P determination after incubation. Increase in temperature increased available P content and this increase was more prominent in CWL conditions. Available P in all the soils tested was higher under CWL than AWD conditions, however, the increase in available P due to CWL environment was more pronounced in soils with higher available P.     

不同施肥管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳、氮形态的影响

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.     

黄土高原半干旱区不同土地利用下的土壤有机碳、碳组分和土壤营养

Cropland (CP), native grassland (NG) and two shrub land treatments which were converted from cropland in 1985:seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ) (ST), and branchytamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima) (BT) were investigated to evaluate effects of land use conversion on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nutrients in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau of China. Total organic carbon (TOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), total N (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), total P, and available P (AP) were measured. The results showed that SOC in NG, ST and BT were 12.7%, 27.7% and 34.8% higher than that of the cropland, respectively. LFOC, light fraction (LF) dry matter, ratio of TOC to TN (C/N) and the ratio of TOC to AP (C/P) were higher in the shrub land or native grassland than in the cropland. Cropland had the highest TN, the sum of NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N, TP and AP due to the use of chemical fertilizers. TOC significantly correlated with LFOC, HFOC and C/N. LFOC significantly correlated with dry matter of the LF and C/N. TN, the sum of NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N and AP were significantly negatively correlated with TOC and LFOC. Therefore, land use conversion from cropland to shrub land, or maybe grassland, contributed to SOC sequestration and improved soil nutrients stabilization.     

长期施肥下黑土活性有机碳变化特征

观测分析了黑土长期不同施肥30年后不同形态的活性有机碳含量(易氧化有机碳>轻组有机碳>微生物量碳>水溶性有机碳)的变化特征。结果表明,长期施用氮、氮磷和氮磷钾化肥对土壤活性有机碳无显著影响;长期施用有机肥以及有机肥配施化肥均显著提高了土壤活性有机碳含量,与不施有机肥相比,有机肥区组中土壤轻组有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量增幅较大,分别在122%～258%和237%～351%之间,而土壤易氧化有机碳和微生物量碳含量增幅分别在72%～98%和83%～112%。黑土不同形态活性有机碳对施肥的响应灵敏度为,轻组有机碳>水溶性有机碳>微生物量碳≈易氧化有机碳。因此,轻组有机碳是指示土壤有机碳变化的较好指标。     

长期稻虾共作模式提高稻田土壤生物肥力的机理

  【目的】  长期稻虾共作是提高稻田肥力的有机生态途径。研究该模式对稻田土壤有机碳库和土壤酶活性的影响，为该模式的可持续应用提供理论依据。  【方法】  基于连续10年 (2005—2015) 中稻单作和稻虾共作的田间定位试验，于2015年10月中旬水稻收获后，按照0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm、30—40 cm 土层采集土样，分析不同土层中总有机碳 (total organic carbon，TOC)、土壤微生物量碳 (microbial biomass carbon，MBC)、可溶性有机碳 (dissolved organic carbon，DOC)、易氧化有机碳 (easily-oxidized organic carbon，EOC) 和颗粒有机碳 (particulate organic carbon，POC) 含量，测定不同土层土壤水稳性团聚体中有机碳的含量，计算了土壤碳库管理指数，同时分析了与土壤碳、氮和磷代谢有密切关系的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。  【结果】  1) 相对于中稻单作，稻虾共作显著增加了各土层中TOC、POC和DOC含量，增加30—40 cm土层中MBC含量以及10—40 cm土层中EOC含量；2) 稻虾共作显著提高了10—30 cm土层中土壤碳库管理指数，碳库管理指数在10—20 cm和20—30 cm土层中较中稻单作模式分别提高了52.7%和58.2%；3) 稻虾共作模式下，0—20 cm土层中小于0.053 mm粉–黏团聚体的有机碳含量显著高于中稻单作模式，而在20—30 cm土层各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量均显著高于中稻单作模式；4) 与中稻单作相比，稻虾共作土壤脲酶活性在10—20 cm土层显著降低了16.7%，而在20—30 cm土层纤维素酶活性显著提高了28.0%；5) 除DOC外，TOC、POC、MBC与纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均呈显著正相关。  【结论】  长期稻虾共作提高了稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量，特别是提高了20—30 cm土层纤维素酶活性，促进了根茬等有机物的分解，提高了该层次各粒级团聚体内的有机碳含量，改善了土壤结构，加大了水稻根系的下扎深度，改善了固持速效养分的能力，从而提升了稻田土壤生物肥力。     

