不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N_2O排放特征

为探讨日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内N2O排放动态变化及其对不同氮水平的响应规律,采用密闭静态箱法,研究了常规氮量(黄瓜季1 200 kg/hm2,番茄季900 kg/hm2)、比常规氮量减25%(黄瓜季900 kg/hm2,番茄季675 kg/hm2)、减50%(黄瓜季600 kg/hm2,番茄季450 kg/hm2)以及不施氮对日光温室土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,温度是影响日光温室土壤N2O排放强度的重要因素,4-10月(平均气温为27.4℃)的N2O排放通量最高达818.4μg/(m2·h);而2-3月(平均气温15.1℃)以及11-12月(平均气温14.7℃)期间的N2O排放通量最高仅为464.5μg/(m2·h),比4-10月的N2O排放峰值降低了43.2%。N2O排放峰值在氮肥追施后5 d内出现,N2O排放量集中在氮肥施用后7 d内,可占整个监测期(271 d)排放量的64.7%~67.8%。施氮因增加了土壤硝态氮含量而引起N2O排放爆发式增长,0~10 cm土壤硝态氮含量与N2O排放量呈指数函数关系(P0.01)。日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内的N2O排放量为0.99~9.92 kg/hm2,其中75.6%~90.0%由施氮造成。与常规氮用量相比,氮减量25%和50%处理的N2O排放量分别降低了40.4%和59.3%,总产量却增加4.9%和7.4%。综上所述,合理减少氮用量不仅可显著降低日光温室土壤N2O排放,而且不会引起产量的降低。该研究为日光温室蔬菜生产构建科学合理的施氮技术及估算中国设施农田温室气体排放量提供参考。     

减量施氮与秸秆添加对设施菜田N2O的减排效应

采用静态箱–气相色谱法,在宁夏灌区设施菜田研究了不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(M)、常规施肥(CON)、减量优化化肥(OPT)、优化化肥+调节土壤碳氮比(OPT+C/N) 5种施肥方式对春茬黄瓜和夏休闲期土壤N_2O排放通量、累积排放量和排放系数的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理土壤N_2O排放通量高峰一般出现在黄瓜滴灌施肥或夏休闲期漫灌后第1天或第3天。春茬黄瓜基肥、追肥和夏休闲期,OPT、OPT+C/N处理土壤N_2O排放通量较CON处理分别降低了3.6%～47.2%、5.9%～49.9%和14.7%～46.6%。春茬黄瓜季和夏休闲期各施肥处理的N_2O累积排放量分别为2.05～9.98kg/hm~2和3.55～7.23 kg/hm~2,OPT、OPT+C/N处理较CON处理分别降低了26.2%～34.3%和29.6%～33.7%。春茬黄瓜当季肥料的N_2O排放系数为0.43%～0.71%,而春茬黄瓜–夏休闲期总排放系数为0.54%～1.04%。N_2O总排放量与施氮量呈显著正相关(R~2=0.778);N_2O排放通量与5cm表层地温呈显著或极显著相关(R~2=0.47～0.68),与0～20cm土壤含水量呈极显著相关(R~2=0.63～0.88)。因此,相对于农民常规施氮方式,减施50%化肥氮量或减氮配合添加7.5 t/hm~2的小麦秸秆来调节土壤碳氮比都能达到设施菜田土壤N_2O的减排目标。     

优化施氮下稻-麦轮作体系土壤N2O排放研究

采用了静态箱法研究优化施氮下湖北稻-麦轮作体系农田N2O排放特征。结果表明，农田N2O排放量随施氮量增加而增加。N2O排放通量峰值大约发生在施氮后的第3～7 d。小麦季土壤N2O排放量范围为N2O 2.43～4.84 kg/hm2，肥料氮通过N2O排放的损失率为0.54%～0.74%。水稻季土壤N2O排放量为N2O 0.89～2.45 kg/hm2，肥料氮通过N2O排放的损失率为0.39%～0.47%。小麦季和水稻季施氮后0～15 d N2O排放量占当季总排放量的百分比分别为62.79%～66.72%和87.97%～93.14%。与习惯施氮相比，基于作物阶段氮素吸收增加追肥比例和施氮次数的优化施氮能有效减少土壤N2O排放。     

