黄土高原区果园生草覆盖对土壤物理性状、水分及产量的影响

通过试验证明果园生草制是黄土高原地区果园土壤管理的一个行之有效的模式。果园生草覆盖区与对照相比土壤物理性状、水分及产量均有明显提高，直径1．0mm以上的土壤团粒增加了10．2％一12．2％，提高60．4％一72．2％；土壤容重下降0．05—0．13g/cm^3，降低4．2％一10．0％；土壤孔隙度增加2．5％一5．5％，提高4．6％一10．9％；有机质增加0．19％一0．57％，提高24．4％一73．1％；0—20cm土壤水分增加1．7％一3．0％，提高16．7％一29．4％；苹果产量和经济效益，提高幅度分别为12．73％一31．57％和15．17％一36．22％。     

渭北旱塬果园自然生草对土壤水分及苹果树生长的影响

土壤水分不足是渭北旱塬苹果生产中的首要问题。为了提高果园土壤贮水量,促进果树生长,该试验以果园清耕和人工生草(三叶草)为对照,探讨渭北旱塬果园自然生草(繁缕和牛繁缕群落)对土壤水分及苹果树生长的影响。结果表明:自然生草在苹果开花坐果期可提高0~80 cm土层土壤水分,在幼果膨大期和花芽分化期可提高0~120 cm土层土壤水分,在果实采前膨大期可提高0~160 cm土层土壤水分,而人工生草则降低了土壤水分。自然生草和人工生草主要影响0~80 cm土层土壤水分,且对0~40 cm土层土壤水分影响较大,对120 cm以下土层影响较小。自然生草的土壤蒸散量较人工生草和清耕分别减少了17.30和8.07 mm,单果重分别提高了15.46%和6.21%,产量分别提高了21.29%和6.10%,土壤水分利用效率分别提高了25.09%和7.64%。自然生草不但可提高果园土壤贮水量,而且可提高果实单果重与产量,渭北旱塬应积极推广果园自然生草。     

自然生草对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤氮及果实品质的影响

为了减少土壤硝态氮的积累,防止苹果缺钙症状的发生,该研究以果园清耕为对照,探讨渭北旱塬果园自然生草(繁缕和牛繁缕群落,自然生草2、4、6和8a)对土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、水溶性钙含量和苹果果实中的氮、磷、钾、钙含量及果实缺钙症状和果实品质等的影响。结果表明果园自然生草可提高0～40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮和水溶性钙的含量,略微提高40～60cm土层土壤水溶性钙含量,且自然生草年限越长,土壤有机质、全氮和水溶性钙含量越高,但对40 cm土层以下的土壤有机质、全氮和60 cm土层以下的土壤水溶性钙含量无显著影响。自然生草2和4 a 0～60 cm土层土壤铵态氮略低于清耕,6和8 a的略高于清耕,自然生草对土壤铵态氮无显著影响。自然生草2、4、6和8 a 0～80 cm土层土壤硝态氮较清耕分别降低16.28%,31.31%,40.13%和47.41%,均极显著低于(P0.01)清耕;80～240 cm土层分别降低4.38%,12.41%,16.90%和19.39%,自然生草4、6和8 a的均极显著低于(P0.01)清耕;但自然生草对240 cm以下土层土壤硝态氮基本无影响。不同生长年限自然生草的生物量、全碳、全氮、全磷、全钾和全钙均基本相同。自然生草提高了果实中的钙含量,降低了果实中的氮钙比、磷钙比和钾钙比,降低了果实缺钙症状的发生率,提高了果实着色面积、果实硬度和果实可溶性固形物含量。渭北旱塬果园自然生草,可有效提高果园土壤有机质,减少硝态氮积累,减少缺钙症状发生,提高果实品质。     

果园生草对氮素表层累积及径流损失的影响

为了正确认识生草覆盖对果园面源污染的防控作用和推进生态果园建设,采用模拟试验的方法,研究了果园生草覆盖、生草刈割和清耕3种管理措施对氮素表层累积及其流失特性的影响。结果表明:鼠茅草大量腐解时期(9月)生草覆盖处理土壤表层(0—1cm)矿质氮含量分别是生草刈割和清耕处理的2.6倍和4.5倍,与此同时,果园生草覆盖处理径流液中矿质氮浓度相比刈割和清耕处理分别提高42.6%和20.9%;与清耕相比,生草覆盖使降雨地表径流量显著降低88.3%~98.7%,渗漏量增加42.1%~97.6%。综合3次降雨,生草覆盖使矿质氮的径流损失比清耕降低90%,并且增加深层(25cm)渗漏89.6%。综上可见,虽然果园生草覆盖增加快速降解时期矿质态氮表层累积数量,但减少径流水损失效果显著,进而明显减少氮素径流损失,提高果园土壤的保水保肥能力,对解决坡地果园面源污染问题意义重大。     

