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1.
湖南省典型农田土壤养分现状及近30年变化趋势   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
胡瑞芝  王书伟  林静慧  朱小武 《土壤》2013,45(4):585-590
通过文献资料分析及实地调查和采样,对比研究了湖南省典型农田土壤的肥力状况及近30年变化趋势.结果表明:湖南省典型农田当前0 ~ 20 cm 和20 ~ 100 cm土壤有机质平均含量为30.43 g/kg和11.91g/kg,全氮平均含量为1.79 g/kg和0.82 g/kg,全磷平均含量为0.56 g/kg和0.44 g/kg,全钾平均含量为17.13 g/kg和17.17 g/kg.与第二次土壤普查结果比较:除20 ~ 100 cm土壤层次有机质和碱解氮含量呈下降趋势外,其他层次有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分指标呈显著增加趋势.0~20 cm土壤有酸化趋势.  相似文献   

2.
陕北石油污染对土壤理化性质的影响   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
为了研究石油污染对土壤理化性质的影响,对安塞县8个类型油井井场周围土壤中的石油烃含量和理化性质进行分析测定.结果表明,井场周围土壤石油烃含量变化范围为0.08~71.49 g/kg,其中井场外0~5 m区域和5~20 m区域内土壤污染严重.石油污染导致土壤含水率、pH值、硝态氮、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量显著降低,容重、有机质和铵态氮含量显著升高,全氮和全磷含量无显著变化;石油污染土壤中的石油烃含量与含水率、容重、有机质、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾均呈极显著相关,与pH值和全钾呈显著相关,与全氮、硝态氮和全磷无显著相关关系.  相似文献   

3.
研究东北典型县域稻田不同肥力土壤剖面特征,阐明东北典型县域高肥力土壤的特征及中、低肥力土壤的关键障碍因素,为进一步提升该区域稻田肥力和水稻产量提供科学依据。在黑龙江省方正县7个乡镇采集了9个稻田不同肥力土壤剖面样,测定了耕层和犁底层厚度、土壤容重、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、硫离子(S2-)、锰离子(Mn2+)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、团聚体组分、微生物量碳/氮等指标,进行土壤综合肥力评价以及水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析,探究肥力差异的主控因子。结果表明,稻田不同肥力土壤剖面有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、CEC、Mn2+含量随剖面土层深度增加逐渐降低,且均表现为高肥力土壤>中肥力土壤>低肥力土壤。方正县高肥力土壤(产量大于10000 kg/hm2)耕作层厚,容重低,耕作层有机质含量丰富,全氮含量高,全磷含量中等,且犁底层有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量高。中肥力土壤(产量介于7500~10000 kg/hm2)耕作层有机质含量高,全氮含量中等,全磷含量低。低肥力土壤(产量介于5500~7500 kg/hm2)耕作层薄,土壤S2-含量高,其他养分含量均低于高肥力土壤。高、中、低肥力土壤有效磷和速效钾养分达到丰富水平。高肥力土壤与中肥力土壤耕作层有机质、全氮、碱解氮、微生物量碳、0.25~0.053 mm团聚体含量和Mn2+差异显著,中肥力土壤与低肥力土壤耕作层除全磷和阳离子交换量外,其他指标无显著差异。高、中、低肥力土壤耕作层和犁底层土壤综合肥力指数分别为0.70和0.83、0.42和0.49、0.21和0.26。水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析表明,有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,耕作层微生物量氮和pH以及犁底层有效磷和全钾对产量影响较小。耕作层土壤有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,中、低肥力土壤有机碳和全磷养分供应不充足,全氮和碱解氮含量中等,低肥力土壤耕作层薄,因此,中、低肥力土壤建议采用增施有机肥和磷肥等措施,同时加强改良和培肥管理,以实现高肥力土壤的产量目标。  相似文献   

