河北省土壤干湿状况遥感监测指数比较

选用河北省2010年5月Terra/MODIS地表反射率产品MOD09A1计算得到了增强植被指数（EVI）,结合同期MOD11 A2地表温度LST数据,计算得到河北省TVDI（温度植被干旱指数）和VSWI（植被供水指数）,比较分析TVDI和VSWI监测河北省土壤干湿状况的适宜性.两种指数与同期8d平均降水量数据的定性分析表明TVDI与降水量数据间具有明显的相反趋势,VSWI与降水量数据间趋势关系不明显;定量的相关分析表明,TVDI与降水量数据间表现出较显著的负相关性（P＜0.05）,而VSWI与降水量数据间的相关不显著.可见,在所选取研究时段内,TVDI指数较VSWI指数监测河北省土壤湿度更为适宜.     

干旱遥感监测模型在中国冬小麦区的应用

温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）和植被供水指数（VSWI）由于其物理意义明确,且数据易于获取,因此成为近些年在遥感旱情监测中应用较多的两个模型。为更好地完成遥感监测任务,提高精度,以全国冬小麦主产区为研究区域,利用EOS/MODIS数据,构建两个干旱指数模型,对2009年冬小麦作物主要生长时期进行干旱监测应用,并将其与不同深度土壤湿度进行相关分析、线性拟合比较及应用验证,认为两指数与10 cm深度土壤湿度相关性较好,TVDI大部表现为极显著相关,VSWI的相关性表现差于TVDI。基于土壤湿度的遥感旱情监测,TVDI比VSWI更能体现区域旱情变化趋势,其优势更明显。     

基于被动微波遥感的中国干旱动态监测

目前用于中国干旱监测的遥感方法大多是可见光和热红外指数法,受云雨、植被和地形的影响较大,不能满足中国南方地区干旱监测的需求。该研究基于被动微波辐射传输方程,首先构建了基于AMSR-E（advanced microwave scanning radiometer-EOS）数据的地表温度反演模型,R2=0.79,RMSE（root mean square error）为2.54℃,实现了中国地表温度的被动微波遥感监测。然后,拟合了不同下垫面归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）与微波极化差异指数（microwave polarization difference index,MPDI）的关系。在此基础上改进了植被供水指数（vegetation supply water index,VSWI）,构建了基于AMSR-E数据的被动微波遥感气象干旱指数,并以中国2009年的旱情为例进行实例验证。研究表明,该干旱指数与AMSR-E L3土壤湿度数据有着显著的负相关关系（R2=0.75）,且能基本表征2009年中国实际的气象干旱状况。     

几种干旱监测模型在宁夏的对比应用

利用MODIS资料和地面自动气象站观测数据反演地表温度（LST）,结合MODIS-EVI试验研究改进型温植被旱情指数（MTVDI）。用通道2和LST试验研究改进型能量指数（MEI）,用通道1和通道2,引入植被覆盖度,试验研究改进型垂直干旱指数（MPDI）。结合农业气象常规业务地面取土测墒资料,建立各指数与土壤含水率的统计函数关系,均通过0.01显著性检验。将所建模型用于宁夏干旱监测业务,结果表明：MTVDI、MPDI在作物生长季监测效果显著,MEI、PDI对裸露或稀疏植被地表旱情监测比较有效。几个模型各有优劣,综合运用才能在实际监测业务中发挥最佳效果,精度可达90%左右。     

利用EOS/MODIS植被供水指数监测锡林郭勒地区土壤湿度

利用锡林郭勒盟13个测墒站0-10cm土壤相对湿度和对应时段MODIS卫星资料,分析植被供水指数(VSWI)与土壤相对湿度间的相关性.结果表明,二者呈极显著的线性关系(P＜0.01),在此基础上建立了基于植被供水指数的土壤相对湿度监测模型.运用该模型反演的土壤相对湿度分布与实测结果基本吻合.从动态监测旱情的变化角度,用植被供水指数(VSWI)监测了锡林郭勒草原在2011年8月旱情的发生、发展和加重过程.说明植被供水指数法适用于植物生长季大范围的干旱监测,通过动态监测,可为及时、准确掌握大范围土壤水分状况和旱情提供决策依据.     