黄土丘陵区山桃灌木林地土壤水分过耗与调控恢复

在黄土丘陵区的荒山荒坡采用工程整地措施 ,进行灌草合理布局与立体配置。研究结果表明 :山桃灌木林生长到第 4年 ,根系的分布深度达 3 2 0～ 3 60cm ,0～ 5 0 0cm土壤含水量比造林前降低了2 1～ 3 3个百分点 ,土壤干层厚度为 1 5 0cm ;生长到第 8年 ,根系的分布深度达 480cm以上 ,土壤干层由第4年 1 5 0cm扩大到 3 0 0cm ,含水量最低为 4 2 % ,最高为 8 4% ;生长的第 1 2年土壤干层明显 ,尤其是 5 0～40 0cm土壤含水量最低为 5 0 % ,最高为 8 6% ,土壤干层厚度达 3 5 0cm ;生长的第 1 6年土壤干层的分布深度在 5 0～ 3 5 0cm ,土壤含水量最低为 4 3 % ,最高为 6 6% ,土壤干层厚度达 3 0 0cm。但通过水平阶、水平沟和鱼鳞坑整地调控 ,0～ 1 0 0cm土壤含水量分别比荒山提高 0 7～ 6 3个百分点 ;1 0 0～ 3 0 0cm提高 0 6～ 4 6个百分点 ;3 0 0～ 5 0 0cm提高 1 4～ 4 6个百分点 ,这充分表明采用合理的整地措施造林 ,土壤水分调控效果显著。     

干旱荒漠地区苹果园地膜及秸秆覆盖的农业生态效应研究

试验研究地面覆秸秆、覆膜、覆膜 覆秸秆等节水措施对干旱荒漠地区苹果园土壤水分、温度和肥力等因子的效应及对苹果生长的影响结果表明 ,几种节水措施均有效提高 0～ 6 0cm土层土壤含水量 ,最大增幅出现在 5、6月份 ,与果树需水规律相一致 ,缓解了水分供需矛盾。覆膜、覆膜 覆秸秆处理有明显增温效应 ,覆秸秆则表现前期降温而后期增温的双重效应 ,并增加土壤有机质及速效氮、磷、钾含量 ,提高土壤肥力和改善土壤结构 ,其中覆秸秆处理土壤有机质含量增加 18 7% ,地面覆盖处理土壤容重降低 0 0 19～ 0 133g/cm3 ,1年生枝长增加 16 4 %～39 4 % ,叶面积增大 2 7～ 3 86cm2 ,单产增加 1710～ 2 4 6 0kg/hm2 ,果实可溶性固形物含量提高 0 9%～ 1 2 %。     