长期秸秆还田对设施菜田土壤反硝化特征和N2O排放的影响

基于2004年2月-2010年9月温室菜田长期定位试验,通过室内培养和田间同步,利用静态箱法和硅胶管法分别检测土壤表层N2O通量和剖面N2O浓度的变化,以研究高碳氮比的小麦秸秆施用对设施菜田土壤反硝化过程及N2O排放的影响.结果表明,（1）与对照处理（CK）相比,添加秸秆处理（ST）显著提高0-20cm土层土壤反硝化量,促进N2O还原,增加N2产生量,显著降低追肥灌溉后表层土壤N2O的排放峰值和土壤底层50cm处N2O浓度峰值,但对20-80cm土层土壤的反硝化特征影响较少.（2）秸秆还田有利于降低设施菜田NO;淋洗风险,秸秆的深施是进一步降低菜田NO3-淋洗的有效途径,有利于土壤底层N2O的再次还原.因此,设施菜田中添加小麦秸秆并深施有利于降低N2O排放和减少NO3-的淋洗.     

保护地土壤N2O排放通量特征研究

为研究保护地土壤N2O排放通量特征,于2009年8～12月,在河北辛集不施氮（N0）、当地习惯施氮（N900）及减量施氮（N675）处理下的秋冬季番茄保护地土壤上使用静态箱采集、气相色谱仪检测的方法测定了土壤N2O排放通量。得到以下研究结果:灌溉施肥后,各处理N2O平均排放通量与表层土壤硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关关系。灌溉施肥后7 d内是施氮处理土壤N2O主要排放期,其排放量占当季总排放量的55.9%~59.8%;高峰值一般出现在第3～5 d,此时的土壤含水量对硝化、反硝化作用都较适宜。8～10月份由于温度较高,N2O排放通量明显高于较冷的11～12月。8～10月份施氮是影响保护地土壤N2O排放的主导因素,减少施氮量显著降低了N2O排放量;之后温度是主导因素,此时N2O排放量受追施氮量的影响较小。经估算,保护地秋冬季番茄不同施氮处理N2O总排放量的大小顺序为:N900（N 5.304 kg/hm2）N675（N 3.616 kg/hm2） N0（N 0.563 kg/hm2）,差异显著,减量施氮比习惯施氮处理降低了31.8%的N2O排放量;N675和N900处理的N2O排放系数分别为0.45和0.53。     

优化施氮下稻-麦轮作体系土壤N_2O排放研究

采用了静态箱法研究优化施氮下湖北稻-麦轮作体系农田N2O排放特征。结果表明,农田N2O排放量随施氮量增加而增加。N2O排放通量峰值大约发生在施氮后的第37~d。小麦季土壤N2O排放量范围为N2O 2.43~4.84kg/hm2,肥料氮通过N2O排放的损失率为0.54%0~.74%。水稻季土壤N2O排放量为N2O 0.892~.45 kg/hm2,肥料氮通过N2O排放的损失率为0.39%0~.47%。小麦季和水稻季施氮后01~5 d N2O排放量占当季总排放量的百分比分别为62.79%6~6.72%和87.97%9~3.14%。与习惯施氮相比,基于作物阶段氮素吸收增加追肥比例和施氮次数的优化施氮能有效减少土壤N2O排放。     

