黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土饱和导水率的研究

通过对黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土饱和导水率的研究, 结果表明: 原状土的饱和导水率随着土壤剖面深度的增加呈现出表土层高、中间土层低、底土层又升高的趋势; 扰动土与原状土的饱和导水率差异较大, 土壤饱和导水率与土壤容重呈负相关、而与孔隙度、结构系数、团聚度等均呈正相关。原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间水分运动以及孔隙状况, 对研究土壤水量平衡和水土保持有重要的意义。扰动土的饱和导水率对于土壤理化性质的理论研究有一定参考价值。     

土壤大孔隙饱和导水率的数值模拟及实验研究

原状土壤饱和导水率的确定将直接影响水及溶质在原状土壤中运动的模拟,进而影响到水文模型及溶质运移模型的模拟精度。为此,将原状土壤分为基质域和大孔隙域,以南京市栖霞区的土壤为例,通过CT扫描结合经验公式法、室内原状土柱实验法分别得到了原状土壤大孔隙的饱和导水率,并对其结果进行了详细的对比分析。结果表明:两种测定大孔隙饱和导水率的方法得到结果的相对偏差在10%以内。     

碱化盐土饱和导水率特征与影响因素研究

选择碱蓬地和碱斑地2组典型碱化盐土剖面,对原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率(K10)进行了测定,并分析了盐度、碱度、结构、有机质、质地、容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:碱化盐土的K10极低,原状土仅为0.05~0.22mm d-1,其与土壤碱度、盐度、结构系数、团聚度的相关性均无显著统计学意义,与土壤有机质含量极显著(p0.01)负相关,与砂粒和粉粒含量分别呈极显著(p0.01)正相关和负相关,与砂粒/(粉粒+黏粒)呈极显著(p0.001)直线递增关系,底层(20~100 cm)原状土和表层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm)扰动土K10均与土壤容重呈极显著(p0.001)幂函数递减关系;土壤质地和容重对K10的影响存在交互作用。     

灌溉水质和方式对土壤水力传导特性的影响

通过对未扰动土芯的模拟灌溉实验,分析了灌溉过程中土壤饱和导水率的变化及不同灌溉处理土壤近饱和导水率的差异;研究了不同水质和灌溉方式对土壤水力传导特性的影响。     

典型旱地红壤水力学特性及其影响因素研究

为了更系统地了解旱地红壤供水与贮水能力、有效水含量及其变化范围,按自然发生层采集旱地红壤原状土样,对其进行了水力学特性和影响因素研究.结果表明,旱地红壤原状土饱和导水率变化范围为1.44×10-3～3.45×10 3 cm/s,并呈现自上而下减小的趋势.从旱地红壤水分特征曲线得出剖面各层土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、萎蔫含水量和有效水含量,其中有效水含量变化区间为0.083～0.124cm3/cm3,耕作层最高.在旱地红壤水力学特性的影响因素研究中,容重、质地、有机质含量和结构系数均与水力学特性呈一定的相关性,其中容重和孔隙度为旱地红壤水力学特性的主要影响因素.     

有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响

饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标.通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和壤土导水率的影响.土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复.结果表明：1）土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而壤土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2）有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3）低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定.随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长.     

太湖地区主要水稻土的土壤水分参数研究

太湖地区主要水稻土类型的水分参数研究结果表明 ,水稻土 4个土层的土壤水分特征曲线基本一致。土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数和土壤有效水的含量均从土壤上层到下层呈降低的趋势 ;土壤的非饱和导水率与负压水头之间呈负相关的指数曲线变化 ,当负压水头达到 10 k Pa时 ,非饱和导水率降低到最小值 ,且基本趋于稳定 ;非饱和土壤水扩散率变化于 1.1× 10 - 3～ 1.886× 10 - 3cm2 / min之间 ,非饱和土壤水扩散率随含水量也呈指数曲线变化。     

原状土与扰动土导气率、导水率与含水率的关系

为分析土壤导气特性与土壤导水特性间的关系,该文通过研究陕西杨凌小麦试验田士样导水率和导气率随含水率的变化特征,比较原状土与扰动土导气和导水特征,分析相对导水率和相对导气率与饱和度的关系,结果发现导水率随含水率的增加而减小,且无论导水率还是导气率原状土都比扰动土大,证实土壤结构及孔隙特征对水和气的传输有巨大的影响,扰动土和原状土变化趋势虽然基本相同,但曲线不重合,说明扰动土和原状土的孔隙连接性和弯曲程度不尽相同.     