长期有机肥与化肥配施对渭北旱塬苹果园水分生产力和土壤有机碳含量影响的定量模拟

【目的】 利用数学模拟方法研究了长周期有机肥与化肥配施对渭北旱塬苹果园产量和深层土壤水分利用的影响。 【方法】 采用WinEPIC模型定量模拟研究了1965—2009年期间洛川苹果园在6种有机肥与化肥配施处理下苹果产量、0—15 m土层土壤水分和有机碳含量的响应动态。在施肥总量均为N 360 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 180 kg/hm2的基础上,设置6种猪粪和氮磷化肥投入比例:M0 (单施化肥)、M1 (1/5腐熟猪粪)、M2 (2/5腐熟猪粪)、M3 (3/5腐熟猪粪)、M4 (4/5腐熟猪粪) 和M5 (单施腐熟猪粪)。调查了每年11月份果园各处理0—15 m土层土壤有机碳和有效水分含量以及果园产量,模拟值与观测值相一致,并利用数学模型进行了长周期变化动态模拟。 【结果】 通过模型数据库组建、生长参数修订和模拟精度验证,表明WinEPIC模型能够较准确地模拟洛川苹果园产量和土壤水分利用响应,可用于渭北旱塬不同施肥处理下苹果园水分生产力模拟研究;在1965～2009年模拟研究期间,各施肥处理下苹果园果品产量随树龄增长呈现出前期急速增加后期波动降低,土壤含水量波动性下降,土壤有机碳呈逐渐积累的趋势。与M0相比,施用有机肥处理M1、M2、M3、M4和M5分别增产5.2%、9.8%、10.3%、1.3%和–6.6%,M3处理产量最高,其42年年均产量为30.98 t/hm2;M1～M5果园土壤有效含水量分别较M0提高4.3%、6.2%、5.9%、9.0%和9.8%,其中M5处理保墒效果最优,0—15 m土层土壤有效含水量45年均值为1339 mm;M0～M5处理下苹果园0—15 m土层土壤湿度垂直变化剧烈,土壤干层出现时间分别为13年生、14年生、15年生、15年生、16年生和16年生,干层最大深度均达到11 m;6个施肥处理的0—500 cm土层土壤有机碳含量45年均值为6.43、7.68、7.97、8.67、8.71和8.78 g/kg,随着有机肥施用比例增加而提高,M1、M2、M3、M4和M5处理土壤有机碳含量分别较M0提高19.4%、24.0%、34.8%、35.4%和36.4%;不同施肥处理下,土壤含水量与果园利用年限间呈显著负相关,土壤有机碳含量与果园利用年限间呈正相关,随着有机肥施用比例的增加,这两个相关系数均增大。 【结论】 与单施化肥处理相比,5种有机肥施用处理均有利于提高土壤含水量和有机碳含量,且M1～M4 四种有机肥与化肥配施处理均能够不同程度增加苹果园产量,综合0—15 m土层土壤有效含水量和4～45年生苹果园产量模拟结果考虑,在折算纯氮360 kg/hm2用量条件下,洛川果园适宜有机肥与化肥配施比例为4∶6～6∶4。      

生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分与有效养分及果实产量、品质的影响

试验研究生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分和有效养分含量及果实产量品质的影响结果表明,生草栽培7～11月份干旱时期可提高果园土壤含水率;生草栽培初期降低果园土壤有效氮、磷、钙、镁、锰、铜和锌等矿质养分含量,但生草栽培2年后土壤有效氮、钾、铁和锌等矿质养分含量高于清耕对照。生草栽培可提高果实产量和果实可溶性固形物含量,降低果实柠檬酸含量,且种植百喜草比白三叶效果更明显     

生草覆盖对果园土壤养分、果实产量及品质的影响

通过试验证明果园生草制是我国干旱、半干旱地区果园土壤管理的一个行之有效的模式。果园生草覆盖区与对照相比土壤养分明显提高,有机质增加4.1g/kg～4.7g/kg,提高47%～54%;全氮增加0.05g/kg～0.08g/kg,提高7.0%～12%;有效磷增加3.5mg/kg～6.2mg/kg,提高20%～35%;速效钾增加27mg/kg～75mg/kg,提高9.0%～25%;苹果可溶性固形物、硬度、果形指数、可溶性糖及糖酸比等指标明显提高,可滴定酸明显下降;苹果产量和经济效益显著提高,提高幅度分别为12.73%～31.57%和15.17%～36.22%。     

生草对梨园土壤物理特性的影响

为了研究不同生草年限对梨园土壤物理特性的影响,以清耕为对照,研究冀中生草4a和生草8a梨园,在0—30cm土层内分层取样,测定土壤容重、孔隙度、保水和排水能力及团聚体含量等土壤物理特性,比较不同生草年限梨园土壤物理性质的变化特征。结果表明:生草处理土壤容重显著降低,土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量和排水能力显著增加,对0—10cm土层物理特性的影响最大,与清耕相比较,生草8a和生草4a处理,土壤容重分别降低7.18%和4.26%,土壤孔隙度分别增加44.77%和11.54%,土壤毛管持水量分别增加109.62%和32.91%,排水能力分别增加了56.62%和21.98%;生草处理显著降低了0—10cm土层粒径5mm机械稳定性团聚体和粒径2mm水稳性团聚体含量,显著增加了0—20cm土层粒径0.25~5mm机械稳定性团聚体含量,生草8a显著增加了0—30cm土层粒径0.25~2mm水稳性团聚体含量。短期生草对土壤容重、孔隙度和保水性改善明显,对水稳性团聚体影响较小,随着生草年限的增加,梨园土壤物理性状愈趋改善。     

