施肥对土壤及黄瓜中稳定性氮同位素丰度的影响

研究不同肥料配施对土壤、黄瓜及其叶片中稳定性氮同位素丰度(1δ5N‰)及硝酸盐和硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着配施有机肥比例的降低,黄瓜中1δ5N呈现先低后高再低的趋势;各处理单施化肥初期时黄瓜中1δ5N与有机肥60%和40%配施处理间差异显著(P0.05),中期时与有机肥60%、40%配施处理及对照间的差异显著(P0.05),末期时与有机肥60%配施处理间有差异(P0.05),与其他不同配施时差异不显著(P0.05);相同处理的不同采摘时期黄瓜中1δ5N差异不显著(P0.05)。不同处理时叶片与黄瓜间的1δ5N呈正相关(r=0.9836),其1δ5N主要受不同肥料配施处理的影响。随着有机肥比例的降低,黄瓜中硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,与黄瓜中1δ5N间的线性相关性差(r=0.6568);而叶片中硝酸还原酶活性逐渐提高,其中对照处理、100%、80%和60%有机肥处理时与叶片中δ15N丰度呈正相关(r=0.9187);60%、40%、20%有机肥和100%化肥处理时与叶片中1δ5N呈负相关(r=-0.9773)。总体来看,可以初步利用1δ5N作为标记来区分有机肥和化肥种植的黄瓜,但需要进一步研究1δ5N在作物中的分馏和分布规律。     

环境因子对大白菜硝酸盐含量的影响

为探索环境条件对大白菜硝酸盐积累的影响,选用3个硝酸盐富集力不同的大白菜品种,利用水培方式栽培;同时创造不同的环境条件,观察在不同的环境条件下不同品系大白菜硝酸盐含量的差异,为降低大白菜硝酸盐含量提供参考.结果表明,在诸多的环境条件中,光照条件、温度条件、水分条件、根际氧气条件、盐胁迫等因素,均对不同品系大白菜硝酸盐含量有明显的影响.同时,在不同品系大白菜中,硝酸盐富集力高的大白菜品系随环境条件的改变,硝酸盐含量变化较大;而硝酸盐富集力低的大白菜品系硝酸盐含量变化较小.因此,可以通过控制环境条件和培育新品种来降低大白菜硝酸盐含量.     

调节剂对大白菜硝酸盐含量的影响

通过盆裁和田间试验研究了固体和液体调节剂对大白菜硝酸盐含量和产量的影响。结果表明，固体调节剂地大白菜硝酸盐含量有明显的降低作用，幅度在30％左右，基本消除大白菜硝酸盐污染，同时明显提高大白菜的产量。液体调节剂对大白菜硝酸盐含量影响不一，且幅度较小。     

化学转化法测定水体中硝酸盐的氮氧同位素比值

采用化学转化法可同时测定各种水体样品中硝酸盐的氮、氧同位素比值。在弱碱性环境中,镀铜镉粒将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐,然后在弱酸性缓冲体系中叠氮酸根将亚硝酸盐转化为氧化亚氮。通过带有预浓缩装置的同位素比值质谱计测定氧化亚氮的氮、氧同位素比值,并用公式将其换算为硝酸盐的氮、氧同位素比值。通过国际标准样品和实验室标准样品的多次检测证实化学转化法具有适用范围广、灵敏度高、操作简便、准确的特点,其转化过程仅需两步,且需样量仅为4.5μg NO3--N。δ15N和δ18O的测量精度分别为0.31‰和0.55‰,测定值与参考值的差异均小于1σ,测量的精确度和准确度均可满足样品分析的需求。     

氮磷钾肥配施对大白菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响研究

采用三因素五水平最优回归设计 ,研究了贵阳黄泥土施用氮、磷、钾肥对大白菜 (ChineseCabbage)产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明 ,大白菜高产和低硝酸盐含量的最佳氮磷钾用量为N180～ 2 0 0kg/hm2 ,P2 O512 0～ 15 0kg/hm2 ,K2 O12 0～ 15 0kg/hm2 。     