测定时间对定水头法土壤饱和导水率的影响

为了探究测定时间对定水头法土壤饱和导水率(Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity,Ks)测定结果的影响,采用室内模拟试验,以关中塿土为研究对象,测定原状土(1.5 g cm-3)及不同容重(1.2、1.3、1.4、1.5、1.6 g cm-3)扰动土长时间序列下(45 d)的饱和导水率及出流液电导率,并在实验结束后将土样分层用吸管法测定颗粒组成。结果表明:饱和导水率测定值随时间先迅速降低达到一个拐点(近稳定点)后缓慢降低至最终稳定,对于原状塿土,近稳定点(1.33 d)Ks测定值0.0762 cm h-1与终稳定点(4.42 d)Ks值0.0640 cm h-1差异不显著(P0.05),初步建议测定时间为1.5 d。原状土比同容重的扰动土先达到稳定且稳定时的Ks值更大,随着土壤容重增加,Ks越快稳定(分别4.92、4.42、2.92、2.5、1.5 d),且稳定时Ks值越小。不同时刻出流液的电导率与饱和导水率极显著相关(P0.01),试验后粉粒含量随土样深度有所上升,说明土粒的膨胀与迁移对Ks测定的稳定时间均有影响。     

EN-1固化剂对4种土壤饱和导水率的影响研究

为了研究EN-1土壤固化剂的固化性能,通过室内模拟实验对杨凌、安康、安塞和靖边4种土壤在不同固化剂掺量、养护龄期的固化进行了土壤饱和导水率影响的研究,结果表明,微量掺加EN-1固化剂就可以明显减小黄棕壤和土的饱和导水率,饱和导水率随着培养龄期的增加而下降,当培养期大于14d时土样的饱和导水率近似为0;黄绵土与风沙土的饱和导水率随着固化剂掺量增加而减小,培养龄期增大,饱和导水率随之下降,固化剂掺量为1%,培养期为28d时黄绵土和风沙土的饱和导水率最低。     

Effect of desiccation cracking on the hydraulic conductivity of a compacted clay liner

Despite our best efforts to reduce the waste stream, there will always remain some residues which cannot be further treated and must be disposed in landfills. One critical aspect of landfill construction is the integrity of the landfill liner. Current landfill liner technology includes a composite liner which consists of a FML component and a compacted soil component. The primary characteristic for selecting a soil for use in composite liner construction is that the soil have a saturated hydraulic conductivity of 1 × 10^?7 cm s^?1 or less. In the present study the effects of desiccation cracks on the hydraulic conductivity of the compacted soil were measured. Two soils of diverse mineralogy and typical of soils used for clay liner construction were selected for use. Each was tested in its native state plus after the addition of 30% sand. Laboratory measurements were made of the volumetric shrinkage of each soil. In addition, the hydraulic conductivity was determined using 10 cm diameter fixed wall permeameters. Additional conductivity measurements were made using 60 cm diameter fixed wall double ring permeameters which had been exposed to 0, 1, and 2 periods of desiccation prior to hydraulic conductivity determinations. The data show that laboratory measurements using 10- cm diameter fixed wall permeameters underestimate the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils when packed in large diameter permeameters. It was also found that exposure to two cycles of desiccation resulted in large increases in hydraulic conductivity. The time required to reach a steady outflow volume decreased as the amount of desiccation increased. The hydraulic conductivities of soils which had been allowed to dry were greater than those which were not allowed to dry prior to measurement. The relationship between volumetric shrinkage and the increase in hydraulic conductivity after desiccation indicates that soils which exhibit less than 11% shrinkage in the laboratory, exhibit increases in K of less than a factor of 2 upon desiccation. Clay soils with greater than 11% shrinkage can potentially be amended with sand to decrease the volumetric shrinkage and their response to desiccation.     

Integrated tillage-water-nutrient management effects on selected soil physical properties in a rice-wheat system in the Indian subcontinent

We studied few soil physical indicators after eighth cropping cycle of rice-wheat. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with two tillage (rice: puddling vs. non-puddling; wheat: conventional tillage vs. no-tillage), three water management (rice: submergence vs. drainage; wheat: five/three/two irrigations) and nine nutrient (N) management treatments (inorganic vs. integrated nutrient management). The bulk density (t m^?3) in non-puddled soil (1.33) was significantly less than puddled soil (1.59); while mean weight diameter (0.55 mm) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (0.43 cm h^?1) were higher in the former treatment. Irrigation after 3-days of drainage was found to enhance soil aggregation (0.54 mm) and moisture retention (71.6%) during rice. No-tillage in wheat had overall positive impact. Organic sources of nutrients increased soil water retention (biofertilizer for rice), water conductivity and aggregate stability (combined organics for rice and wheat). Interactions between (tillage × N), (water × N), (tillage × water) revealed crop-wise variations. The saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil aggregation for rice; and bulk density, water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity for wheat were identified as sensitive soil physical indicators. We suggest an effective combination of no tillage and intermittent irrigation with integrated nutrient management for sustaining soil physical quality in rice-wheat rotation.     