不同施肥量对设施菜地N2O排放通量的影响

为明确北京地区设施菜地的N2O排放特征，寻求既能减少N2O排放又使蔬菜增产或保持原有产量的切实有效措施，该研究采用静态箱/气相色谱法对北京地区设施菜地的黄瓜进行了全生长季N2O排放通量的观测，并分析了不同施肥量对N2O排放量、蔬菜产量和经济效益的影响。结果如下：土壤N2O排放通量的季节变化有明显的时间变异性，试验初期受基肥的影响，N2O排放量较大，随着时间的推移，土壤N2O排放量有所减少并保持稳定；试验后期由于追肥，出现一次排放高峰，且持续时间较长。各处理土壤N2O排放总量的次序是：T4（常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T3（3/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T1（1/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞T2（1/2常规施肥量+鸡粪）＞Tn（鸡粪）＞T0（无肥处理），各处理之间N2O排放量差异达到极显著水平。综合考虑施肥量、N2O排放量和黄瓜产量，研究认为T3（3/4常规施肥量+鸡粪）的施肥量比较合理，可以为合理施肥、降低农民生产成本以及估算中国农田温室气体排放量和编制温室气体排放清单提供 依据。     

水氮调控对设施土壤氨挥发特征的影响

基于连续6年设施番茄水氮调控定位试验,采用高分辨激光光谱法观测分析灌水下限(土壤水吸力为W_1:25 kPa、W_2:35 kPa、W_3:45 kPa)和施氮量(N_1:75 kg N/hm~2、N_2:300 kg N/hm~2、N_3:525 kg N/hm~2)对设施土壤氨挥发通量、累积挥发量、番茄产量及单产累积排放量的影响。结果表明:灌水下限、施氮量及两者交互作用极显著的影响设施土壤氨挥发通量峰值、累积挥发量、单产氨挥发累积量、氨挥发损失率和番茄产量。氨挥发通量表现为施氮后6～8天氨挥发达到峰值。经验S模型可以较好地表征基肥和追肥2个时期氨挥发累积量随时间的变化,氨挥发特征参数表现为基肥期以灌水下限和水氮交互影响为主,追肥期以施氮量和水氮交互影响为主。与基肥相比,采用滴灌追肥可显著的降低氨挥发累积量94.78%～96.30%。受土壤pH和土壤NH_4~+-N含量及施肥带比例影响,氨挥发的氮损失率在0～2%。施氮量为300 kg N/hm~2和灌水下限25 kPa组合的水氮处理(W_1N_2)是协调氨挥发量和设施番茄产量的最佳水氮管理模式。     

不同水肥处理对设施菜地N2O排放的影响

设施菜地是N2O排放的重要来源。本文通过田间试验对北京地区不同水肥处理的设施有机大白菜进行了全生长季N2O排放监测,以期为设施菜地N2O减排提供数据支撑。试验为灌溉和施氮量的双因素设计,分别为高灌溉量下的常规施氮（高氮 HN1）、 优化施氮（低氮 HN2）和不施氮（HCK）以及低灌溉量下的常规施氮（LN1）、 优化施氮（LN2）和不施氮（LCK）处理。结果显示,不同灌溉量对大白菜产量影响不显著,但常规施氮处理均显著高于优化和不施氮处理。试验初期,土壤N2O排放通量较高,随后逐渐降低; 到第30 d,各施氮处理已累积释放了生育期N2O排放总量的80%以上; 灌水对N2O排放的影响显著,试验期间灌溉三次后均出现排放高峰,且高灌溉量下各处理N2O的排放通量均高于低灌溉处理。常规施氮N2O排放通量高于优化施氮处理,并均显著高于不施氮处理。各施氮处理的N2O排放系数介于0.29%~0.39%之间。     

猪粪沼液施用对稻麦轮作系统土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

以典型的猪粪尿发酵沼液为对象,探讨了沼液施入量和管理方式对以中国东部稻麦轮作农田系统土壤N2O排放规律和排放量的影响。研究结果表明,与化学氮肥相比,沼液施用未影响稻麦轮作系统土壤N2O排放的季节变化规律,但影响其排放量的大小。稻季100%施用沼液的处理（N100%DPS）其累积排放量为0.71kg·hm-（22008年）和1.38kg·hm-（22009年）,显著高于100%施用化肥的处理（N100%Ure）a,即0.68kg·hm-2和1.06kg·hm-2。麦季N100%DPS处理N2O的累积排放量分别为6.56kg·hm-（22008年）和5.05kg·hm-2（2009年）,与N100%Urea处理（2008年：5.89kg·hm-2;2009年：3.93kg·hm-2）无显著差异,但均显著高于稻季各处理。随着沼液替代化学肥料用量的降低,稻田N2O排放量呈降低趋势,而沼液一次性施入和分次施入对稻田N2O排放的季节动态和累积排放量均无显著影响;但沼液不同的管理方式对麦季累积N2O排放量更为复杂。稻、麦两季N100%DPS处理中N2O排放系数（f）均最大,分别达到0.3%和1.6%,但沼液分次施入和一次性施入的处理间f值均无显著差异。     

