D-chiro-inositol-enriched tartary buckwheat bran extract lowers the blood glucose level in KK-Ay mice

D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an active compound in tartary buckwheat [Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaench] with an insulin-like bioactivity. The present study was performed to (i) prepare DCI-enriched tartary buckwheat bran extract (TBBE), (ii) evaluate its acute toxicity in mice, and (iii) examine its blood glucose lowering activity in diabetic mice. It was found that steaming buckwheat bran in an autoclave at 1.6 MPa and 120 degrees C for 60 min could significantly enrich the DCI level in TBBE from 0.03 to 0.22% and further to 22% after passage of the TBBE through activated carbon and ion exchange resins. An acute toxicity test demonstrated that the LD 50 of TBBE was >20 g/kg of body weight in mice, suggesting that TBBE was in general nontoxic and safe in mice. Male KK-A(y) mice (type 2 diabetic) and C57BL/6 mice (the control) were used to investigate the antidiabetic activity of TBBE. In KK-A(y) mice, the blood glucose, plasma C-peptide, glucagon, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were significantly higher than those in the C57BL/6 mice. In addition, KK-A(y) mice showed an obvious decrease in insulin immunoreactivity in the pancreas. The present study clearly demonstrated that oral administration of DCI-enriched TBBE could lower plasma glucose, C-peptide, glucagon, triglyceride, and BUN, improve glucose tolerance, and enhance insulin immunoreactivity in KK-A(y) mice.     

Curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) suppress an increase in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice

Turmeric, the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., has a wide range of effects on human health. The chemistry includes curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids as components, which are known to have antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, and antiinflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of three turmeric extracts on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic KK-A(y) mice (6 weeks old, n = 5/group). These turmeric extracts were obtained by ethanol extraction (E-ext) to yield both curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids, hexane extraction (H-ext) to yield sesquiterpenoids, and ethanol extraction from hexane-extraction residue (HE-ext) to yield curcuminoids. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the other groups were fed a diet containing 0.1 or 0.5 g of H-ext or HE-ext/100 g of diet or 0.2 or 1.0 g of E-ext/100 g of diet for 4 weeks. Although blood glucose levels in the control group significantly increased (P < 0.01) after 4 weeks, feeding of 0.2 or 1.0 g of E-ext, 0.5 g of H-ext, and 0.5 g of HE-ext/100 g of diet suppressed the significant increase in blood glucose levels. Furthermore, E-ext stimulated human adipocyte differentiation, and these turmeric extracts had human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) ligand-binding activity in a GAL4-PPAR-gamma chimera assay. Also, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and ar-turmerone had PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity. These results indicate that both curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids in turmeric exhibit hypoglycemic effects via PPAR-gamma activation as one of the mechanisms, and suggest that E-ext including curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids has the additive or synergistic effects of both components.     

Rice bran fractions improve blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Effect of dietary supplementation of two types of rice bran fraction on blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, and glucose metabolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats was studied. Male 4-week-old rats were divided into one group fed the AIN-93M-based control (C) diet and two groups fed diet supplemented with 60 g/kg of Driselase and ethanol fractions (DF and EF, respectively) of rice bran. After 8 weeks feeding, the BP decreased in the DF and EF groups in comparison with the C group (p < 0.01). Plasma ACE inhibitory activity, BUN, BUN/creatinine ratio, albumin, triglyceride, and glucose levels were lower in the DF and EF groups than in the C group (p < 0.01). Plasma nitric oxide and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were lower in the DF and EF groups than in the C group (p < 0.01). Rice bran fractions appear to have a beneficial dietary component that improves hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia.     

Effects of peroxidase on hyperlipidemia in mice

To observe the effects of peroxidase on hyperlipidemia, mice were fed a diet high in cholesterol and fat. At the same time, the mice were given different-purity peroxidase (radish juice, crude radish peroxidase, and horseradish peroxidase), and their serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose, amylase, and esterase activities, and malondialdehyde in the mouse small intestines and livers, were tested after 15 days on the test diets. The results showed that peroxidase decreased the levels of total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose, and lipid peroxidation in the small intestines and livers of hyperlipidemic mice. This suggests that peroxidase may be a contributing factor in the prevention of hyperlipidemia.     