红壤调理剂的改土培肥及作物增产研究

在南方红壤地区,土壤酸化加剧、养分贫瘠化严重,研发红壤改良的技术和物化产品,对作物均衡增产和红壤可持续利用有重要意义。红壤旱地连续3年定位种植油菜-花生,花生品种为赣花5号,油菜品种为丰油730。调理剂为自行研制的专利产品,已经实现了产业化。研究了红壤调理剂对土壤微结构、物理性状、养分和pH值的影响,并对花生、油菜的产量进行了分析。结果表明:1)施用调理剂后,从微观结构来看,红壤的致密性降低、孔隙度增加,土壤颗粒直径4μm;2)施用调理剂的土壤容重显著降低,孔隙度增加到59%以上,大颗粒水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量增加幅度为1.6%~14.0%,分形维数显著降低,并且与0.25mm粒径的团粒结构含量间呈极显著线性相关;3)施用调理剂的土壤电导率、有机碳、矿质态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均提高,提高幅度在4.3%~143.7%之间;4)施用调理剂还降低了红壤的酸性,pH值从对照处理的5.28提高到5.82,差异显著;5)施用调理剂,花生和油菜增产幅度分别在13.1%~24.8%、10.3%~21.6%之间;6)应用笔者研制的红壤调理剂,可有效改善红壤旱地的理化性质,提高油菜和花生产量,其用量在2 250~3 000 kg/hm~2时较佳。     

Early soil knowledge and the birth and development of soil science

Soils knowledge dates to the earliest known practice of agriculture about 11,000 BP. Civilizations all around the world showed various levels of soil knowledge by the 4th century AD, including irrigation, the use of terraces to control erosion, various ways of improving soil fertility, and ways to create productive artificial soils. Early soils knowledge was largely based on observations of nature; experiments to test theories were not conducted. Many famous scientists, for example, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Charles Darwin, and Leonardo da Vinci worked on soils issues. Soil science did not become a true science, however, until the 19th century with the development of genetic soil science, led by Vasilii V. Dokuchaev. In the 20th century, soil science moved beyond its agricultural roots and soil information is now used in residential development, the planning of highways, building foundations, septic systems, wildlife management, environmental management, and many other applications in addition to agriculture.     

Assessment the effect of homogenized soil on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport

Soil hydraulic properties play a crucial role in simulating water flow and contaminant transport. Soil hydraulic properties are commonly measured using homogenized soil samples. However, soil structure has a significant effect on the soil ability to retain and to conduct water, particularly in aggregated soils. In order to determine the effect of soil homogenization on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport, undisturbed soil samples were carefully collected. Five different soil structures were identified: Angular-blocky, Crumble, Angular-blocky (different soil texture), Granular, and subangular-blocky. The soil hydraulic properties were determined for undisturbed and homogenized soil samples for each soil structure. The soil hydraulic properties were used to model soil water transport using HYDRUS-1D.The homogenized soil samples showed a significant increase in wide pores (wCP) and a decrease in narrow pores (nCP). The wCP increased by 95.6, 141.2, 391.6, 3.9, 261.3%, and nCP decreased by 69.5, 10.5, 33.8, 72.7, and 39.3% for homogenized soil samples compared to undisturbed soil samples. The soil water retention curves exhibited a significant decrease in water holding capacity for homogenized soil samples compared with the undisturbed soil samples. The homogenized soil samples showed also a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity. The simulated results showed that water movement and distribution were affected by soil homogenizing. Moreover, soil homogenizing affected soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport. However, field studies are being needed to find the effect of these differences on water, chemical, and pollutant transport under several scenarios.     