不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

【目的】 本文利用天津日光温室蔬菜不同施肥模式定位试验，研究了不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响，为设施蔬菜高效施肥和菜田土壤可持续利用提供依据。 【方法】 调查在第 9 茬蔬菜 (秋冬茬芹菜) 和第 10 茬蔬菜 (春茬番茄) 进行。定位试验设 8 个处理，分别为:1) 不施氮；2) 全部施用化肥氮 (4/4CN)；3) 3/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 (3/4CN + 1/4PN)；4) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 猪粪氮 (2/4CN + 2/4PN)；5) 1/4 化肥氮 + 3/4 猪粪氮( 1/4CN + 3/4PN)；6) 2/4 化肥氮 + 1/4 猪粪氮 + 1/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 1/4PN + 1/4SN)；7) 2/4 化肥氮 + 2/4 秸秆氮 (2/4CN + 2/4SN)；8) 农民习惯施肥 (CF)，除不施氮肥和农民习惯施肥外，其余处理为等氮磷钾处理。在不同生育时期，采 0—20 cm 土壤样品，测定土壤微生物量碳、氮含量，并分析其与蔬菜产量之间的关系。 【结果】 两茬蔬菜不同施肥模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量总体上均随生育期的推进呈先增后降的趋势。芹菜季较高土壤微生物量碳含量出现在定植后 90 d，土壤微生物量氮较高含量出现在定植后 60 d；番茄季分别出现在定植后 20～80 d 和 60 d。芹菜季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 185.0～514.6 和 34.3～79.1 mg/kg 之间，较化肥(4/4CN)模式平均分别增加 15.1%～81.7% 和 24.5%～100.0%，其中以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量相对较高，平均分别增加 62.0%～81.7% 和 81.1%～100.0%；番茄季 5 个有机无机肥料配施模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量分别在 120.7～338.0 和 25.5～68.8 mg/kg 之间，较 4/4CN 模式平均分别增加 16.9%～86.9% 和 12.2%～109.3%，又以配施秸秆模式土壤微生物量碳、氮含量最高，平均分别增加 61.4%～86.9% 和 78.2%～109.3%。两季蔬菜不同生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与当季蔬菜产量和定位试验开始以来蔬菜总产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。 【结论】 同等养分投入量下，有机无机肥料配合施用提高土壤微生物量碳、氮的效果显著好于单施化肥，又以化肥配施秸秆效果更佳；土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与设施蔬菜产量之间呈极显著正相关关系。证明有机无机肥配施，特别是配施一定量的秸秆可有效提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量，维持较高的菜田土壤肥力，有利于设施蔬菜的可持续和高效生产。      