长期施肥对土壤活性有机碳指标的影响

以棕壤长期肥料定位试验地土壤为试材,研究和对比了不同施肥处理耕层土壤各项活性有机碳指标对长期施肥的响应。研究结果表明,长期施用化肥、有机肥以及有机肥配施化肥均显著改变了土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量。与此同时,土壤的轻组有机碳(LFOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量亦对长期施肥产生与TOC基本一致的响应。相关分析结果表明,土壤的LFOC、ROC和MBC可以作为长期施肥对土壤TOC影响的评价指标,且三者的指示灵敏度依次为MBC>LFOC>ROC。     

绿肥还田在稻作生态系统的效应分析及研究展望

绿肥种植利用是中国传统农业技术的精华,也是绿色生态循环农业发展的关键性举措,为中国粮食稳定和绿色增效发挥着十分重要的作用。水稻栽种之前的绿肥还田耕作模式就是将绿肥植物体直接耕翻于稻田中作为肥料或是将绿肥植物体沤堆成肥再施用于稻田土壤,这不仅能够培肥稻田土壤、增强土壤供肥能力和减少稻季化学肥料施用,而且能够减少稻田周年化学养分供给、减轻稻田营养物质流失、提高养分资源利用效率,是轻简种植、绿色高效的农作制度模式。本文概述了绿肥还田对稻田土壤质量、资源利用效率和温室气体排放等方面的影响,展望了绿肥在稻田资源利用中的潜力,为绿肥高效种植和合理还田提供参考。     

Improving organic C and N fractions in a sulfur-deficient soil with S fertilization

A field experiment was conducted over 9?years (1999 to 2007 growing seasons) in northeastern Saskatchewan on a S-deficient Gray Luvisol (Typic Haplocryalf) soil. The objective was to determine the relative effectiveness of N alone versus combined annual application of N (120?kg N?ha^?1) and S (15?kg S?ha^?1) fertilizers to a wheat–canola rotation on storage of total organic C (TOC) and N (TON) and on the light fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON) in soil. Compared to N alone, annual applications of S fertilizer in spring in a combination with N resulted in an increase in soil of TOC (by 2.18?Mg C?ha^?1), TON (by 0.138?Mg N?ha^?1), LFOC (by 1,018?kg C?ha^?1), and LFON (by 42?kg N?ha^?1). The relative increases in organic C or N due to S fertilizer application were much higher for the light organic fractions (36.9% for LFOC and 27.5% for LFON) than for the total organic fractions (9.2% for TOC and 7.3% for TON). The findings demonstrate the importance of a balanced/combined application of N and S fertilizers to crops in storing more organic C and N in this S-deficient soil.     

Change of Organic Carbon Content and Its Fractions in Black Soil under Long‐Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Recycled Organic Manure

Abstract

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important indicator for soil quality and sustainable agriculture, and agricultural practices may strongly affect SOM content and chemistry. Thus, a long‐term experiment was conducted in northeast China to study the effect of chemical fertilizers and recycled organic manure on the contents of SOM along its fractions of black soil (0–20‐cm depth). Eight treatments were used: 1) control, 2) recycled organic manure (ROM), 3) nitrogen (N) alone, 4) N+ROM, 5) N+phosphorous (P), 6) N+P+ROM, 7) N+P+potassium (K), and 8) N+P+K+ROM. The results showed that from 1985 to 2002; soil total organic carbon (TOC) decreased by 6.5% over the 18 years in control (33.25 g/kg in 1985), 5.6% in ROM treatment, and 5.1% in N‐alone treatment, and 1.5% in the N+P treatment but increased by 0.3% in the N+P+K treatment. In the three treatments of chemical fertilizers together with ROM (i.e., N+ROM, N+P+ROM, and N+P+K+ROM), soil TOC content in 2002 increased by 0.3%, 1.3%, and 2.8%, respectively, when compared with control in 1985. Compared with control in 2002, light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) content increased by 23% in N+ROM treatment, 24% in N+P+ROM, and 28% in N+P+K+ROM, and readily oxidized carbon (ROC) content increased by 24% 31%, and 39%, respectively, in these three treatments. The ROC was well correlated with soil TOC. Compared with the data from 18 years ago, in all eight treatments organic carbon of soil in the humic acid fraction decreased by 5.0–13% and in fulvic acid decreased by 1.4–14%; however, with chemical fertilizers and ROM applied together, the rate of decrease was reduced. Overall, ROM is effective for increasing the content of soil TOC and thus, its different active carbon fractions in black soil would help to maintain or increase soil productivity.