土壤微生物体氮的季节性变化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

以杨陵土垫旱耕人为土(中等肥力红油土)为供试土壤进行田间试验和室内培养试验,研究土壤微生物体氮的动态变化及其土壤含水量和温度的关系。结果表明,田间土壤微生物体氮的变化有明显的季节性;夏季最高,冬季最低,其它时期居中;且与土壤温度有显著或极显著的正相关性,相关系数在0.855以上;试验期间土壤水分含量在10%以上,基本能满足微生物活动所需,因而微生物体氮的变化与水分关系并不密切。应用培养试验结果进一步证明了田间试验结果,即在4～36℃范围内,微生物体氮与温度呈线性相关,而在土壤含水量为6.75%～23.23%范围内,与水分呈指数相关关系,当土壤水分小于10.87%时,水分对微生物体氮有突出结果,当超过10.87%后,几乎没有影响。频繁的干湿交替会使微生物体氮显著减少,但冻融交替却无明显影响。     

Termites and the soil environment

Summary Most termites use soil, together with saliva and faeces, to construct their nests. Nests may be subterranean, epigeal (mounds) or within or attached to the outside of shrubs and trees. Some termite nests are simple constructions and their internal microclimate is not much different from that in the soil. Other nests are often complex structures where temperature and humidity are closely regulated to produce a favourable environment. Above-ground nests are continually being eroded and reconstructed, which redistributes soil over the surface. The resultant disturbance of soil profiles, changes in soil texture and changes in the nature and distribution of organic matter appear to be more significant than changes in chemical properties.     

Cultivation and the soil biomass

The fumigation-respirometric determination of soil biomass was modified to assess the effects of cultivation on the biomass in the upper 5 cm of intact soil samples. We found the method suitable for comparative studies, but not for providing an absolute measure. The soil biomass increased during the growth of a wheat crop and then decreased to an approximately constant amount. The biomass was significantly greater where the soil had been direct-drilled than where it had been ploughed, probably because plant roots were more abundant after direct drilling. The size of the oil biomass in relation to substrate input is discussed.     

Manipulating the soil microbiome to increase soil health and plant fertility

A variety of soil factors are known to increase nutrient availability and plant productivity. The most influential might be the organisms comprising the soil microbial community of the rhizosphere, which is the soil surrounding the roots of plants where complex interactions occur between the roots, soil, and microorganisms. Root exudates act as substrates and signaling molecules for microbes creating a complex and interwoven relationship between plants and the microbiome. While individual microorganisms such as endophytes, symbionts, pathogens, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are increasingly featured in the literature, the larger community of soil microorganisms, or soil microbiome, may have more far-reaching effects. Each microorganism functions in coordination with the overall soil microbiome to influence plant health and crop productivity. Increasing evidence indicates that plants can shape the soil microbiome through the secretion of root exudates. The molecular communication fluctuates according to the plant development stage, proximity to neighboring species, management techniques, and many other factors. This review seeks to summarize the current knowledge on this topic.     

Predicting deep drainage in the soil from soil properties and rainfall

Abstract. Simple predictions of deep drainage in the soil profile are often required for preliminary planning of land management where the cost of direct measurement is not warranted. Soil hydraulic conductivity and drainage of water below the root zone can be related to the salt content at the bottom of the root zone, assuming steady-state balances of water and salt. A physically based empirical model uses readily measured soil properties to predict the quantity of drainage below the root zone under varying regimes of water management and shows a good relationship with ponded infiltration rate.     

Mathematical modeling of the processes of soil deformation and soil compaction

The regularities of the dynamic deformation of soils with viscoelastic properties have been studied. The methods to calculate soil rheological parameters, the stress state of deformed soils, and soil compaction upon a gradual increase in pressure loads and upon cyclic sinusoidal loads created by consecutive passage of a rolling cylinder over the soil surface are suggested. The corresponding parameters have been calculated for soddy-podzolic and chernozemic soils. The quantitative assessment of the effect of a number of factors on changes in the bulk density and in the rheological properties of the soil at different depths upon the soil deformation is given.     

Characterization of the soil aeration status by plant and soil analyses

In differently aerated sites of two catenae under forest (Luvisols) and meadow (Gleysols) in Poland it was investigated if aeration in the period 1980–1983 could be characterized by the indicator I₀ = N (in plants : soils): Mn (in plants : soils). In the Luvisol catena I₀ was significantly correlated with ODR and in the Gleysol catena with ODR and Eh, but in neither of them with air volume. In both catenae “active” and “total” manganese fractions were a suitable basis for I₀ calculation. In the Gleysol catena the investigation of top- (0–20) and subsoil (20–50 cm) appeared to be necessary when only the “active” Mn is considered.