多因素作用下浑水入渗对土壤导水特性的影响

浑水土壤入渗具有复杂的上边界变化过程,其上边界导水能力的变化规律是研究浑水土壤入渗特性的重要基础。为研究浑水入渗形成致密层过程中导水率的变化情况,该研究进行了17组(9组正交试验处理,8组用于模型验证)浑水饱和土柱入渗试验,通过对试验结果进行多元回归构建多因素(浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间)影响下砂土导水率动态模型;并结合浑水饱和土柱入渗特性进行合理假设,分别建立浑水砂壤土和粉壤土饱和土柱导水率动态模型并进行验证。结果表明:浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间对砂土导水率影响极显著(P<0.01),入渗时间为砂土影响导水率变化的主要因素,其次为含沙率和黏粒含量;建立的砂土导水率动态模型决定系数为0.853,均方根误差为0.004 cm/min,表明该模型可客观反映各因素与导水率之间的关系;模型验证试验结果中均方根误差小于0.01 cm/min,相对误差绝对值均值小于7%,说明该导水率动态模型可靠性较高;砂壤土和粉壤土导水率动态模型决定系数分别为0.912和0.930,均方根误差分别为2×10^-3和5×10^-5 cm/min;模型验证中均方根...     

黄土丘陵区典型植被土壤物理性质差异及其对导水特性影响

选取黄土丘陵区12种典型植被样地,通过测定各样地不同土层植物残体生物量、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率,研究各指标随土层深度和植被类型的变化规律及其对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:(1)除容重随土层深度增加外,植物残体、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率均随土层深度减少,其中植物残体大多集中于表层土壤(0—10 cm),占总残体生物量的51.4%～85.7%。(2)不同植被类型其植物残体及土壤物理性质存在显著差异,乔木林地植物残体、农耕地土壤容重、灌木林地非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率均最大,而毛管孔隙度与不同土地利用类型间无显著差异。(3)饱和导水率随植物残体生物量密度(0—10 cm)和土壤容重呈幂函数减小,随毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度呈幂函数增大;土壤容重(BD)和非毛管孔隙度(NCP)是影响土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的主要因素,且土壤饱和导水率可表示为两者的综合非线性方程(K_s=0.6BD~(-4.717)NCP~(0.203),P0.01,R~2=0.63,NSE=0.50)。此外,沙棘灌木林地平均饱和导水率最大,有利于降雨过程中土壤水分入渗,具有较强的水土保持功能。本研究结果可为黄土高原植被恢复生态水文效益评价提供理论依据。     

黄土高原坡地表层土壤饱和导水率和水分含量空间变异特征

表层土壤水分含量和饱和导水率对深层土壤水分的动态的变化具有重要的决定作用。在黄土高原坡地（50m×360 m）范围内进行网格（10 m×10 m）取样,用地统计学方法研究表层（0～30 cm）土壤饱和导水率和水分含量的空间变异特征。结果表明：1）坡地表层土壤密度变化规律为坡下位大于坡上位,土壤饱和导水率变异系数为0.37,属于中等变异强度;2）饱和导水率和自然对数化的饱和导水率在360 m尺度内均不具备空间结构特征,是纯随机变量,线性有基台模型适用于描述表层土壤水分的分布特征,水分分布存在明显的块金效应,并且随滞后距离的增加半方差变大;3）饱和导水率和水分含量从坡上位到坡下位均呈现波浪式变化,饱和导水率大的采样点土壤水分含量低,反之则高。     

不同根系构型草本与灌木复合对土壤饱和导水率的影响因素分析及模拟

[目的] 探究不同根系构型草本与灌木复合时的根土性质的差异对土壤饱和导水率的影响,并综合考虑根系和土壤性质建立估算土壤饱和导水率的经验方程,为黄土高原植被恢复后的水文模型建立提供理论参考。[方法] 选取不同根系构型草本与灌木的混合样地,分别为柠条锦鸡儿加冰草(须根系)和柠条锦鸡儿加铁杆蒿(直根系)。采用双环刀法测定不同样地土壤饱和导水率。[结果] 样地类型和土层深度对土壤饱和导水率的影响达到显著水平,两者对土壤饱和导水率影响的因子贡献率分别为26%和52%。直根系铁杆蒿与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地的土壤饱和导水率高于须根系冰草与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地,并且不同样地的土壤饱和导水率随土层深度的增加均表现出降低的趋势。根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重能够较好地模拟土壤饱和导水率,其拟合精度R²可以达到0.86。[结论] 直根系草本与灌木复合时较须根系草本与灌木复合相比具有更高的饱和导水率。在不同样地中,根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的主要因素。     

Improvement of degraded physical attributes of a saline-sodic soil as influenced by phytoremediation and soil conditioners