不同施肥模式对设施秋冬茬芹菜生育期间土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】利用在天津的日光温室蔬菜不同施肥模式定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式对设施菜田土壤酶活性的影响,为设施蔬菜高效施肥和菜田土壤可持续利用提供依据。【方法】取样调查在第9茬蔬菜(秋冬茬芹菜)进行。定位试验设6个处理,在等氮磷钾条件下,分别为1)全部施用化肥氮(4/4CN),2)3/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮(3/4CN+1/4PN),3)2/4化肥氮+2/4猪粪氮(2/4CN+2/4PN),4)1/4化肥氮+3/4猪粪氮(1/4CN+3/4PN),5)2/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮+1/4秸秆氮(2/4CN+1/4PN+1/4SN),6)2/4化肥氮+2/4秸秆氮(2/4CN+2/4SN)。在芹菜基肥施用前和定植后30、60、90、110天,采取0—20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤α-葡萄苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、β-葡萄苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、几丁质酶、磷酸酶和脲酶的活性,分析其与土壤微生物量碳氮及土壤可溶性有机碳氮含量之间的关系。【结果】芹菜生育期间不同施肥模式土壤α-葡萄苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、β-葡萄苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、几丁质酶和磷酸酶的活性总体上先增后降,较高土壤酶活性均出现在芹菜定植后60~90 d; 土壤脲酶活性总体上呈逐渐升高的趋势。芹菜季有机无机肥料配施模式土壤α-葡萄苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、β-葡萄苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、几丁质酶、磷酸酶和脲酶的活性较4/4CN模式平均分别增加22.9%~92.0%、20.1%~152.4%、23.1%~145.1%、28.7%~273.8%、9.2%~207.8%、13.7%~86.8%和6.5%~56.5%,其中以配施秸秆模式土壤酶活性相对较高,较4/4CN模式平均分别增加59.9%~92.0%、98.9%~152.4%、90.3%~145.1%、171.6%~273.8%、106.4%~207.8%、68.8%~86.8%和30.7%~56.5%。土壤酶活性与土壤微生物量碳氮、可溶性有机碳氮含量及芹菜产量之间总体上呈显著或极显著正相关关系。【结论】同等养分投入量下,设施菜田土壤酶活性表现为有机无机肥料配合显著高于单施化肥,又以配施秸秆效果更佳; 土壤酶活性与土壤微生物量碳氮、可溶性有机碳氮含量和蔬菜产量之间密切相关。说明有机无机肥配施,特别是配施一定的秸秆可有效提高土壤酶活性,维持较高的菜田土壤肥力,有利于设施蔬菜的可持续和高效生产。     

施肥对夏玉米季紫色土N2O排放及反硝化作用的影响

采用原状土柱-乙炔抑制培养法研究了施肥对紫色土玉米生长季土壤N2O排放通量和反硝化作用的影响.结果表明:玉米季施肥显著增加土壤N2O排放和反硝化损失,同时,各施肥处理间N2O排放与反硝化损失量差异显著.猪厩肥、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥、氮肥、氮磷钾肥和秸秆配施氮磷钾肥等处理的土壤N,O排放量分别为3.01、2.86、2.51、2.19和1.88 kg hm-2,分别占当季氮肥施用量的1.63％、1.53％、1.30％、1.09％和0.88％,反硝化损失量分别为6.74、6.11、5.23、4.69和4.12 kg hm-2,分别占当季氮肥施用量的3.97％、3.55％、2.97％、2.61％和2.23％,不施肥土壤的N2O排放量和反硝化损失量仅为0.56和0.78 kg hm-2.施肥是紫色土玉米生长前期(2周内)土壤N2O排放和反硝化速率出现高峰的主要驱动因子,土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量是影响土壤N2O排放、土壤硝化和反硝化作用的限制因子,土壤含水量是重要影响因子,降雨是主要促发因素.土壤N2O排放量与反硝化损失量的比值介于0.45 ～0.72之间,土壤反硝化损失量极显著高于土壤N2O排放量,说明土壤反硝化作用是紫色土玉米生长季氮肥损失的重要途径.     