利用氮、氧稳定同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源研究进展

氮污染特别是地下水硝酸盐污染已成为一个相当普遍而重要的环境问题。地下水硝酸盐污染与人类健康和环境安全密切相关。为控制地下水硝酸盐污染,最根本的解决办法就是找到硝酸盐的来源,减少硝态氮向地下水的输送。由于不同来源的硝酸盐具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,人们利用NO3-中δ15N和δ18O开展了硝酸盐污染源识别研究。本文综述了利用氮、氧同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源及定量硝酸盐污染源输入的研究进展及目前存在的问题,并提出几个值得重视的研究方向。     

施肥对蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过对山东省蔬菜面积较大的潍坊和青岛市的蔬菜进行了取样分析及有关的试验，结果表明：依据国家标准(GB18406．1-2001)在所测的所有样品中，蔬菜硝酸盐含量均没有超标。而依据FAO／WHO(1973年)规定，瓜果类和根茎类蔬菜硝酸盐含量均不超标，而叶菜类有近30％超标，超标蔬菜达到了生食盐渍不宜，熟食允许的程度；同一种类蔬菜露天栽培比保护地栽培的硝酸盐积累量少；氮磷钾合理配合施用能减少蔬菜硝酸盐积累。本文提出了控制蔬菜硝酸盐积累的施肥措施。     

施肥对蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过对山东省蔬菜面积较大的潍坊和青岛市的蔬菜进行了取样分析及有关的试验,结果表明:依据国家标准(GB18406 1—2001)在所测的所有样品中,蔬菜硝酸盐含量均没有超标。而依据FAO/WHO(1973年)规定,瓜果类和根茎类蔬菜硝酸盐含量均不超标,而叶菜类有近30%超标,超标蔬菜达到了生食盐渍不宜,熟食允许的程度;同一种类蔬菜露天栽培比保护地栽培的硝酸盐积累量少;氮磷钾合理配合施用能减少蔬菜硝酸盐积累。本文提出了控制蔬菜硝酸盐积累的施肥措施。     

包膜尿素减量化施用对大白菜产量品质及土壤硝酸盐含量的影响

通过埋袋法及大田试验,研究了包膜尿素的养分释放规律及其减量化施用对大白菜产量、品质及土壤硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,包膜尿素的氮素释放与大白菜的氮素吸收基本吻合。与习惯施肥等几个处理相比,30%减氮包膜尿素处理的大白菜产量最高,为39534.6kg.hm-2,20%减氮包膜尿素处理的大白菜Vc、还原糖含量最高,硝酸盐含量最低,有效提高了大白菜品质,减氮包膜尿素处理的大白菜含氮量较高,100%包膜尿素含磷、钾量较高;减氮包膜尿素处理减少了氮素向土体深层的淋溶损失,降低了环境污染风险。因此,减量施用包膜尿素能保证大白菜的产量、提高其品质,并有效减少硝态氮在土壤中的累积。     

氮磷钾肥配施对不同品种大白菜硝酸盐累积的影响

通过采用二次饱和D-最优回归设计(311B方案),对氮磷钾肥配施与大白菜硝酸盐累积之间的关系进行研究,建立了能调控大白菜硝酸盐含量的施肥模型。分析表明,不同品种大白菜硝酸盐含量与施肥有很大关系,但品种间存在着较大的差异。在相同施肥处理下,绿星80大白菜硝酸盐含量略低于五福菜的硝酸盐含量。不同品种大白菜硝酸盐累积量和硝酸还原酶活性具有很大的相关性,可作为大白菜体内硝酸盐累积的一项指标。     

