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1.
为改善大豆分离蛋白膜的性能,将纳米氧化锌(Zno Nanoparticles,Zno NPs)和葡萄皮红(Grape-Skin Red,GSR)加入大豆分离蛋白(Sov ProteinIsolate,SPI)中制备SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜,对复合膜的性能进行表征。结果表明当葡萄皮红、ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白以1:2:25的质量比制备复合膜时,相对于SPI/ZnO NPs膜,葡萄皮红可提高ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白的相容性,改善ZnO NPs在SPI膜中的分散性,并与ZnO NPs发挥协同作用提高SPI膜的机械性能、耐水性能和热稳定性(P0.05)。SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜相比较于SPI膜,拉伸强度从1.37 MPa升至3.28 MPa,熔点从194℃升至231℃,含水率从34.41%降至25.37%,水蒸气透过系数从5.57×10~(-12) (g·cm)/(cm~2·s·Pa)降至4.74×10~(-12) (g·cm)/(cm~2·s·Pa)。此外,复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌表现出优异的抗菌性能,抑菌圈直径随着活性成分的添加呈上升趋势(大肠杆菌:SPI 膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs 膜 2.29 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR 膜 2.36 cm;金黄色葡萄球菌:SPI 膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs 膜 2.32 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR膜2.42 cm),在活性包装应用中具有极大潜力。研究结果为大豆分离蛋白基薄膜的生产应用提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
为研究茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)对大豆分离蛋白膜物理性质的影响,以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为成膜基质,添加适量的增塑剂等成膜助剂,复合Me JA制备蛋白复合膜,并采用场发射电子扫描、X-射线衍射和傅立叶变换红外光谱等方法分析了复合膜的物理特性。结果表明,Me JA与大豆分离蛋白基质有良好的相容性,复合膜材料外观光滑平整。与单一大豆分离蛋白膜相比,Me JA的添加显著增加了膜的厚度和延伸率,降低了膜的透明性及水蒸气透过率,提高了其光阻隔性能,改善了膜的阻湿性。扫面电镜分析发现,0.05%添加量的茉莉酸甲酯精油复合膜内部结构较单一蛋白膜紧凑;红外光谱分析表明,Me JA与SPI基质存在一定相互作用,综合物理性能较佳。由此可知,此复合膜在食品包装和保鲜材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景。  相似文献   

3.
为开发天然的可降解、可食性包装材料,以高粱醇溶蛋白为原料,采用溶液共混的方法制备可食性丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜,分析不同浓度丁香酚对可食性高粱醇溶蛋白膜物理性能及微观结构的影响并探讨其变化机理。结果表明,添加4%丁香酚可优化蛋白膜的机械性能,提升膜的拉伸强度(TS)和断裂伸长率(EAB);添加丁香酚不影响蛋白膜的水蒸气透过系数(WVP),但略微提高了蛋白膜的溶解度;添加4%丁香酚可增加蛋白膜对紫外光和可见光的吸光度值,即增强膜的光阻隔性能。DSC测量显示,添加丁香酚后降低了高粱醇溶蛋白的玻璃态转变温度(Tg),表明丁香酚提高了丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜的延展性;FTIR分析结果表明,添加丁香酚后使得高粱醇溶蛋白二级结构中的α-螺旋、无规则卷曲转变为β-折叠、β-转角,表明丁香酚有助于提高丁香酚/高粱醇溶蛋白复合膜的机械性能;SEM结果显示,4%丁香酚与高粱醇溶蛋白的相容性良好,制备的复合膜截面光滑紧致。本研究结果为可降解、可食性膜新材料的研究及应用推广提供了理论参考。  相似文献   

4.
为探索新型生物膜材料的制备方法及抗黄曲霉活性,以壳聚糖和大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TI)提取物为原料,甘油为增塑剂,利用溶液共混流延法制备壳聚糖-TI-甘油复合可食性膜,测试其厚度、表观结构、力学性质、透光率、水蒸气透过率及抗黄曲霉侵染活性。结果表明,当壳聚糖浓度为18mg/mL、TI浓度2mg/mL、甘油浓度12mg/mL和干燥温度45℃时,制备复合膜具有优良抗黄曲霉活性,且综合理化性能最佳。制备壳聚糖-TI-甘油复合膜液涂膜于花生上,接种黄曲霉培养后发现,复合膜对于黄曲霉侵染具有较强的抵抗和抑制作用。  相似文献   