4.
为分析内蒙古鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗在4类土地利用方式(灌木林地、采矿用地、天然牧草地和农地)下,土壤养分质量分数的差异性,运用野外采样和室内化验、分析相结合的方法,测定4种土地类型在0~30 cm土层的土壤有机质和全量氮磷钾质量分数及pH值.结果表明:1)4类土地在0~ 30 cm土层的土壤有机质和全氮质量分数存在显著差异,土壤全磷量和全钾量差异不显著(P<0.05),土壤有机质质量分数依次为农地>天然牧草地>灌木林地>采矿用地,土壤全量氮磷钾最大值分别为天然牧草地、天然牧草地和灌木林地,最小值分别为采矿用地、灌木林地和天然牧草地;2)在垂直剖面上,采矿用地和天然牧草地的有机质质量分数随着土层深度的增加逐渐减小,农地和灌木林地的有机质质量分数最大值出现在20~30 cm深度的土层,4类土地的土壤全氮量和全磷量均有随土层深度的增加而下降的趋势,全钾量随土层深度的变化不明显.4类土地的土壤全氮和全钾质量分数整体而言较为理想,全磷和有机质质量分数欠缺.农地全磷质量分数基本能满足主要作物的生长需求,有机质和全氮质量分数不能满足主要作物的生长需求.本研究可为内蒙古中部工矿开采区土地合理利用以及退化的生态环境恢复等提供科学依据.  相似文献   

5.
江西省旱地土壤质地与土壤化学性状的相关性研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
通过研究江西省旱地土壤质地及其与化学性状的相关性,为江西省旱地土壤质地的改良提供理论依据。采用比重计速测法和常规化学指标分析方法测定了江西省不同地区的159个旱地土壤样品质地和氮、磷、钾、有机质含量、pH值和阳离子交换量指标,着重分析土壤中物理性粘粒含量及其他各级土粒含量与化学性状的相关性。结果表明:(1)江西省旱地土壤质地以壤土占绝对优势,高达93.71%,而在壤土中中壤土占比为51.57%;(2)土壤物理性粘粒含量与土壤中全氮、碱解氮、有机质含量、阳离子交换量呈显著正相关,与全钾含量呈显著负相关,即土壤颗粒越细,土壤全氮、碱解氮、有机质含量、阳离子交换量越高,土壤全钾含量越低;随着土壤颗粒变细,土壤pH值呈先升高后降低的趋势;土壤有效磷、速效钾、全磷含量与土壤各级土粒含量之间相关性不显著。  相似文献   

6.
重庆市长寿区桃花溪由于人为干扰部分河岸受损,河岸植被破坏严重,经过生态治理修复,植被恢复效果良好。通过野外实地调查,并结合方差分析、相关分析及多元逐步回归分析法探讨了修复河岸初期各护坡模式下的植物多样性及其对土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量等土壤理化性质指标的响应。结果表明:植被护岸与天然材料织物垫护岸生物多样性最丰富,其物种多样性指标稍高于人工扁袋护岸,相比原生态的半裸地有了极显著的改善。各护岸模式的大多数土壤理化特征因子差异性极为显著,其中半裸地的土壤质地与水肥状况最差,说明各护岸措施对土壤的改善效果明显。通过对各生物多样性指数和土壤特征因子的一般相关分析与逐步回归分析,各多样性指标均与土壤容重呈显著负相关;Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数与毛管孔隙度、速效N、阳离子交换量(CEC)呈显著性正相关,与有机质呈极显著正相关;Shannon-Wiener多样指数、Pielou均匀度指数与毛管孔隙度呈极显著的正相关,与有机质呈显著正相关。其中,全K、有机质、阳离子交换量CEC三个土壤养分因子与生物多样性的关系最为密切。  相似文献   

7.
艾比湖主要补给河流下游河岸带土壤养分特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以博尔塔拉河、精河下游河岸带不同植被覆盖条件下的土壤为研究对象,定量测定土壤中有机质与全氮、全磷、全钾的含量并进行统计分析,结果表明:两河下游河岸带土壤有机质、全氮含量呈现出较强的表聚性;博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤有机质与全氮含量之间存在显著相关性,与全磷、全钾相关性不强,精河下游河岸带土壤有机质与全氮、全磷、全钾相关性较强;空间变异特征显示:两河下游河岸带土壤各养分指标均表现为中等空间变异特征;对两河下游河岸带土壤养分指标测定结果进行对比,发现博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤养分含量高于精河下游河岸带土壤,但养分含量总体偏低.同时,因土壤类型及养分条件的不同,地表植物群落组成差异明显.  相似文献   