施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N2O和NO排放的影响

依托紫色土施肥方式与养分循环长期试验平台(2002年—),采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期(2013年10月至2014年10月)农田生态系统N_2O和NO排放的野外原位观测试验。长期施肥方式包括单施氮肥(N)、传统猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(RSDNPK)等5种,氮肥用量相同[小麦季130 kg(N)×hm~(-2),玉米季150 kg(N)×hm~(-2)],不施肥对照(CK)用于计算排放系数,对比不同施肥方式对紫色土典型农田生态系统土壤N_2O和NO排放的影响,以期探寻紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O和NO排放速率波动幅度大,且均在施肥初期出现峰值;强降雨激发N_2O排放,但对NO排放无明显影响。在整个小麦-玉米轮作周期,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理的N_2O年累积排放量分别为1.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、4.60 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.95 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、2.16kg(N)×hm~(-2)和1.41 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.41%、1.56%、0.25%、0.69%、0.42%;NO累积排放量分别为0.57 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.39 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.46 kg(N)×hm~(-2)和0.17 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.21%、0.15%、0.15%、0.17%、0.07%。施肥方式对紫色土N_2O和NO累积排放量具有显著影响(P0.05),与NPK处理比较,OM和OMNPK处理的N_2O排放分别增加384%和127%,同时NO排放分别增加3%和18%;RSDNPK处理的NO排放减少56%。表明长期施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O和NO排放,而秸秆还田有效减少NO排放。研究表明,土壤温度和水分条件均显著影响小麦季N_2O和NO排放(P0.01),对玉米季N_2O和NO排放没有显著影响(P0.05),土壤无机氮含量则是在小麦-玉米轮作期N_2O和NO排放的主要限制因子(P0.01)。全量秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的优化施肥方式。     

N2O and NO emissions from an Andisol field as influenced by pelleted poultry manure

Animal manures from intensive livestock operations can be pelleted to improve handlings and recyclings of embodied nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pelleted poultry manure on N₂O and NO fluxes from an Andisol field. In autumn 2006 and summer 2007, poultry manure (PM), pelleted poultry manure (PP), and chemical fertilizer (CF) were applied at a rate of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ in each cultivation period to Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis). Nitrous oxide and NO fluxes were measured using an automated monitoring system. A soil incubation experiment was also conducted to determine the influence of intact and ground pelleted manure on N₂O, NO, and CO₂ production with a water-filled pore space (WFPS) of 30 or 50%. In the field measurements, N₂O emission rates from the organic fertilizer treatments were larger than that from the CF treatment, possibly because organic C stimulated denitrification. The highest N₂O flux was observed from the PP treatment after a rainfall following fertilization, and the cumulative emission rate (2.72 ± 0.22 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) was 3.9 and 7.1 times that from the PM and CF treatments, respectively. In contrast, NO emission rates were highest from the CF treatment. The NO/N₂O flux ratio indicated that nitrification was the dominant process for NO and N₂O production from the CF treatment. Cumulative N₂O emission rates from all treatments were generally higher during the wetter cultivation period (autumn 2006) than during the drier cultivation period (summer 2007). In contrast, NO emission rates were higher in the drier than in the wetter cultivation period. The incubation experiment results showed a synergistic effect of soil moisture and the pelleted manure form on N₂O emission rates. The intact pelleted manure with the 50% WFPS treatment produced the highest N₂O and CO₂ fluxes and resulted in the lowest soil NO₃⁻ content after the incubation. These results indicate that anaerobic conditions inside the pellets, caused by rainfall and heterotrophic microbial activities, led to denitrification, resulting in high N₂O fluxes. Controlling the timing of N application by avoiding wet conditions might be one mitigation option to reduce N₂O emission rates from the PP treatment in this study field.     

施肥方式对冬小麦—夏玉米轮作土壤N_2O排放的影响

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的农田温室气体,本研究利用紫色土长期施肥试验平台,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对紫色土旱作农田冬小麦—夏玉米轮作系统的N_2O排放进行了定位观测(2012年11月至2013年9月),研究单施氮肥(N)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥(OM)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(ICRNPK)等施肥方式对紫色土N_2O排放特征的影响;不施肥(NF)作为对照计算排放系数,以探寻紫色土地区可操作性强、环境友好的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式的N_2O排放均呈现双峰排放,峰值出现在施肥初期;玉米季N_2O排放峰值显著高于小麦季(p0.05)。在相同的施氮水平(小麦季130 kg hm~(~(-2)),玉米季150 kg hm~(~(-2)))下,施肥方式对N_2O排放和作物产量均有显著影响(p0.05)。N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和ICRNPK处理的土壤N_2O周年累积排放量分别为1.93、1.96、1.12、1.50和0.79 kg hm~(~(-2)),排放系数分别为0.62%、0.63%、0.33%、0.47%和0.21%,全年作物产量分别为4.35、11.95、8.39、9.77、10.93 t hm~(~(-2))。施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O排放量,而秸秆还田在保证作物产量的同时显著降低N_2O排放量,可作为紫色土地区环境友好的施肥方式。土壤无机氮(NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N)是N_2O排放的主要限制因子。因此,在施氮水平相同时,施肥方式对紫色土活性氮含量的影响导致N_2O排放差异显著,是土壤N_2O排放差异的根本原因。土壤孔隙充水率也是影响N_2O排放的重要环境因子,并且其对N_2O排放的影响存在阈值效应。     

