等高犁耕朝向对紫色土坡面土壤再分布的影响

选择一块坡长15 m、坡度14.16%的坡地,采用磁性示踪法分析等高向下犁耕（向下坡方向翻垈）和等高向上犁耕（向上坡方向翻垈）的土壤再分布特征,利用模拟耕作（15次）检验两种等高犁耕的长期作用下对土壤剖面和微地貌演化的影响。结果表明:等高向下犁耕导致土壤发生向下坡移动,土壤位移量为15.62～28.70 kg/m,坡度对其影响不显著（p=0.93）;等高向上犁耕导致土壤同时发生向下坡和向上坡移动,土壤净位移量为-10.91～8.23 kg/m,坡度对其有显著影响（p < 0.001）,土壤净位移方向随着坡度的增大由向上坡转为向下坡,本研究条件下临界坡度为14%;等高向下犁耕15次后坡顶侵蚀深度是原土层深度的132%,耕作后土层深度与耕作深度相当,表明等高向下犁耕加速土壤侵蚀和促进母岩成土的双重作用共同维持着坡顶土层深度的稳定;等高向上犁耕15次后坡顶土层深度增加了12.7%,表明等高向上犁耕具有保护坡顶土层深度的作用。等高向上犁耕是一种防治类似紫色土的薄层土壤耕作侵蚀和土壤退化的有效措施。     

紫色土坡地犁耕方向对耕作侵蚀的影响

采用磁性示踪法测定等高犁耕、向下犁耕和向上犁耕的耕作位移和土壤位移量,定量评价耕作方向对牛拉犁耕作侵蚀的影响,比较四川紫色土区牛拉犁常用的等高犁耕与上下坡交替犁耕的耕作侵蚀强度。结果表明:在研究区土壤和牛拉三角铧式犁耕作条件下,向下犁耕的耕作位移明显大于向上犁耕和等高犁耕,坡度对向下犁耕土壤位移量影响显著,而对向上犁耕和等高犁耕影响较小;等高犁耕和上下坡交替犁耕引起的土壤位移量分别为40.97~70.42kg/m和0.68~34.58kg/m;耕作方向由等高犁耕改为上下坡交替犁耕可显著减小耕作侵蚀,当坡度为10%时,耕作侵蚀可减少98.5%,当坡度为40%时,耕作侵蚀可减少33.3%。对于紫色土区牛拉犁耕作,上下坡交替犁耕是减少耕作侵蚀和防治土壤退化的一种行之有效的方法。     

紫色土坡地土壤性质对耕作侵蚀的影响

[目的]揭示土壤性质对耕作侵蚀土壤的敏感性,为紫色土区域采取适宜的耕作措施提供依据。[方法]利用磁性示踪技术定量旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的土壤耕作位移和土壤位移量,选取土壤容重、土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤有效磷、土壤抗剪强度和土壤紧实度等土壤理化性质和力学性质指标,研究土壤性质对旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的耕作侵蚀的影响特征。[结果]旋耕机上下耕作和等高耕作的土壤净位移和净位移量不仅受坡度影响,也受土壤性质的影响。土壤力学性质和土壤物理性质对旋耕机耕作侵蚀有显著影响,对于上下耕作的土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度和土壤容重与土壤净位移量呈显著正相关。对于等高耕作措施的土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度、土壤容重和土壤含水量与土壤净位移量呈显著正相关,其他指标关系不显著。[结论]土壤抗剪强度、土壤紧实度和土壤容重可以作为评价耕作侵蚀的土壤可蚀性指标。     

耕作深度对紫色土坡地旋耕机耕作侵蚀的影响

利用磁性示踪法定量研究紫色土坡地旋耕机上下耕作的耕作位移和土壤位移量,分析了不同耕作深度(8,10,12cm)对耕作侵蚀的影响。结果表明:在研究坡度范围内(3.43%~20.97%),旋耕机不同耕作深度引起的土壤净位移差异显著(p=0.007),且随着耕作深度的增加土壤净位移显著增大,3种耕作深度的土壤净位移与坡度均显著相关,且随着耕作深度的增加相关性逐渐增强;耕作侵蚀速率随着耕作深度的增加而增大,耕作深度由8cm增加为10cm,耕作侵蚀速率增大了77%,由10cm增加为12cm耕作侵蚀速率增大了49%。耕作深度是影响紫色土坡地旋耕机耕作侵蚀的重要因素之一,增加耕作深度引起耕作侵蚀明显增加,因此合理调控耕作深度是防治紫色土退化的一种重要措施。     