Dietary combination of fucoxanthin and fish oil attenuates the weight gain of white adipose tissue and decreases blood glucose in obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice

Fucoxanthin is a marine carotenoid found in edible brown seaweeds. We previously reported that dietary fucoxanthin attenuates the weight gain of white adipose tissue (WAT) of diabetic/obese KK- A(y) mice. In this study, to evaluate the antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of fucoxanthin and fish oil, we investigated the effect on the WAT weight, blood glucose, and insulin levels of KK- A(y) mice. Furthermore, the expression level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and adipokine mRNA in WAT were measured. After 4 weeks of feeding, 0.2% fucoxanthin in the diet markedly attenuated the gain of WAT weight in KK- A(y) mice with increasing UCP1 expression compared with the control mice. The WAT weight of the mice fed 0.1% fucoxanthin and 6.9% fish oil was also significantly lower than that of the mice fed fucoxanthin alone. In addition, 0.2% fucoxanthin markedly decreased the blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations in KK- A(y) mice. The mice fed with the combination diet of 0.1% fucoxanthin and fish oil also showed improvements similar to that of 0.2% fucoxanthin. Leptin and tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) mRNA expression in WAT were significantly down-regulated by 0.2% fucoxanthin. These results suggest that dietary fucoxanthin decreases the blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration of KK- A(y) along with down-regulating TNFalpha mRNA. In addition, the combination of fucoxanthin and fish oil is more effective for attenuating the weight gain of WAT than feeding with fucoxanthin alone.     

DHEA对肉鸡脂类代谢和相关激素的影响

本试验研究饲料中添加不同水平的DHEA对肉鸡脂类代谢和相关激素的影响。将180羽1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为饲料中不添加DHEA的对照组，添加20 mg•kg-1和5 mg•kg-1DHEA的高、低剂量组，饲喂至42日龄时分别从各组随机取12只公鸡和母鸡，采集血样、肝脏、腹脂、左侧胸肌和腿肌，分别测定血清葡萄糖(BG)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)和三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)、胰高血糖素(glucagon)、瘦素(leptin)含量。结果表明：与对照组相比，DHEA显著降低肉鸡体重、腹脂重和腹脂率，显著降低TG、TC、HDL-C、FT3、FT4含量，显著升高瘦素含量，而对血糖和LDL-C没有影响；DHEA使公鸡血清NEFA含量升高，母鸡血清NEFA含量降低；DHEA使公鸡血清LPL活性和胰高血糖素含量显著升高，血清T4显著降低。提示，DHEA可能通过提高肉鸡体内脂类分解代谢相关酶的活性及激素水平，对脂类代谢起调节作用。     

Effect of Bran Extract from Pigmented Rice Superjami on the Lipid and Glucose Metabolisms in a Postmenopause‐Like Model of Ovariectomized Rats

The effect of rice bran ethanolic extract from Superjami, a new blackish‐purple pigmented cultivar, on the lipid and glucose metabolisms in a postmenopausal‐like model of ovariectomized rats was investigated. Sprague‐Dawley female rats were subjected to either bilateral ovariectomy or a sham operation and randomly divided into three dietary groups (n = 6): sham‐operated fed with normal diet (SHAM), ovariectomized fed with normal diet (OVX‐AIN76), and ovariectomized fed with normal diet supplemented with Superjami bran extract (OVX‐SJ). The OVX‐AIN76 group showed significantly higher body weight, triglyceride, total cholesterol, blood glucose, and insulin than the SHAM group. On the other hand, supplementation of Superjami bran extract markedly reduced the body weight gain and improved the lipid and glucose profiles in ovariectomized rats through inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis and adipokine production and modulation of glucose‐regulating enzyme activities. These findings demonstrate that extracts from Superjami bran may be useful in the prevention and management of postmenopause‐induced hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.     

Compound K enhances insulin secretion with beneficial metabolic effects in db/db mice

Compound K (CK) is a final metabolite of panaxadiol ginsenosides. Although Panax ginseng is known to have antidiabetic activity, the active ingredient is not yet fully identified. In our preliminary studies, panaxadiol ginsenosides showed insulin secretion stimulating activity. Therefore, it would be interesting to know whether and how CK has antidiabetic activity. In in vitro studies using HIT-T15 cells and primary cultured islets, CK enhanced the insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect, however, was completely abolished in the presence of diazoxide (K+ channel opener) or nifedipine (Ca2+ channel blocker). Insulin secretion stimulating activity of a single oral CK administration was also confirmed with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using ICR mice. From these studies, we may conclude that CK lowered the plasma glucose level by stimulating insulin secretion and this action was presumably associated with an ATP-sensitive K+ channel. In a long-term study using C57BL/KsJ db/ db mice, CK treatment significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent fashion. OGTT revealed that CK improved glucose tolerance with increased insulin levels 30 min after the glucose challenge. Concurrently, CK treatment prevented the destruction of islets and preserved more insulin. Next, to gain insight into the extra-pancreatic molecular mechanism of CK, we performed a global gene expression profiling study in the liver and adipose tissues. According to DNA microarray analysis, CK shifted glucose metabolism from hepatic glucose production to hepatic glucose utilization in the liver and improved insulin sensitivity through enhancing plasma adiponectin levels, resulting in overexpression of genes for adipogenesis and glucose transporter in the adipose tissue. Taken together, we may suggest that CK could be developed as a therapeutic tool in type 2 diabetic patients with disability of insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance.     