5.
植物精油海藻酸钠复合膜对双孢蘑菇的抑菌保鲜效果研究   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
为了研究植物精油对双孢蘑菇贮藏期主要腐败菌的抑制效果,该文以新鲜双孢蘑菇为试验材料,分离、纯化并鉴定引起双孢蘑菇贮藏期腐败的主要病原菌;通过体外抑菌活性试验,筛选出抑菌效果较好的植物精油,并将此精油应用于复合膜的保鲜试验中,验证其抑菌保鲜效果。通过对双孢蘑菇主要致腐微生物进行分离、纯化得到9株单菌落,经致病性试验得到主要病原真菌为3号菌,对该病原菌18S rDNA序列进行进化树分析,确定其为丰孢木霉菌(Trichoderma sp.)。选用姜黄、连翘、桉叶、当归4种精油对3号菌菌株进行抑菌活性试验,筛选出较优精油种类及浓度。结果表明,桉叶油对丰孢木霉菌的抑制效果最好,其次是连翘油,姜黄油和当归油无明显抑制作用。桉叶油最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)为0.312 5μL/mL,最小杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)为0.625μL/mL;连翘油MIC为0.625μL/mL,MBC为1.25μL/mL。通过对海藻酸钠/桉叶油复合膜和海藻酸钠单一膜的性能指标进行测定和对比发现,桉叶油的添加可显著提高膜的气体阻隔性能和机械性能。分别用海藻酸钠/桉叶油复合膜、海藻酸钠单一膜和普通PE膜对双孢蘑菇进行保鲜试验,结果表明,添加桉叶油的复合膜可有效降低双孢蘑菇子实体的衰老和致病腐烂,具有显著的抑菌保鲜效果。该研究结果可为双孢蘑菇贮藏期防腐和天然杀菌保鲜剂的选择提供一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

6.
不同工艺生产大豆分离蛋白的成膜性能   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
为了制作出具有良好机械性和阻隔性的大豆分离蛋白可食性膜,优选出成膜性能优良的大豆分离蛋白,该文研究了7种不同生产工艺下的大豆分离蛋白,分别以7种蛋白为材料制膜,测定其机械性能、水溶性、水蒸气透过性、O2透过性、脂质渗透性等性能,进行模糊综合评价,并用扫描电镜观察膜的表面结构。结果表明:GS5000型普通型未经造粒的大豆分离蛋白综合评价分数最高,表明其成膜性能优于其他6种大豆分离蛋白,并且电镜扫描照片也显示用其制出的膜结构更加致密,因此,GS5000型大豆分离蛋白比较适合制作可食性膜。该研究为进一步开发优质大豆分离蛋白膜进行了初步的探索。  相似文献   

7.
为探究乌贼墨黑色素纳米粒(MNP)对明胶-普鲁兰多糖(Gel/Pul)复合膜的改性效果,本研究以乌贼墨为原料,利用动态高压微射流技术制备MNP,以明胶、普鲁兰多糖为成膜基质,添加MNP制备纳米复合膜,通过水蒸气透过率(WVP)、透油率、光学性能、机械性能和自由基清除率等指标,考察了MNP添加量对复合膜的物理特性和抗氧化能力的影响,并通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)进行微观表征,探究MNP与成膜基质间的相互作用。结果表明,MNP与Gel/Pul基质存在氢键的相互作用,具有良好的生物相容性;MNP的加入可以改善纳米复合膜的水蒸气阻隔性和机械性能;当MNP添加量为1 wt%时,复合膜的水蒸气透过率最小,抗拉强度达到最大值;随着MNP添加量的增加,纳米复合膜表现出优越的紫外阻隔性和抗氧化性能。本研究结果为MNP应用于可食膜改性及食品包装提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
丁香精油和丁香酚对苹果贮藏期病害及果实品质的影响   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
该文对丁香精油和丁香酚在离体和活体条件下对采后苹果的主要致腐菌苹果青霉、苹果灰霉、苹果炭疽、苹果轮纹、苹果褐腐和苹果腐心的抑制作用以及对贮藏期苹果品质的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在离体条件下,丁香精油和丁香酚对供试菌种有显著的抑制作用,最低抑制浓度(MIC)范围分别为0.15~0.30 mg/(100 mL)和0.15~0.35 mg/(100 mL),但不能完全抑制致腐菌在苹果果实上的生长。丁香精油和丁香酚能够抑制采后苹果腐烂率、呼吸强度和褐变指数的上升,以及可溶性固性物含量、可滴定酸和硬度的下降,延缓采后苹果的生理衰老,有利于保持苹果的品质和风味。加入CaCl2后,抑菌效果和保鲜效果优于单一的丁香精油和丁香酚处理。作为一种可食性香料,丁香有望开发为纯天然的食品和果品保鲜剂。  相似文献   