施肥方式对冬小麦季紫色土N2O排放特征的影响

利用紫色土养分循环长期定位施肥试验平台,通过静态箱-气相色谱法,于2012年11月至2013年5月,研究了单施氮肥(N)、猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)、秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(CRNPK)及对照不施肥(NF)6种施肥方式下,紫色土冬小麦季土壤N2O的排放特征。结果表明,在相同施氮水平[130 kg(N)·hm-2]下,施肥方式对N2O排放量有显著影响(P0.05)。N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和CRNPK处理下,土壤N2O排放量[kg(N)·hm-2]分别为0.38、0.36、0.29、0.33和0.19,N2O排放系数分别为0.25%、0.23%、0.18%、0.21%和0.10%。NF的土壤N2O排放量为0.06 kg(N)·hm-2。土壤无机氮含量(NO3--N和NH4+-N)是N2O排放的主要影响因子,降雨能有效激发N2O排放。基于小麦产量评价不同施肥方式下的N2O排放,结果表明,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和CRNPK单位小麦产量N2O的GWP值[yield-scaled GWP,kg(CO2 eq)·t-1]分别为132.57、45.70、49.07、48.92和26.41。CRNPK的小麦产量与6种施肥方式中获得最大产量的OM间没有显著差异,但显著高于其他处理。而且,CRNPK的yield-scaled GWP比紫色土地区冬小麦种植中常规施肥方式(NPK)显著减少46%,并显著低于其他4种施肥方式。可见,秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥在保证小麦产量的同时,能有效减少因施肥引发的N2O排放,可作为紫色土地区推荐的最佳施肥措施。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from a rainfed-cultivated black soil in Northeast China: effect of fertilization and maize crop

Nitrous oxide emission (N₂O) from applied fertilizer across the different agricultural landscapes especially those of rainfed area is extremely variable (both spatially and temporally), thus posing the greatest challenge to researchers, modelers, and policy makers to accurately predict N₂O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from a rainfed, maize-planted, black soil (Udic Mollisols) were monitored in the Harbin State Key Agroecological Experimental Station (Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China). The four treatments were: a bare soil amended with no N (C0) or with 225?kg?N ha^?1 (CN), and maize (Zea mays L.)-planted soils fertilized with no N (P0) or with 225?kg?N ha^?1 (PN). Nitrous oxide emissions significantly (P?<?0.05) increased from 141?±?5?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (C0) to 570?±?33?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (CN) in unplanted soil, and from 209?±?29?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (P0) to 884?±?45?g N₂O-N?ha^?1 (PN) in planted soil. Approximately 75?% of N₂O emissions were from fertilizer N applied and the emission factor (EF) of applied fertilizer N as N₂O in unplanted and planted soils was 0.19 and 0.30?%, respectively. The presence of maize crop significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the N₂O emission by 55?% in the N-fertilized soil but not in the N-unfertilized soil. There was a significant (P?<?0.05) interaction effect of fertilization?×?maize on N₂O emissions. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature (P?<?0.05), with the temperature sensitivity of 1.73–2.24, which together explained 62–76?% of seasonal variation in N₂O fluxes. Our results demonstrated that N₂O emissions from rainfed arable black soils in Northeast China primarily depended on the application of fertilizer N; however, the EF of fertilizer N as N₂O was low, probably due to low precipitation and soil moisture.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from wetland soil amended with inorganic and organic fertilizers