Hypoglycemic effects of a phenolic acid fraction of rice bran and ferulic acid in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice

Rice bran contains many phenolic acids, the most abundant of which is the antioxidant, ferulic acid (FA). We evaluated the hypoglycemic effects of a phenolic acid fraction (the ethyl acetate fraction, EAE) of rice bran and of FA in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. Type 2 diabetic mice were allocated to a control group, an EAE group, or an FA group. Animals were fed a modified AIN-76 diet, and EAE or FA was administered orally for 17 days. There was no significant difference in body weight gain between groups. Administration of EAE and FA significantly decreased blood glucose levels and increased plasma insulin levels. EAE or FA groups had significantly elevated hepatic glycogen synthesis and glucokinase activity compared with the control group. Plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were significantly decreased by EAE and FA administration. These findings suggest that EAE and FA may be beneficial for treatment of type 2 diabetes because they regulate blood glucose levels by elevating glucokinase activity and production of glycogen in the liver.     

Effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat/Western-style (HFW; 60% energy as fat and lower levels of calcium, vitamin D(3), folic acid, choline bitartrate, and fiber) or HFW with EGCG (HFWE; HFW with 0.32% EGCG) diet for 17 wks. As a comparison, two other groups of mice fed a low-fat diet (LF; 10% energy as fat) and high-fat diet (HF; 60% energy as fat) were also included. The HFW group developed more body weight gain and severe symptoms of metabolic syndrome than the HF group. The EGCG treatment significantly reduced body weight gain associated with increased fecal lipids and decreased blood glucose and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared to those of the HFW group. Fatty liver incidence, liver damage, and liver triglyceride levels were also decreased by the EGCG treatment. Moreover, the EGCG treatment attenuated insulin resistance and levels of plasma cholesterol, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Our results demonstrate that the HFW diet produces more severe symptoms of metabolic syndrome than the HF diet and that the EGCG treatment can alleviate these symptoms and body fat accumulation. The beneficial effects of EGCG are associated with decreased lipid absorption and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines.     

Low-dose fish oil consumption prevents hepatic lipid accumulation in high cholesterol diet fed mice

We examined the effects of low-dose fish oil ingestion on hepatic lipid accumulation caused after high cholesterol feeding in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were fed purified experimental diets consisting of 20 energy % (en%) safflower oil (SO or SO/CH), 2 en% fish oil + 18 en% safflower oil (2FO or 2FO/CH), or 5 en% fish oil + 15 en% safflower oil (5FO or 5FO/CH) with or without 2 weight % (wt %) cholesterol for 8 weeks. Hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol contents were significantly lower in groups that were fed diets containing fish oil and cholesterol than in those that were fed safflower oil and cholesterol. The hepatic mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) were lower in groups fed cholesterol or fish oil. Fatty acid oxidation-related hepatic gene expressions were higher in fish oil-fed groups. Fecal cholesterol excretion was higher in all cholesterol-fed groups; cholesterol excretion was high in groups fed fish oil and cholesterol. These results suggest that low-dose fish oil diets improve lipid metabolism by modifying the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in the liver and increasing fecal cholesterol excretion.     

Antiatherogenic effects of structured lipid containing conjugated linoleic acid in C57BL/6J mice

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) were enzymatically acidolyzed with olive oil to produce structured lipids (SL), and their antiatherosclerotic properties were investigated in C57BL/6J mice. Twenty-eight mice were divided into four groups and fed control diet or atherogenic diets supplemented with high cholesterol and high fat (HCHF) containing 5% of lard, olive oil, or SL based on control diet for 4 weeks. The supplementation of SL diet (0.6% CLA) significantly reduced the levels of serum total cholesterol and total triglyceride and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as compared to lard and olive oil diet groups (p < 0.05). The activity of liver acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) of mice fed the SL diet was significantly lower than that of mice fed the lard or olive oil diet. A reduced formation of aortic fatty streak was observed in SL group. The extent of CLA incorporation depended on tissues or types of phospholipids. More CLA was incorporated in adipose tissue (1.85 mol %) than in the liver (0.33 mol %). Besides, more CLA was found in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (0.47 mol %) than in phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0.05 mol %) of hepatic phospholipids. Hepatic phospholipids (PC and PE) of mice fed the SL diet contained reduced contents of arachidonic and linoleic acid compared with mice fed the olive oil or lard diet. The present study suggests that SL could be considered as a functional oil for preventing risks of atheroscelerosis.     