9.
酸溶剂对葛根淀粉/壳聚糖复合可食膜性能的影响   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1  
钟宇  李云飞 《农业工程学报》2012,28(13):263-268
为了考察壳聚糖酸溶剂对葛根淀粉/壳聚糖复合可食膜抗菌、物理和机械性能的影响,该文选择质量分数为1%的乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸为溶剂,配制质量体积比2g/L的葛根淀粉-壳聚糖复合膜液,以0.5g/L的抗坏血酸为活性添加剂,0.6g/L的丙三醇为增塑剂,0.1g/L的吐温20为表面活性剂,采用流延法制备可食性复合膜。结果表明:复合膜液具有一定的表面活性;酸溶剂未对膜液表面张力产生显著影响。有机酸溶剂种类对复合膜性能影响显著,其中乙酸复合膜的机械强度最大,平均抗拉强度和穿透力分别为5.73MPa和8.63N,水溶性最小,约34%,对抗坏血酸缓释效果最明显;乳酸复合膜的延展性最优,平均断裂伸长率和穿透距离分别为71.5%和6.05mm;苹果酸复合膜的抑菌效果最佳,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制率分别达到98.9%和81.2%,阻水性最强,透湿系数为4.824.82×10-11g/(m·s·Pa),故可根据不同使用目的选择相应复合膜。研究结果为该类复合包装膜在实际食品上的应用提供理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
为了研究生防菌株对玉米大斑病菌的抑菌作用,深化对生防菌抗菌机制的认识,本研究从玉米(Zea mays)植株体内分离拮抗玉米大斑病菌(Setosphaeria turcica)的内生细菌,对其抗菌物质及其抑菌机理进行初步研究。结果表明,所分离的内生菌株YY1经形态学观察、生理生化测定及16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。菌株YY1发酵液的硫酸铵沉淀物具有抑菌活性,且在硫酸铵50%饱和度时抑菌活性最强,说明YY1菌株产生的抗菌活性物质可能是蛋白类物质。该菌株及其蛋白粗提液均对禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、玉米弯孢霉叶斑病菌(Curvularia lunata)等7种植物病原真菌有较强的拮抗作用。用蛋白粗提液处理菌丝、分生孢子、原生质体后经显微观察发现,大斑病菌的基内菌丝由丝状畸变为串珠状,当蛋白粗提液浓度为0.78μg/μL时,可完全抑制分生孢子萌发,并导致原生质体裂解。通过抑制孢子萌发过程中信号途径相关基因的半定量RT-PCR分析和玉米大斑病菌不同信号途径相关基因突变体的抑制率统计,初步判定该抑菌过程主要通过cAMP信号转导途径发挥作用。本研究为寻找玉米大斑病菌新的防治方法和途径提供基础资料。  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this study was to assess the spatial variability of the activity of three hydrolytic enzymes, i.e. urease activity (UAc), alkaline phosphatase activity (APAc), and arylsulfatase activity (ASAc), in pasture topsoils using geostatistics. Enzyme activities along a transect in a 1.35-ha pasture were determined using 77 soil samples from the upper 20 cm of soil. UAc varied from 101.0 to 182.7 μg N g−1 soil h−1; APAc varied from 1.56 to 3.62 μg p-nitrophenol g−1 soil h−1; and ASAc varied from 1.50 to 3.26 μg p-nitrophenol g−1 soil h−1. The linear models fit the best semivariogram models for UAc, APAc, and ASAc. Semivariograms for enzyme activities exhibited spatial dependence with ranges of influence of approximately 124.7 m.  相似文献   

12.
Metsulfuron-methyl is one of the widely used sulfonylurea herbicides. However, approximately half of the applied metsulfuron-methyl may remain as bound residues in soil. To characterize the response of rice plants to residual metsulfuron-methyl in soil, the activities of acetolactate synthase (ALS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were investigated in two rice varieties that differed in susceptibility to the herbicide. Changes in the activity of these enzymes in leaves and roots of Xiushui 63, a sensitive rice variety, were greater than those in a resistant variety Zhenong 952. Irrespective of variety, changes in the enzyme activity were greater in the roots than in the leaves. The activities of ALS and CAT decreased, while the SOD activity increased with the increase in the amounts of bound residues of metsulfuron-methyl (BRM) in soil. The POD activity increased at the BRM level of 0.025 mg kg^-1, but decreased at the BRM level of 0.05 mg kg^-1. The results showed that the bound residues of sulfonylurea herbicides may affect metabolism of rice plants.  相似文献   

