基于GIS和USLE的九龙江流域土壤侵蚀量预测研究

探讨了GIS和USLE相结合预测南方中等尺度流域土壤侵蚀量、标识流域土壤侵蚀严重区域。运用GIS建立九龙江流域基础地理数据库，利用ARC／INFO的栅格数据空间分析功能，根据USLE土壤侵蚀预测模型对数据库进行图形运算，预测了九龙江流域的土壤侵蚀量。结果表明，流域的年均侵蚀模数为2730．3t／km^2，侵蚀强度属中度。占流域面积85．72％的区域土壤侵蚀强度在中度以下。这一区域对流域土壤侵蚀量的贡献率为58．26％，而流域41．74％的侵蚀泥沙来自于占流域面积14．28％的强度以上侵蚀区域。在流域侵蚀强度的空间分布上，8个子流域属中度侵蚀区，其中船场溪、花山溪和雁石溪三个子流域侵蚀强度较大；6个子流域属轻度侵蚀区，其中漳州平原的龙海和浦南两子流域侵蚀强度最弱。     

松花江流域土壤侵蚀现状及防治对策

根据东北地区土壤侵蚀遥感制图调查结果,笔者论述了松花江流域土壤侵蚀类型、分布、强度分级和不同侵蚀强度区的侵蚀特点,并通过典型实例分析了该流域土壤侵蚀造成的危害。在此基础上,提出了该流域土壤侵蚀的防治对策。     

基于栅格数据估算侵蚀量方法在蔚汾河流域的应用

在分析土壤侵蚀形成的主要影响因子基础上,提出了基于栅格数据的流域土壤侵蚀量估算的指标模型.结合山西蔚汾河流域,以降雨、地形、沟谷密度、植被盖度、成土母质为主要影响因素,对流域土壤侵蚀量进行了估算和土壤侵蚀分级,并对土壤侵蚀量的空间分布进行了划分和分析.模拟计算结果与实测数据较为符合.     

红壤区土壤侵蚀危险程度分级初探

土壤侵蚀危险性分级是研究土壤侵蚀危险程度的重要方法.为了探索更加符合实际的土壤侵蚀及其危害程度分级方法,依据水利部土壤侵蚀分级标准和水利部科考成果,对南方红壤科考区的土壤侵蚀强度和土壤侵蚀潜在危险性及其所处流域主要湖泊泥沙输比(SDR)进行分级.结果表明,科考区内轻度、中度、强度和极强度侵蚀均存在.中度侵蚀和强度侵蚀为主要侵蚀类型,占总侵蚀类型的84％.轻度和极强度侵蚀占16％.潜在危险性分级中,无险型、轻险型、危险型和极险型均存在,轻险和危险为主要类型,占总潜在危险类型的84％,无险和极险类型占16％.土壤侵蚀对异地的危害比较大,60％的湖泊SDR＞0.5,其上游土壤侵蚀对异地是危险甚至极险的.研究结果可为红壤全区土壤侵蚀分级和治理工作提供参考.     

基于GIS下的西宁市土壤侵蚀预测

以西宁市周边小流域为研究区域,在GIS软件Arcview和Microimages TNT的支持下,建立流域的空间数据库,利用GIS的栅格数据空间分析功能,将流域空间按10 m×10 m栅格化,根据合适的USLE因子算法生成各因子栅格图,借助GIS空间数据分析功能,实现了西宁市土壤侵蚀量估算和土壤侵蚀强度分级,为西宁市土地利用和水土保持提供科学依据.     

基于GIS的大凌河流域水土保持小流域信息系统建立

利用已有的辽宁省水土保持小流域数字化信息系统,灵活地应用ArcView3.2软件的合并、切割、叠加等功能,实现大凌河流域水土保持小流域信息系统的建立。并把属性数据库中的数据导出到Excell表,这样便于没有掌握GIS软件的人,对数据进行有整理和应用。根据土壤强度比重的百分比,建立了大凌河流域小流域的土壤侵蚀强度分级图及属性数据库。根据土壤侵蚀强度的分级情况,针对不同等级土壤侵蚀强度的小流域,提出治理模式,建立治理模式分类编码,输入到属性数据库中,以供综合治理工作的需要。     

北京市密云水库上游坡地水土流失监测系统的建立及应用

以北京市密云水库上游为示范监测区,利用遥感及地理信息系统,通过坡度、土地利用和植被覆盖度专题图形制作、交叉分析和土壤侵蚀强度判别,进行流域自然状况及水土流失面积调查;根据坡地土壤侵蚀区分布及坡地水土保持治理情况布设坡地径流小区,观测各类型区水土流失量及污染物流失量;分析计算全流域的水土流失量、污染物流失量及治理措施的水土保持效益。     

基于3S和USLE的沱江流域中游土壤侵蚀定量评价

以川中丘陵区沱江流域中游为研究区域,在3S的技术支持下,以美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE模型)为评价模型,利用ArcGIS 9.2的栅格数据空间分析功能,对该区域土壤侵蚀强度进行了预测和估算。结果表明:流域的年均土壤侵蚀模数为1 543t/(km2.a),侵蚀强度为轻度。其中土壤侵蚀中度以下占到流域面积的91.5%,强度侵蚀、极强度侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀分别为3.5%,2.8%和2.2%,极强度和剧烈侵蚀区分布于区域中西部的低山地带,流域土壤侵蚀与地形、土地利用方式相关性很大。     

辽宁省细河流域土壤侵蚀监测方法对比研究

以辽宁省细河流域为例,基于RUSLE模型和环境与灾害监测预报小卫星HJ-1A/1B的CCD数据,计算了该流域的土壤侵蚀状况,将土壤侵蚀强度分级后的结果与多因素综合法得到的土壤侵蚀强度分级结果及2005年辽宁省土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果进行了对比验证。结果表明,HJ卫星的CCD数据适用于土壤侵蚀监测领域,RUSLE模型能够较好地应用于细河流域的土壤侵蚀监测中。2009年土壤侵蚀总面积比2005年第4次土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果有所降低,土壤侵蚀主要分布在西北和东南山区,其中强烈及以上等级的侵蚀则主要分布在"煤电之城"阜新市的露天煤矿地区。     

基于CSLE模型的陕北纸坊沟流域土壤侵蚀评价

[目的]对陕北纸坊沟流域土壤侵蚀状况进行评价,为该流域不合理土地利用方式的调整和优化以及水土流失治理措施的合理布设提供科学依据。[方法]以陕西省安塞县纸坊沟流域为研究区,基于ArcGIS技术,利用2005—2016年纸坊沟流域水文站月降雨量数据、DEM数据、土壤类型数据和土地利用数据,率定中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)的相关参数,计算研究区的土壤侵蚀强度,对土地利用变化与坡度和土壤侵蚀强度之间的关系进行分析。[结果](1)研究区内不同坡度带上的土壤侵蚀强度差异较大,15°～25°左右的坡耕地是土壤侵蚀的敏感部位。(2)纸坊沟流域内土地以林地、耕地、草地为主,耕地面积不断减少,林地和草地面积不断增加。该区域实施退耕还林后,土壤侵蚀的面积与强度整体呈现改善趋势;土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀强度具有密切联系,表现为耕地的土壤侵蚀强度较强,林地和草地侵蚀强度相对较弱,说明增加林地和草地面积,减少耕地面积,能够显著减弱土壤侵蚀。[结论]研究区内土壤侵蚀空间分布受土地利用方式和坡度制约,该区今后水土流失治理的重点区域是15°～25°左右的坡耕地。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。