氮稳定同位素的印迹规律与有机食品鉴别

有机生产中禁止使用化肥,肥料是有机食品认证中监管的农业投入品之一。不同来源的氮肥中稳定同位素1δ5N的丰度不同,由此农产品中δ15N的丰度也存在差异;有机肥种植的农产品中1δ5N丰度最高,不施肥种植的次之,而化学氮肥种植的则最低。施肥方式、作物类别、生长阶段和部位对农产品中1δ5N丰度的影响不一样,一般对于生长期较短的蔬菜适合用δ15N丰度标记其氮肥来源,对于生长期较长或具有固氮作用的作物则不适合。采用氮稳定同位素1δ5N丰度检测来标记作物的氮肥来源,对有机食品的真伪鉴别,质量监督体系的完善和消费者的权益保护具有积极的法规理论探讨价值和实际应用价值。     

大白菜氮肥施用的产量效应、品质效应和环境效应

通过 6水平氮肥田间小区试验 ,研究了大白菜氮肥施用的产量效应、品质效应和环境效应。结果表明 ,在本试验条件下 ,大白菜的经济最佳施氮量为 3 1 0kghm- 2 ,大白菜体内硝酸盐含量和氮肥施用后土壤 -作物体系的氮素表观损失随施氮量的增加线性上升 ,大白菜氮肥施用的产量效应、品质效应和环境效应难以协调。采取其它措施降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量 ,改进现有的栽培体系并进行环境经济学的研究 ,是今后蔬菜研究中应着力解决的几个问题。     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION MODES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS,YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHINESE CABBAGE

In field conditions, seven fertilization treatments were applied by randomized design with three replications. At a late growth stage of Chinese cabbage, the plant leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), and stomatal conductance (G_s) significantly increased upon the three fertilization modes, which were synthetic and organic fertilizers combined (SOF), synthetic fertilizer and dicyandiamide combined (SFD), and organic fertilizer inoculated live earthworms (OFE) than the other treatments. Organic fertilizer application significantly improved superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT) activities and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, especially in the organic fertilizer inoculated live earthworms treatment. The SOF, SFD and OFE treatments improved the plant yield by 40.5%, 38.0% and 36.1% than the synthetic fertilizer applied alone treatment (SFB) and by 23.4%, 21.1% and 19.6% than the synthetic fertilizer in a split application treatment (SFT). Compared to single applied synthetic fertilizer, the OFE treatment significantly reduced nitrate content, and also improved sugar-acid ratio and soluble sugar and Vc content in the heads of the plant at the harvest stage. All this suggests the OFE treatment is a healthy, sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilization way for the Chinese cabbage production in north of China.     

DAIRY MANURE AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON RESIDUAL NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE,AND WHEAT YIELD IN A SANDY CLAY LOAM SOIL

Dairy manure (DM) rates of [0 (DM₀), 30 (DM₃₀₎), 60 (DM₆₀) Mg ha^?1] and three nitrogen (N) rates [0 (N₀), 125 (N₁₂₅), 250 (N₂₅₀) kg ha^?1] were tested in a sandy clay loam, to evaluate their effects on growth and yield of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.), residual nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the surface soil, and selected soil physical measurements [saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), and bulk density (BD)]. Increasing N and DM rates gave higher wheat yields, increased concentrations of residual NO₃-N and P in the surface soil and improved Ksat and BD. Highest grain yield of 3.8 Mg ha^?1 (70.3% more than the control) was observed in DM₆₀ × N₂₅₀ treatment. Residual accumulation of N-NO₃ and P in the surface soil at high N and/or DM application rates suggests the need to carefully manage N and DM inputs on farm fields to avoid environmental contamination.     

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON GERMINATION,LEAF NITROGEN,NITRATE ACCUMULATION AND YIELD OF VEGETABLE AMARANTH