This study aimed to evaluate the use of phytoremediation and soil conditioners in the recovery of physical attributes of a saline-sodic Fluvic Neossol in Brazil Northeast. The applied treatments were: Atriplex nummularia L., as phytoremediation plant, due to its ability to extract salts from the soil; organic conditioners, such as bovine and sheep manure; gypsum and polymer, as chemical conditioners. Samples with preserved structure were collected at the time of the experiment installation and 18 months after in the layers 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm. The analyzed attributes were: water dispersed clay, dispersion index, bulk density, penetration resistance, soil porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The use of sheep manure, gypsum and polymer promoted an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity in the 0–10 cm layer from 4.51 to 16.37 cm day^?1, 11.26 to 23.95 cm day^?1 and 7.24 to 22.77 cm day^?1, respectively. Gypsum increased the macroporosity in the superficial layer by 42.6%. Atriplex and polymer were more efficient at reducing soil penetration resistance. The polymer was more efficient at improving the physical properties. However, it is necessary to consider phytoremediation with Atriplex as a more sustainable alternative that can still be used as complementary fodder in animal feed.     

黄土高原生态工程区土壤容重及饱和导水率的分布特征

土壤水力性质是影响水分运动、溶质运移以及流域水文模型模拟的重要参数。近年来,黄土高原实施的退耕还林(草)工程、治沟造地工程等重大生态工程,影响了该区域的地形地貌、土壤水力性质等。深入研究流域尺度土壤容重(Bulk Density,BD)与饱和导水率(Ks)的动态变化特征,对于理解重大生态工程影响下的水文过程演变规律具有重要意义。本研究以黄土高原重大生态工程影响的典型小流域为对象,采用80m×80m的网格布点(89个样点),分别于2016年9月(夏末)、11月(初冬)和2017年3月(初春)采集土壤表层(0～5 cm)环刀样品,分析BD和Ks的动态分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:BD在0.93～1.61 g/cm3之间变动,Ks介于0.01～7.30 cm/min;BD呈弱变异性,变异系数(Coefficient of Variation,CV)为10%,而Ks呈强变异性(CV=166%)。坡面BD显著小于沟底(P0.05),而Ks则显著大于沟底(P0.05)。坡面林地和草地BD表现出显著的季节性差异(P0.05),而Ks在林地、灌木和草地之间均表现出显著的季节性差异(P0.05)。地形对流域内的土壤水力参数分布有显著影响,外界环境(温度)变化是决定BD和Ks呈季节性动态变化的重要因素。多因素方差分析表明土地利用类型对BD与Ks均有显著影响;采样时间对Ks有显著影响,对BD无显著影响。相关结果可为揭示重大生态工程区小流域土壤水力参数的动态变化规律及其主控因素提供数据支撑和理论参考,有助于小流域水文过程的模型模拟研究与精细调控。     

有机材料结合集雨措施对山地果园理化性质的影响

为了解黄土丘陵区雨养条件下山地果园有机材料结合集雨措施(organic materials combined with rainwater collection measures,OMR)对苹果园土壤理化性质的影响,2016年4月在陕西延安山地苹果园,以果树树冠投影面反坡修建鱼鳞坑和集雨坑,研究了有机材料用量分别为5 250kg/hm2(OMR1),4 500kg/hm2(OMR2),3 750kg/hm2(OMR3),0kg/hm2(CK)以及传统处理T对苹果园土壤理化性质的影响,测定了0—300cm土层土壤含水率和土壤电导率,0—200cm土壤土层硝态氮含量和0—100cm土层土壤容重和饱和导水率。结果表明:有机材料结合集雨措施能够显著增加果园0—300cm土层土壤含水率,OMR2处理土壤平均含水率增加最显著,有机材料结合集雨措施处理(OMR1、OMR2、OMR3)的土壤根系湿润区主要集中在0—100cm土层。0—300cm土层OMR2处理土壤多次平均含水率值最高,为14.87%;OMR1、OMR3、CK和T处理的土壤多次平均含水率分别为14.74%,14.80%,12.79%和8.66%。有机材料结合集雨措施处理能够显著增加0—200cm土层土壤硝态氮含量,尤其增加40—100cm土层土壤的硝态氮含量;有机材料结合集雨措施能够显著降低土壤容重,尤其是20—60cm土层的土壤容重;有机材料结合集雨措施能够增加土壤饱和导水率,尤其增加0—40cm土层土壤的饱和导水率;有机材料结合集雨措施能够增大土壤的电导率,并且峰值出现在60—100cm土层中,0—300cm土层土壤电导率呈现OMR2OMR1OMR3CKT。总体而言,在陕西延安采用有机材料结合集雨措施能够显著提高山地苹果园土壤含水率和土壤硝态氮含量,降低土壤容重,增大饱和导水率和电导率,使果树在适宜的环境中生长,促进当地山地果业可持续发展。