13.
Plant functional traits are useful tools for understanding plant impacts on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization. The objective of this study was to examine the root traits that govern the influence of Pisum sativum L. on potential protease and ammonification activities, which are two key microbial activities involved in N mineralization. Ammonification activity was greater during pea reproductive than vegetative stages, whereas potential protease activity did not vary along pea development. Ammonification activity was more strongly affected by root architecture traits (total root length and percentage of fine roots) than by root growth traits (root dry matter content). Pea root traits appear to affect ammonification activity in a complex manner involving variations in rhizodeposition that modulate carbon and N availability for soil microorganisms.  相似文献   

14.
Microorganisms rely on extracellular enzymes to break down insoluble organic polymers such as cellulose, protein, and chitin into smaller units for uptake. Our objective was to investigate the factors affecting the relationship between soil extracellular enzyme activities and C and N turnover. Several aerobic incubations were carried out with ammonium (NH4+) and proteins as N sources and cellulose as the main C source. Cellulase (exocellulase and β-glucosidase) activity was positively correlated with the amount of cellulose added, as well as with the availability of N. A decrease in the C to N ratio of the amendments from 40 to 10 resulted in an increase in exocellulase and β-glucosidase activity of 18% and 10%, respectively. Similarly, the activity of protease initially depended on the amount and kind of protein added; later, however, an increase in carbon availability resulted in an elevated protease activity. Initially, protease and cellulase activity were induced by their corresponding substrates and an increase in activity of both enzymes resulted in a proportional increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution. Over time, however, the level of enzyme activity became increasingly determined by factors other than substrate availability. In addition, N turnover, while initially determined by the amount and kind of N source added, became increasingly dominated by the C to N ratio of the substrates added. Our study showed that even though enzyme activities alone may not be sufficient to describe the decomposition process, they can yield valuable information about the availability of specific organic compounds and their degradation over time.  相似文献   

15.
Application of biochar to soil has increased considerably during recent years because of its effectiveness as a soil amendment causing beneficial effects on soil health. However, the effects have been reported to vary and depend upon types of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions during biochar production. Therefore, characterization of biochar is extremely important for its efficient utilization as a soil amendment. In the present study, biochar was prepared from agro-industrial by-products (rice husk and sugarcane bagasse) and weeds (Parthenium and Lantana) under similar pyrolysis conditions. Lantana biochar (LBC) showed the highest pH (10.4) while the lowest value (8.5) being recorded in rice husk biochar (RHBC). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicated that LBC and Parthenium biochar (PBC) were superior with respect to potassium (K) content than sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBBC) and RHBC. The Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study exhibited the existence of different functional groups in biochar. All the biochar treated soils showed significantly higher microbial activities with different degrees. Application of LBC and PBC at 4.50 g kg?1 soil significantly increased K availability in soil. Lantana biochar and PBC amended the soil at 9 g kg?1 significantly increased the soil pH thus makes these biochar as potential liming materials.  相似文献   

16.
Enzyme activities play an important role for the transformation of elements and compounds in soil and, thus, were extensively analyzed for more than 4 decades. The activity of any enzyme in soil may not only be controlled by active organisms. Substantial parts of ‘extracellular’ enzymes may be stabilized by abiotic soil components maintaining their activity. Methods to discriminate the source of enzyme activity were summarized with emphasis on the approach plotting enzyme activity versus a feature integrating the microbial biomass after the addition of glucose and nitrate. Considering the quotient between enzyme activity and microbial biomass content, protease activity will be discussed with reference to nitrogen transformation in soils.  相似文献   