Agricultural soils are a primary source of anthropogenic trace gas emissions, and the subtropics contribute greatly, particularly since 51% of world soils are in these climate zones. A field experiment was carried out in an ephemeral wetland in central Zimbabwe in order to determine the effect of cattle manure (1.36% N) and mineral N fertilizer (ammonium nitrate, 34.5% N) application on N₂O fluxes from soil. Combined applications of 0 kg N fertilizer + 0 Mg cattle manure ha^?1 (control), 100 kg N fertilizer + 15 Mg manure ha^?1 and 200 kg N fertilizer + 30 Mg manure ha^?1 constituted the three treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Tomato and rape crops were grown in rotation over a period of two seasons. Emissions of N₂O were sampled using the static chamber technique. Increasing N fertilizer and manure application rates from low to high rates increased the N₂O fluxes by 37–106%. When low and high rates were applied to the tomato and rape crops, 0.51%, 0.40%, and 0.93%, 0.64% of applied N was lost as N₂O, respectively. This implies that rape production has a greater N₂O emitting potential than the production of tomatoes in wetlands.     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from a maize-cropping black soil in northeast China by a combination of reducing chemical N fertilizer application and applying manure in autumn

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soils, mainly caused by chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs, are major sources of N₂O in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, attempts to reduce N₂O emissions from agricultural soils by optimizing N applications are receiving increasing attention. Further, organic fertilizers are being increasingly used in China to improve crop production/quality and prevent or reduce soil degradation. However, organic and chemical fertilizers are often both applied in spring in northeast China, which promotes N₂O emissions and may be sub-optimal. Therefore, we hypothesized that reducing applications of chemical fertilizer N and applying manure in autumn could be an effective strategy for mitigating N₂O emissions from cropped soils in the region. To test this hypothesis, we established a field trial to investigate the effects of different combinations of chemical N fertilizer applications and animal manure in autumn on both N₂O emissions and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields in northeast China. The treatments, expressed as NxMy (where Nx and My denote the total amounts of chemical fertilizer nitrogen (N) and manure (M) applied in kg N ha^?1 and m³ M ha^?1, respectively), were N₀M₀, N₂₃₀M₀, N₂₇₀M₁₂, N₂₃₀M₁₅, N₃₂₀M₁₈ in 2010 and N₀M₀, N₂₃₀M₀, N₂₀₀M₁₂, N₂₀₀M₁₅, N₂₈₀M₁₈ in 2011. Measurements of the resulting N₂O emissions showed that pulse fluxes occurred after each chemical N fertilizer application, but not after manure inputs in autumn or during soil-thawing periods in the following spring. Emission factors for the chemical fertilizer N were on average 1.07% (1.00?1.10%) and 1.14% (0.49?1.83%) in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Furthermore, by comparing the nine pairs of fertilization treatments, the relative increase in cumulative nitrous oxide-nitrogen (N₂O-N) emissions was found to be proportional to the relative increase in urea application, but independent of the amount of autumn-applied manure. These findings imply that N₂O emissions from fertilized agricultural soils in northeast China could be mitigated by supplying manure in the autumn and reducing the total amount of chemical N fertilizer applied in the following year. Although no significant difference in maize grain yield was found among the fertilization treatments, the grain yield-scaled N₂O emissions for the treatments with a lower chemical N application (e.g., N₂₃₀M₁₅ and N₂₀₀M₁₅ treatments) were significantly lower than those with a higher chemical N application (e.g., N₃₂₀M₁₈ and N₂₈₀M₁₈ treatments). Meanwhile, under the condition of the same application amount of chemical fertilizer N, the grain yield-scaled N₂O emission decreased with the increase of manure application rate. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that combining reductions in chemical N fertilizer and applying manure in autumn could be an effective strategy for mitigating N₂O emissions from N-fertilized soils in northeast China.