我国南方丘陵区土壤耕作侵蚀的定量研究

通过采用示踪法对四川丘陵区坡耕地的耕作试验研究 ,获得了土壤耕作位移和土壤耕作侵蚀的直接证据 ,确定了耕作侵蚀是四川丘陵区土壤流失的原因之一。试验结果指出 ,四川丘陵区单次耕作的土壤位移量为 43.70～ 6 4.47kg/ m;平均土壤耕作侵蚀速率为 6 5 .0 5～ 97.0 5 t/ hm2 .a。土壤耕作位移受地面坡度的影响十分明显 ,平均位移距离与坡度间呈显著正相关关系。耕作侵蚀速率主要取决于坡体长度 ,只有在坡体长度相同的条件下 ,耕作侵蚀速率才随坡度的增大而增加     

耕作侵蚀及其对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究进展

在坡耕地景观内，由于农耕工具和重力作用而引起的耕作位移使土壤发生向下坡运动或向上坡运动(依赖于耕作方向)，导致净余土壤量向下坡传输、堆积，重新分配，从而形成耕作侵蚀。试验研究表明耕作侵蚀是坡耕地的主要侵蚀形式之一，耕作侵蚀发生最严重的区域是坡度较大、坡体短的坡耕地。该文就耕作侵蚀的概念、发生机理、典型的耕作侵蚀模型的发展，以及耕作侵蚀对土壤肥力和作物产量影响的研究现状作了简要论述，特别总结了针对中国的地貌和耕作工具特征而进行的耕作侵蚀的研究成果。指出在一定的景观范围内，耕作侵蚀是十分严重的，甚至其严重程度已经超过了水蚀。但是相对于水蚀而言，耕作侵蚀研究还很少，因此加强耕作侵蚀的研究是十分必要的。只有这样才能正确评价农耕地侵蚀状况，准确制定土壤保持措施和采用减少耕作侵蚀力的耕作工具，从而有效地控制土壤侵蚀。     

中国黄土地区耕作侵蚀模拟

耕作侵蚀是国际上新近开展的一个研究领域。为了对中国黄土地区的耕作侵蚀规律进行定量描述,采用施放小立方块作为示踪材料进行耕作试验及测量来示踪和监测土壤运动,并通过相关分析与理论推导,对该地区的耕作侵蚀进行了模拟,获得了能够直接计算出坡面剖面任何一点净侵蚀模数的耕作侵蚀模型,结果表明,在采用当地由动物牵引的传统犁在坡面上自下而上进行往返横坡等高向下翻土耕作方式下:1)一次耕作导致的耕层土壤朝坡向方向平均水平运动距离随坡度的变化表现为线性相关;2)一次耕作导致的坡面剖面任何位置耕层断面的净侵蚀模数,受土壤容重、耕作深度、土壤与耕作条件决定的系数和地形曲率的影响。     

长期向上耕作对坡耕地土壤水稳定性团聚体的影响

为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡耕地不同景观位置内土壤结构稳定性的影响。以常规顺坡向下耕作和长期向上耕作的坡耕地为研究对象,通过对土壤水稳定性团聚体、有机碳含量等指标的测定,分析了不同耕作方式引起土壤不同分布模式对水稳性团聚体特征空间变异性的影响。结果表明:长期向上耕作平均质量直径值(MWD)在不同景观位置均高于常规向下耕作。在坡耕地1m和20m位置,向上耕作MWD比向下耕作分别显著(p0.05)增加了31.94%,23.54%,在5,10,15 m位置分别增加了0.87%,2.99%,3.03%。几何平均直径值(GMD)和0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WSA0.25)的变化趋势与MWD类似。两种不同耕作方式引起土壤结构特征显著变化主要发生在坡顶和坡底位置,而中坡仅仅起类似于传送带的作用传输来自上坡(向下耕作)或下坡(向上耕作)的土壤。向上耕作比向下耕作的团聚体破坏率(PAD)值降低了25.29%,表明向上耕作显著减少了对大团聚体(0.25mm)的破坏程度。结果显示长期向上耕作显著减少了耕作侵蚀,增加了土壤结构稳定性。     

重庆中梁山岩溶区耕作侵蚀影响因素研究

在重庆市中梁山岩溶区用示踪法对坡耕地进行耕作试验研究。结果表明：锄头和铁锹耕作引起的土壤位移距离、位移量与坡度呈正相关，而踩锹引起的土壤位移距离、位移量则与含水量具有一定的相关性。在顺坡耕作时铁锹引起的土壤位移距离、位移量与锄头相近，但它们远远大于踩锹；等高耕作时铁锹引起的土壤位移距离、位移量是锄头的1．3～3．8倍左右。铁锹顺坡耕作引起的土壤位移距离、位移量是它等高耕作的2～2．4倍；锄头顺坡耕作引起的土壤位移距离、位移量是它等高的3～8．8倍。引起土壤位移量的大小顺序依次是：锄头顺坡〉铁锹顺坡〉铁锹等高〉锄头等高〉踩锹顺坡。     

干热河谷区耕作侵蚀作用下坡面水力侵蚀特性

为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡面水动力学特性的影响,选择金沙江干热河谷地区的坡耕地作为研究对象,采用放水冲刷的试验方法,探讨耕作侵蚀影响侵蚀区土层厚度和作为侵蚀物源传输纽带这2种耕作侵蚀形式作用下坡面水动力参数的变化与分布规律,并分析坡面水动力参数与坡面产流和土壤剥离速率之间的关系。结果表明:耕作侵蚀区不同耕作侵蚀强度处理中,随着耕作侵蚀强度的增大,坡面产流速率和土壤剥离速率均呈现增大趋势;0~35年耕作侵蚀强度处理下坡面水流流态主要表现为紊状缓流,耕作侵蚀强度达到40年时则为紊状急流;阻力系数呈现随耕作侵蚀强度增大而减小的趋势,剪切力则呈增大的趋势。在耕作沉积区不同耕作位移处理中,随着耕作位移量的增大,坡面产流速率呈减小趋势,而土壤剥离速率呈增大趋势;0,12 kg/m的耕作位移处理下坡面水流流态主要表现为紊状急流,当耕作位移量达到21 kg/m,即下坡部位的细沟因土壤耕作位移被完全填充时,水流流态则为紊状缓流;随着耕作位移量的增大,阻力系数表现为增大趋势,剪切力则呈减小趋势。将坡面产流速率、土壤剥离速率与水动力参数进行相关性分析后,发现雷诺数能够较好的描述耕作侵蚀作用下坡面水力侵蚀状态。研究结果为干热河谷区坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理及治理方法提供了科学依据。     

秸秆覆盖免耕法

本文阐述了传统耕作法,少耕法和免耕法的基本概念,分析了秸秆覆盖免耕法的原理。夏玉米免耕覆盖种植机械化技术就是应用秸秆覆盖法的原理试验成功的一项科研成果,这项技术由三项作业,六项技术组成,具有节能,省工,增产,增加土壤有机质,改善土壤结构等效益,是对传统耕作法改革的一项新型耕作技术。研制成功的免耕播种机是实现这项技术的关键机具,本文介绍了其工作部件及工作原理。最后指出这项新技术在我国小麦、玉米两熟地区推广应用的意义。     

Physical and mechanical properties of a clayey soil as affected by tillage systems for wheat growth

Abstract

The effect of tillage systems on soil physical properties of a clayey soil was studied. Tillage systems consisting of conventional tillage I (CT₁), conventional tillage II (CT₂), reduced conventional tillage (RCT), reduced tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT) were carried out in autumn after harvest of sugar beet. Significant differences between tillage systems were recorded on the measured properties, apart from moisture content, at 15–30 cm soil layer. The CT₁, CT₂ and RCT systems resulted in similar penetration resistance and bulk density values below the 15 cm soil depth, while the RT and NT systems resulted in higher but similar values. The mean penetration resistance values were less than 1 MPa in the CT₁, CT₂ and RCT systems at the 0–15 cm depth, while they were 1.41, 1.84 MPa in RT and NT, respectively. The mean total porosity increased with tillage from 8.2 to 28% when compared with NT. The CT₁, CT₂ and RCT systems resulted in lower moisture content at the 0–15 cm depth. The lowest moisture content occurred in RCT (24.4%) and the highest in NT (30.9%), while it was 30.3% in RT system. The lowest and highest mean weight diameter values were reported for the RT (1.36 mm) and NT (2.37 mm) systems, respectively. The lowest wheat grain yield was obtained in NT (4.14) and the highest in CT₁ (5.24 Mg ha^?1). A significant difference occurred between only NT and the other systems. When both grain yield and advantages of reduced tillage are considered, the RT system is recommended.     

Nutrient content of maize and soil organic matter status under various tillage methods and farmyard manure levels

Abstract

A two-year field study was conducted under semi-arid conditions in Pakistan to assess the role of tillage systems and farmyard manure on soil, plant nutrients and organic matter content. Four tillage systems (zero, minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three farm manure levels were used. Maize crop was grown up to maturity. Uptake of N, P and K in maize shoots improved in tillage systems compared to non-tillage and treatments where farmyard manure was applied. Soil N status decreased in the deep tillage systems, whereas it increased in all other tillage systems and in the farmyard manure amended treatments. Increase in soil P values was observed under minimum and conventional tillage, whereas deep tillage resulted in a decrease. Farmyard manure amendments increased soil P and soil K in all systems. Tillage did not affect soil K levels. Results demonstrate that reduced tillage is practicable in arid and semi-arid regions since it improves soil fertility.     

Response of Sunflower to Sulfur Rate and Time of Application under Two Tillage Systems in a Silty Clay Soil of Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Sulfur (S) availability is a characteristic of conservation tillage. We studied the effects of S on sunflower yield and fatty acid profile under conventional and conservation tillage in silty clay soil of D.I. Khan, Pakistan. Conventional tillage consisted of disk plowing followed by tiller and rotavator, while conservation tillage comprises tiller and disc harrowing. Treatments comprise six sulfur levels (S₁ = 0, S₂ = 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing, S₃ = 10 kg S ha^?1 at sowing +10 kg S ha^?1 25 days after sowing (DAS), S₄ = 40 kg S ha^?1 at sowing, S₅ = 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing + 20 kg S ha^?1 25 DAS, and S₆ = 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing + 10 kg S ha^?1 25 DAS + 10 kg S ha^?1 50 DAS) replicated thrice. After 2 years of experimentation, soil samples were collected (from 0 to 0.30 m depth) for organic matter (OM), total soil N (TSN), and available sulfur analysis. Conservation tillage significantly increased OM, TSN, and S contents in 0–0.30 m soil compared to conventional tillage. Likewise, sunflower plants showed higher achene yield, better fatty acid profile, and net economic returns in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage. Application of 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing and 10 kg S ha^?1 at each 25 and 50 DAS recorded significantly higher achene yield, higher oil, and linoleic acid contents; however, oleic and oleic/linoleic ratio did not increase with higher S rates. Conservation tillage was effective in increasing OM, TSN, and available S besides increasing yield and economics in silty clay soil.     

Comparing soil physical properties from continuous conventional tillage with long‐term reduced tillage affected by one‐time inversion

In addition to various positive aspects, long‐term reduced tillage may cause disadvantages such as increased weed pressure and soil compaction. Thus, single inversion tillage is customarily used for overcoming these drawbacks; however, the effects on the enhanced soil functions are unknown. The main objective of this study was therefore to assess whether improved soil physical properties following long‐term reduced tillage remain after one‐time inversion tillage by mouldboard plough. The study was undertaken on a silt loam field in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1996, this field has been subdivided into three treatments; one was managed conventionally using a mouldboard plough (CT), while on the others a chisel plough (RT1) and a disc harrow (RT2) were employed. In October 2014, the entire field was mouldboard ploughed. The following year, four field campaigns were conducted to compare the soil physical properties of the continuously conventional tilled plot with those affected by one‐time inversion tillage (RT1 and RT2). Dry bulk density (DBD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and infiltration rate [K(h)] were analysed in untrafficked and trafficked areas in each plot. There were clear differences between CT and RT. At all sampling dates, both RT plots had higher Ks and K(h) compared with CT. These differences also occurred to some extent on the trafficked areas. This suggests that improved soil hydraulic properties remained after one‐time inversion tillage of a long‐term reduced tilled field. Thus, one‐time inversion tillage may offer a suitable measure for overcoming some of the main disadvantages associated with long‐term reduced tillage, while preserving the positive effects on soil physical properties.     

重庆中梁山岩溶区耕作侵蚀影响因素研究

在重庆市中梁山岩溶区用示踪法对坡耕地进行耕作试验研究。结果表明:锄头和铁锹耕作引起的土壤位移距离、位移量与坡度呈正相关,而踩锹引起的土壤位移距离、位移量则与含水量具有一定的相关性。在顺坡耕作时铁锹引起的土壤位移距离、位移量与锄头相近,但它们远远大于踩锹;等高耕作时铁锹引起的土壤位移距离、位移量是锄头的1.3~3.8倍左右。铁锹顺坡耕作引起的土壤位移距离、位移量是它等高耕作的2~2.4倍;锄头顺坡耕作引起的土壤位移距离、位移量是它等高的3~8.8倍。引起土壤位移量的大小顺序依次是:锄头顺坡>铁锹顺坡>铁锹等高>锄头等高>踩锹顺坡。     

旱地玉米保护性耕作机具与作业工艺的组合研究

多年保护性耕作试验取得了保墒增产的明显效果,但也暴露出播种质量不高等问题,仅靠改进机具已难以解决。１９９６年开始增加表土耕作进行配套试验。通过对不同试验处理的秸秆覆盖率、地温、土壤含水量、出苗率和作物产量对比,初步得出增加表土耕作组合方案可以调控地表秸秆覆盖量、改善地面状况、提高地温、保苗增产。在我国北方,干旱低温,秸秆不易腐烂,逐年积累,故应该把表土耕作列为保护性耕作体系的重要内容,只有把作业工艺选择与播种机性能改进结合,才能更有效地解决免耕播种质量不高的问题。