17.
Several chemical and microbial properties of mine soils need to be measured for comprehensive assessment of the reclamation success. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of NIR spectroscopy to predict organic C (Corg), total N (Nt), and several microbial properties of mine soils reclaimed for forestry. Soils samples (n = 154) were collected at two reclaimed areas in central and S Poland, and their spectra in the NIR region (including the visible range, 400–2500 nm) were recorded. A half of the samples was used to develop calibration equations, and another half was used for validation. The modified partial least squares regression was applied to build calibration equations using the whole spectrum (0 to 2nd derivative). The best predictions were obtained for Corg and Nt (ratio of standard deviation to standard error of prediction in the validation stage [RPD] = 3.4 and 4.1; the regressions coefficients [a] of linear regression [measured against predicted values] = 0.94 and 0.96; correlation coefficients [r] = 0.96 and 0.97, respectively). Very well predictive models applicable for quantitative measurements were obtained also for microbial biomass, basal respiration, and the activities of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase (RPD = 2.3–2.5, a = 0.90–0.99, r = 0.90–0.92). Prediction of urease activity was slightly worse (RPD = 2.1, a = 0.88, r = 0.87) but sufficient for rough estimation. The obtained results indicated the ability of NIR spectroscopy to predict complex soil microbial properties. Therefore, application of this analytical method may improve the assessment of recovery of microbial functions in reclaimed post‐mining barrens.  相似文献   

18.
Summary In Ap horizons of typical arable soils under cereals in Northwest Germany, biological activity was estimated by measuring microbial activity. Twelve soils on local farms and six soils on a research farm were analysed. Microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, and alkaline phosphatase activity were compared with the biological availability of P, an index describing the relationship among several P fractions that has been used in ecological agriculture. The correlation between the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity was strong but the correlation between the biological availability of P and the enzyme activities was weak. In contrast, in the farm fields, there was a significant correlation between the microbial biomass and the biological availability of P. The correlation between the biological availability of P and pH was highly significant (r=0.65–0.93***). Explanations for these correlations are discussed and proposals for further investigations are made. (1) Is the pH effect a direct chemical one or an indirect biological one? (2) Which soil organisms affect the biological availability of P in contrast to the microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, and alkaline phosphatase activity? (3) Is the method suitable for the investigation of all arable soils?  相似文献   

19.
Bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) is a popular aromatic plant, indigenous to South Africa. For many decades, indigenous people have widely consumed the tea as a healthy beverage and a medicine. The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertiliser application on the quality, pharmacological activities and metabolite profiles of the leaves and twigs of bush tea cultivated under greenhouse and field conditions. Treatments consisted of 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375?kg/ha N, arranged in a randomised complete block design with five replicates. Parameters measured were leaf tissue nitrogen, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, total tannins, total antioxidants, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. In addition, metabolites were identified and measured using gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results of this study showed a significant quadratic response of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, total tannins and total antioxidants of bush tea leaves and twigs, irrespective of the growth environment ranging from 150 to 225?kg/ha N. The results further suggested that, despite the growing environment, nitrogen treatments did not improve the minimum inhibition concentration and minimum microbicide concentration of bush tea with extract concentrations ranging from 25.0 to 3.1?mg/g. Bush tea was found to be non-toxic (IC50 above 100) under both growing conditions, irrespective of nitrogen treatments. Despite trials being conducted under greenhouse and field conditions and with different nitrogen treatments, there were no distinct differences regarding the gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography linked to mass spectrometry compounds. The future aims of the study are to investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilisation, the timing of nitrogen fertilisation and the planting density on the yield, quality, plant metabolites and pharmacological activity of field-grown bush tea.  相似文献   

20.
Ammonium (NH4+), an important nitrogen (N) source for microorganisms, is assimilated via two major pathways. One route is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), while the other mechanism involves two enzymes, glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The GS/GOGAT enzyme system requires more energy to operate, but has a much higher affinity for NH4+ than GDH. We describe procedures to determine potential GS and GDH activity in soil samples. GS and GDH are intracellular enzymes. We used chloroform fumigation to make cell membranes permeable for substrates and products of the enzymes. Fumigation for 4 h increased GS activity almost ten-fold compared to the unfumigated control. Under optimized assay conditions, GS activity increased linearly for at least 80 min, indicating that the substrates were not limiting. In contrast to what was found for GS activity, direct addition of substrates to the soil to assay GDH activity did not result in a linear increase in GDH activity over time. A linear response for 3 h, however, resulted when the soil samples were first extracted with buffer solution and the reagents were added after centrifugation. The differences between the assays explain why fumigation for 3 d prior to the assay increased GDH activity by only 60%. In a microcosm study with glucose and NH4+ addition, the activity of the two enzymes depended on the carbon (C) to N ratio of the amendment. With increasing C to N ratios from 5 to 120, GS activity doubled, while C to N ratios higher than 120 did not further increase GS activity. In contrast, GDH activity decreased by 13% with increasing C to N ratios from 5 to 200. The GDH to GS activity ratio in soil may therefore yield valuable information about the availability of N relative to C at a specific time.  相似文献   

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