Components and activity of polysaccharides from coarse tea

Coarse tea contained a high content of polysaccharide complex. Composed of polysaccharide and protein, the polysaccharide complex from tea (TPS) belonged to glycoprotein with the molecular weight () of (10.7-11.0) x 10(4). When mice (7 weeks old, C57BL/8) were injected with TPS, the levels of blood glucose (BG) in normal mice and model mice with high BG were decreased significantly by averages of 13.54 and 22.18%, respectively. The antibody concentration (OD(413 nm)) in the mice injected with 2.4 mg/mL TPS was increased evidently by 44.93% (p < 0.01). TPS treatment was beneficial not only for the subsequent production of interleukin (IL) 2 in spleen cells of adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats but also because it prohibited the body from producing too much IL-1 in AA rats. Treatment of diabetes with coarse tea in both China and Japan may be related to TPS and the content of TPS in coarse tea.     

梯田不同作物土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素分析

以赤峰市敖汉旗水平梯田土壤为研究对象,选取玉米、谷子、高粱、绿豆4种当地多年主栽作物的表层(0~20 cm)土壤216个样品,通过方差分析方法探究梯田4种作物表层土壤有机碳含量的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区梯田表层土壤有机碳含量平均值为6.34 g/kg,处于中等偏下水平。不同作物土壤有机碳含量由高到低表现为绿豆谷子高粱玉米。在0.01显著性水平下,绿豆地土壤有机碳含量显著高于玉米、高粱、谷子地(P=0.000 6)。玉米、高粱、绿豆地土壤有机碳含量均随坡位的上升而减少,谷子则相反。4种作物土壤有机碳含量大小在两个坡向上都表现为阴坡阳坡。下坡位以及阴坡的土壤有机碳含量比较高。人为因素是通过不同的耕作制度和管护措施来影响梯田土壤有机碳含量的,免耕、秸秆还田、绿豆种植等措施能提高梯田土壤有机碳含量。     

Whole berries versus berry anthocyanins: interactions with dietary fat levels in the C57BL/6J mouse model of obesity

Male C57BL/6J mice received diets with either 10% of calories from fat (LF) or a high-fat diet [45% (HF45) or 60% (HF60) calories from fat] for 92 days (expt 1) or 70 days (expt 2). These were given with or without freeze-dried powders from whole blueberries (BB) or strawberries (SB) (expt 1) or purified anthocyanin extracts from BB or SB (expt 2). Body composition was determined utilizing Echo MRI. Berries added to the LF diet did not alter weight gain, final body weights, body fat, or protein (percent body weight) or diet (grams) or energy (kilocalories) intake. However, in both HF45- and HF60-fed mice, weight gain, final weights, body fat (percent), and epididymal fat weights increased and body protein decreased ( p < 0.01) compared to LF mice. In mice fed HF45 diet plus BB, body weight gains, body fat (percent of BW), and epididymal fat weights were significantly greater than those in the HF45-fed controls, whereas weights of mice fed SB HF were similar to those of HF controls. SB or BB feeding did not alter glucose tolerance, although glucose tolerance decreased with age and in HF45 versus LF mice. Baseline plasma glucose was lower in SB- versus HF45-fed mice. After 8 weeks, mice fed the HF60 diet plus purified anthocyanins from BB in the drinking water had lower body weight gains and body fat than the HF60-fed controls. Anthocyanins fed as the whole blueberry did not prevent and may have actually increased obesity. However, feeding purified anthocyanins from blueberries or strawberries reduced obesity.     