The influence of manure and diammonium phosphate (DAP) mineral fertilizer on germination, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and yield of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) was investigated. Field trials were set up at the University of Nairobi Field Station at the Upper Kabete Campus during the long rains of March–May in 2007 and 2008. Trials were laid out as complete randomized block design with four fertilization treatments: 20, 40, and 60 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 supplied by DAP (18:46:0), 40 kg N ha^?1 supplied by cattle manure and an unfertilized control variant. The vegetables were harvested at three maturity stages at 6, 7, and 8 weeks after planting. Results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments in germination percentage, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and vegetable yield. Plants that received manure had a higher germination percentage than those that received the same amount of N supplied by the chemical fertilizer DAP. The yields generally increased from week 6 to week 8. The highest yield was recorded in plots receiving 40 kg N ha^?1 from DAP at eight weeks after planting. Plots that were supplied with manure recorded the lowest yield when compared to the fertilizer treated plots at all rates. Leaf nitrogen content increased with increasing rate of N but only when N was supplied by DAP fertilizer. The leaf nitrogen content decreased with increasing age of the plants. The leaf nitrate content increased with increase in DAP application rate. Results indicate that manure application produced quality vegetables in terms of low nitrate levels, but leaf nitrogen and vegetable yields were low. DAP application effected higher yields, but the vegetables had high though acceptable nitrate levels.     

EFFECT OF PLOUGHING AND DIRECT DRILLING ON SOIL NITRATE CONTENT

The concentration of nitrate-N at 30 cm depth in a clay soil was 2–5 times greater (p<.05) after ploughing than after direct drilling during the winter and spring of 1972–3. However, by early May no significant differences could be detected between cultivation treatments. It is concluded that decreased mineralization of soil nitrogen in the direct-drilled soil is the main factor responsible for the differences observed.     

土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸收利用氮素的影响

本文应用~(15)N示踪法研究不同土壤容重对土壤供氮能力及棉花吸氮的影响。阐明了丘陵黄棕壤地区棉花低产的原因是棉田土壤容重过大,使土壤的供氮能力——A_N值显著下降,棉株对氮素养分的吸收量减少,而且延缓了氮素养分由营养器官向生殖器官的转运。降低土壤容重是挖掘丘陵黄棕壤地区棉田增产潜力的有效施施。     

双阻离子选择性微电极测定活体不结球小白菜叶片细胞中硝酸根离子的活度

详细介绍了用双阻离子选择性微电极活体测定小白菜叶片活体细胞中硝酸根离子的活度的方法原理及注意事项。微电极与溶液中硝酸根离子的浓度呈对数曲线的关系,斜率为48～58mV,对硝酸根离子浓度有较低的检出限,是一种选择性高、灵敏、经济的测定植物活体细胞中离子活度的方法。小白菜生长至六叶期时,用含有5molm-3NO3-的营养液诱导48h。测定结果表明,叶片细胞中硝酸根离子活度分布在活度高低明显不同的两个区间内,在细胞质中是0.24～10molm-3,液泡中20～110molm-3,且两个区间在细胞跨膜电位上也有差异。液泡占整个细胞体积的90%,所以,植物所吸收的硝酸根离子都集中在液泡中。     

THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SALAD ROCKET GROWN IN DIFFERENT MONTHS OF THE YEAR

The effects of months of the year and nitrogen (N) sources on salad rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) yield, quality, and nitrate accumulation was investigated during the years 2002 and 2003. In both years, seeds were sown on the first day of April, May, June, July, August and September. Three different nitrogen sources were used: farmyard (cattle) manure (100 tonnes·ha^?1), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂]-15.5% N (150 kg N·ha^?1) and ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄)]-21% N (150 kg N·ha^?1). Yield, leaf color, dry matter, vitamin C and total glucosinolate content and nitrate accumulation was assessed. Growing months affected all the assessed parameters significantly both years, with the exception of hue angle in 2003, whereas nitrogen source only influenced yield and nitrate accumulation in 2003. In both years the highest yield was obtained in April, but vitamin C and total glucosinolate contents were higher during summer months, and leaves were slightly darker colored. Chemical fertilizers increased the yield compared to farmyard manure; however, they also increased nitrate accumulation slightly, without any significant difference between them. Nitrate accumulation never exceeded 300 mg kg^?1 fresh weight (FW), which is well below the acceptable daily intake of 3.7 mg nitrate per kg^?1 bodyweight set by European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food.