8.
江西省不同农田利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了全面掌握江西省土壤养分的状况,基于江西省16 823个农田耕层(0—20cm)土壤样点数据,运用实地采样、数理统计与地统计学等分析方法,对研究区不同农田利用方式(水旱轮作、一季旱地、两季旱地、一季水田和两季水田)下土壤养分含量进行了研究。结果表明:通过半方差函数研究发现,江西省土壤养分的空间变异主要是由随机因素引起的,耕层(0—20cm)土壤全氮(TN)和碱解氮(AN)含量分别为1.25~1.61g/kg,149.27~169.90mg/kg,全磷和有效磷含量为0.49~0.54g/kg和17.94~21.30mg/kg,全钾(TK)和速效钾含量为11.55~12.19g/kg和72.67~106.41mg/kg,有机质含量和土壤pH值为27.09~31.52g/kg,5.12~5.52;不同土地利用方式下土壤化学性质差异达到极显著水平,其影响程度由大到小依次为土壤pH值全氮速效钾有机质有效磷碱解氮全磷全钾;Pearson相关性分析发现,土壤中有机质含量和与全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、有效磷含量以及pH值有显著(p0.05)或极显著的相关性(p0.01),相关系数分别为0.945,0.359,-0.014,0.033,0.028,0.061,-0.061,说明土壤有机质含量与其他养分含量关系密切,可以作为指示土壤肥力的敏感因子。研究结果对于江西省采取合理的土地利用方式、施肥方式以及提高土壤养分水平、土地生产力等方面具有极其重要的意义。  相似文献   

9.
秦岭火地塘林区不同海拔森林土壤理化性质   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
为了探究海拔高度与土壤理化性质之间的关系,对秦岭火地塘林区不同海拔高度土壤理化性质进行研究。在不同海拔高度设置样地,对土壤进行分层取样,室内测定土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、有效磷和有效钾含量。结果表明:(1)在不同采样深度下,随着土壤深度增加,除土壤pH值逐渐升高外,有机质、全氮、有效磷和有效钾的含量逐渐降低,其他指标无明显变化规律;(2)土壤pH值、有机质、全氮和有效磷含量与海拔之间有显著的相关关系,土壤pH值随海拔升高先逐渐升高,最高点出现在海拔1 800~2 000m,后随海拔升高逐渐降低;有机质、全氮含量随着海拔升高而升高;有效磷含量随海拔升高而下降;有效氮、全磷、全钾和有效钾的含量和海拔之间不存在明显的相关关系。该林区应结合当地森林植被类型状况,针对不同海拔林地土壤的特点,调整林分模式,改善林地土壤性质,以维护该区林地的可持续发展。  相似文献   

10.
四川西北部主要森林植被类型土壤养分库比较研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在四川西北部沿都江堰-映秀-小金在不同海拔梯度选择16个典型群落类型森林土壤测定了土壤有机碳、活性有机碳、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量,揭示了该区域不同群落类型森林土壤氮储量及其垂直分布和土壤养分库状况,分析了不同群落类型土壤碳氮关系和碳氮与养分因子关系。结果表明,不同森林植被类型土壤氮储量差异明显,全氮含量在0.78~3.51g/kg,密度在0.77~2.84kg/m2。亚高山森林植被类型土壤的氮含量整体上高于低山森林植被类型;16种森林植被类型土壤养分库有明显差异,在36.07~73.45kg/m2之间。总体上原始天然林较人工林的土壤养分库高,反映出植被越原始则养分库越高,16种森林植被类型土壤中总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数和全氮均表现出显著线性关系,其中活性有机碳含量为29.63%~87.00%,密度分配为29.49%~76.08%,以落羽杉人工林为参照碳库管理指数为70.63%~2 138.11%,碳库质量优良;碳氮比为6.89~13.80,对林木生长较为适宜。其成果为该区域森林经营和因5.12地震植被恢复和生态重建提供科学依据。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

16.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

17.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

18.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

20.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

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