缺硼对绿豆叶片光合特性和碳水化合物含量的影响

本试验以绿豆为指示植物,采用溶液培养法研究了缺硼对叶片光合功能和碳水化合物含量的影响,以明确缺硼是否影响光合作用进而影响作物生长。在绿豆第二片真叶出现后的第二天,一半植株供给 50 mol/L 硼（高硼）,另一半植株供给0.2 mol/L 硼（低硼）,在叶片生长过程中动态监测叶绿素含量、 气体交换和碳水化合物含量。结果表明,缺硼对叶片叶绿素含量没有影响,缺硼降低了光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）,但对胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）没有影响; 缺硼提高了气孔限制率（Ls）。虽缺硼降低了Pn,但提高了叶片中可溶性糖,特别是葡萄糖和淀粉的含量。本研究结果表明缺硼对植物生长的影响并非是由于碳水化合物缺乏的缘故,而是因降低库活力导致了Pn的降低。     

Cholesterol content in meat of some poultry and fish species as influenced by live weight and total lipid content

Total cholesterol content in 24 fillets (F) of males and females of common carp, 35 samples of male chicken breast meat (BM) and thigh meat (TM), and 48 samples of male turkey BM and TM, respectively, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after total lipid (TL) extraction using n-hexane/2-propanol mixture. Cholesterol content in male carp fillets (77.6 mg/100 g) was higher (P < 0.001) in comparison with females (69.4 mg/100 g). Irrespective of the sex differences, cholesterol content increased (P < 0.01) in the sequence chicken BM (53.0 mg/100 g) = turkey BM (53.0) < turkey TM (61.5) < carp F (73.5) < chicken TM (82.9 mg/100 g). Cholesterol content in chicken TM decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing live weight reached at the age of 43 days, but did not change (P > 0.05) in other tested tissues. Cholesterol concentration in TL of all five tested tissues within three animal species decreased sharply (P < 0.001) with increasing TL content reached in a given tissue at the fixed age. It follows from the results of the study that a two hundred gram portion of carp F and chicken TM without skin represents 49 and 55% of the upper limit of daily cholesterol intake, respectively.     

Effects of β‐Glucan Content and Pearling of Barley in Diet‐Induced Obese Mice

The effects of the β‐glucan content and pearling of barley on abdominal obesity and the proinflammatory state were investigated in diet‐induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups and fed either a high‐fat diet containing high‐β‐glucan barley (Beau Fiber [BF]) or a high‐fat diet containing β‐glucan‐free barley (Shikoku‐hadaka 84(bgl ) [BGL]) as whole grain flour or 60% pearled flour for 12 weeks. The weights of mesenteric fat, serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, serum insulin and fasting glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance test results, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of proinflammatory markers in epididymal fat in both BF groups were significantly lower than those of both BGL groups. The abundance of Bacteroides in both BF groups was significantly higher than that in both BGL groups, whereas the abundance of Clostridium clusters in both BF groups was significantly lower than that in both BGL groups. No significant differences between the whole grain and pearled flours were observed. These results suggest that high‐β‐glucan barley attenuates the progression of abdominal obesity and the proinflammatory state in diet‐induced obese mice compared with β‐glucan‐free barley, possibly by modifying insulin secretion and the microbiota.     

Nickel induced hyperglycemia in the freshwater fish,Colisa fasciatus

Effect of nickel sulphate at the sublethal dose of 64 ppm (0.8 of LC50 96 hr) on the blood glucose levels of the freshwater fish, Colisa fasciatus, has been estimated from 3 to 96 hr. The blood glucose level exhibits a steady increase due to Ni toxicity. A maximum increase of 85.08% is observed at 96 hr (P < 0.001). It is suggested that the hyperglycemia in C. fasciatus, caused by exposure to nickel sulphate, is possibly a reflection of stress-induced hormone mediated response. It appears that the blood glucose level is a reliable indicator of Ni toxicity to fish.     

Glycemic response to a food starch esterified by 1-octenyl succinic anhydride in humans

To evaluate the glycemic response to a food starch esterified by 1-octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), 30 healthy nondiabetic adult subjects were studied in a double-blind crossover design. After an overnight fast, subjects consumed a product containing either 25 g of glucose or 25 g of OSA-substituted starch. Finger-prick capillary blood was obtained at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min postprandial for glucose measurement. After OSA treatment, the rise in blood glucose was reduced (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min and tended (P < 0.08) to be lower at 45 min. Mean peak rise in glucose was reduced 19% (P < 0.01) by OSA (3.30 +/- 0.19 versus 2.66 +/- 0.16 mmol/L) compared to glucose, but time to peak did not differ between treatments. Net incremental area under the curve was also lower (P < 0.05) on OSA compared to glucose. Minimal effects on gastrointestinal symptoms (intensity and frequency of nausea, cramping, distention, and flatulence) were noted for both products, with no clinically significant difference between products. In conclusion, starch substitution with OSA attenuated the postprandial glycemic excursion compared to an equivalent glucose challenge and was well tolerated by fasting healthy adult subjects.