基于MODIS数据的山东省2014-2016年干旱监测分析

针对近年频发的干旱情况不能准确及时监测评估的问题,以山东省为研究区,基于温度植被干旱指数方法（TVDI）,利用S-G加权滤波对MODIS地表温度产品MOD11A2和植被指数产品MOD13A2数据进行了重建,根据重建后的数据计算2014—2016年山东省的温度植被干旱指数,在比较NDVI-LST与EVI-LST构建的温度植被指数干旱模型（TVDI）的基础上,利用效果更好的EVI-LST构建的TVDI模型反演山东省2014—2016年的干旱情况,最后利用气象站观测数据对TVDI结果进行了相关性分析。研究表明,山东省在2014—2015年全年平均干旱面积占比分别为37.62%,41.7%,2016年基本无旱情发生。气象站观测的降水、温度与TVDI的相关性均在0.32以上,且均通过显著性检验,说明植被覆盖信息和陆地表面温度信息相结合反演的TVDI空间和时间分布能够较好地反映表层土壤水分变化趋势,其作为旱情评价指标是合理的。     

MODIS资料在2005年陕西春旱过程监测中的应用

从可业务化的角度,在近年研究开发的NOAA/AVHRR遥感干旱监测业务化模型的基础上,充分考虑引起干旱的水热条件以及土壤覆盖类型等因子,结合陕西的地形、气候、植被覆盖特征,建立了基于MODIS数据的区域性干旱遥感监测的业务化模型和资料处理流程.通过对陕西2005年3-5月发生严重春旱过程的监测,结果表明使用基于MODIS数据的热惯量和植被供水指数两种模型进行区域性遥感干旱监测是可行的,修正后的植被供水指数模型在干旱面积估算精度和图像的可视化效果方面有了明显提高.     

基于LAI-Ts特征空间的河南省冬小麦返青-成熟期旱情监测

以河南省返青-成熟期冬小麦为研究对象,利用研究区2000、2005、2010及2015年每年2月26日-6月1日MODIS产品叶面积植被指数（LAI)和地表温度（Ts)数据,探讨当NDVI未达到饱和时,基于LAI-Ts特征空间的温度叶面积干旱指数（TLDI）能否用于旱情监测,并利用气象站实测10cm土壤湿度数据进行精度验证,进而应用该指数对河南省冬小麦旱情进行监测。结果表明：TLDI与实测土壤湿度之间存在显著负相关关系（P＜0.05）,相关系数大小在0.5212～0.7467。当NDVI未达到饱和时,基于LAI-Ts特征空间的TLDI可作为干旱监测指标,补充拓展基于植被指数和地表温度的旱情监测方法。在冬小麦返青期即植被覆盖度较低时LAI-Ts特征空间呈三角形,随着植被覆盖度的提高逐渐演变为梯形。河南省旱情主要分布在中西部、西南部以及北部地区,每年3月上旬及5月为旱情频发期,分别处于冬小麦返青期和开花-灌浆期。     

基于FY-3 VIRR的温度植被干旱指数在陕西省的应用及其IDL实现

以FY-3可见光红外扫描辐射计（VIRR）L1数据为信息源,对FY-3 VIRR L1数据在陕西省云检测、地表温度、温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）等反演方法进行本地化研究,同时使用IDL程序语言研制了FY-3 VIRR L1数据预处理、云检测、地表温度反演、TVDI指数法反演土壤干旱程度等应用程序,以实现利用温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）对陕西省土壤干旱程度的监测,并对检测结果进行数据反演。反演结果表明,利用FY-3 VIRR L1数据生成的TVDI与20cm土壤相对湿度具有良好的负相关性,相关系数在-0.535左右;TVDI能较好地反映陕西省土壤干旱状况,在延安、关中、陕南的TVDI反演结果与实际旱情一致性较好,但在植被覆盖较差的榆林部分地区,反演结果与实际旱情差异较大。     

基于MODIS数据温度植被干旱指数干旱监测指标的等级划分

采用2000—2014年每年6—9月的黑龙江省MODIS数据,计算温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）。以过去15 a的全省40个旱作农业站点以旬为单位的土壤相对湿度为研究对象,与MODIS数据得到的TVDI相对应,根据土壤相对湿度的农业干旱等级划分标准,制定TVDI的干旱监测等级。结果显示:TVDI被分为5个等级,TVDI < 0.46为无旱,TVDI在0.46~0.57为轻旱,TVDI在0.57~0.76为中旱,TVDI在0.76~0.86为重旱,TVDI≥0.86为特旱。利用2011年实地测取土壤相对湿度数据对该等级进行验证,结果表明,验证结果准确度达到83%。证实了该等级划分结果的准确性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI