小流域尺度土壤养分的空间分布特征及其与土地利用的关系

以四川省资阳市松涛镇的响水村小流域为研究背景,以地理信息系统为技术手段,研究了小流域尺度土壤养分的空间分布特征,并结合数理统计的分析方法,进一步探讨了土地利用对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:研究区域土壤表层养分含量均呈现较明显的空间分布格局,总趋势大都具有条带状和斑块状的特点,旱地、果园、裸地的土壤全氮、有机质普遍缺乏,特别是处于坡顶的裸地,应成为今后的控制重点,此外,旱地、果园的水溶态养分高值分布区也应给予高度重视。方差分析与均值比较表明:土地利用对全氮、有机质、全磷、水溶性磷含量都有显著影响(P<0.01),其影响程度为有机质>全氮>全磷>水溶性磷,而全钾、硝态氮则不受土地利用的显著影响,究其原因可能是紫色土钾素含量更倾向于土壤母质中所含矿物的控制,而土壤硝态氮的情况比较复杂,可能有更为重要的因素(如施肥、降雨、径流)制约着硝态氮的含量。     

沼液配施化肥对土壤质量及作物生长的影响

研究沼液配施化肥对土壤微生物特性、土壤养分及玉米生长的影响。结果表明:沼液配施化肥及单施沼液均能降低土壤真菌数量和增加细菌、放线菌数量,其中45%沼液配施55%化肥处理真菌数量较常规施肥显著降低66%,细菌、放线菌数量分别显著增加160.3%、312.5%。沼液配施化肥可显著增加土壤脲酶、磷酸酶及蔗糖酶活性,但过氧化氢酶含量变化不明显。施用沼液可有效促进土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的增加,且差异显著。沼液配施化肥有效提高土壤微生物生物量(SMB)和有机碳(SOC)含量,其中45%沼液配施55%化肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC),微生物生物量氮(SMBN)、微生物生物量磷(SMBP)和有机碳(SOC)含量较常规施肥分别显著增加70.0%、195.6%、91.6%和71.6%。施用沼液降低了SMBC/SMBN值,而土壤微生物熵(qMB)和土壤SMBN/TN值均增加,且随着沼液用量的增加先增加后降低。相关性分析表明,土壤SMB与土壤有机质、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾间均呈显著或极显著正相关关系,脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶均与土壤养分呈显著或极显著正相关关系,过氧化氢酶与土壤养分的相关性不显著。沼液配施化肥对玉米生长及光合作用有显著促进作用,以45%沼液配施55%化肥处理最佳,随着沼液配施比例的增加,玉米产量先增加后降低,45%沼液配施55%化肥处理最高,较常规施肥显著增加40.9%。综合分析,45%沼液配施55%化肥可有效改善土壤结构,显著提高土壤肥力,从而促进作物生长,增加产量,可作为沼液配施化肥的最佳比例。     

有机肥水溶性养分及评价指标研究

为修订有机肥料标准提供理论和参考依据,本研究设置3类有机肥模拟样品:(1)畜禽粪便有机肥:鸡粪有机肥(C1)、C1+化肥+煤矸石(C1-CF-M1)、C1+化肥+风化煤(C1-CF-M2)、C1+化肥+腐殖酸土(C1-CF-M3);(2)中草药渣(发酵完全,Z1)、Z1+化肥(Z1-CF)、中草药渣(发酵不完全,Z2)、Z2+化肥(Z2-CF);(3)玉米芯菌菇包(H1)、H1+化肥(H1-CF),并测定其总养分和水溶性养分含量及容重,以探究有机肥养分及品质评价指标的合理范围。结果表明:1)各供试有机肥全氮、全磷、全钾含量相等时,C1的水溶性氮、磷、钾含量最低(3.83、3.58、8.50 g·kg~(-1)),而添加化肥的有机肥样品(C1-CF-M1、C1-CF-M2、C1-CF-M3、Z1-CF、Z2-CF、H1-CF)的水溶性氮、磷、钾含量分别高于7.45、8.71、15.78 g·kg~(-1);2)正常发酵的有机肥(C1、Z1、H1)水溶性氮占全氮含量的16.48%~24.66%,水溶性磷占全磷含量的12.92%~22.19%,水溶性钾占全钾含量的19.48%~39.27%,水溶性有机质占总有机质含量的6.37%~9.80%,容重低于0.51 g·cm~(-3);而添加化肥的有机肥样品(C1-CF-M1、C1-CF-M2、C1-CF-M3、Z1-CF、Z2-CF、H1-CF)的水溶性氮占全氮含量的47.91%以上,水溶性磷占全磷含量的54.03%以上,水溶性钾占全钾含量的72.90%以上;C1-CF-M1、C1-CF-M2、C1-CF-M3处理的水溶性有机质占总有机质含量的1%以下,容重高于0.69 g·cm~(-3);3)未发酵完全的处理Z2,其水溶性氮占全氮含量的13.93%以下,水溶性磷占全磷含量的10.37%以下,水溶性钾占全钾含量的21.94%以下,水溶性有机质占总有机质含量的2.29%,容重低于0.51 g·cm~(-3)。因此,供试有机肥均达到农业行业标准(NY 525-2012)的前提下,进一步检测其水溶性养分含量以及容重,可为农业行业标准(NY 525-2012)修订提供多元检测方法和理论依据。     

林地开垦对黄土区坡面土壤养分空间分布的影响

研究黄土高原侵蚀环境下林地开垦后坡面土壤养分空间分布状况,确立林地开垦后侵蚀驱动的坡地土壤养分空间变异特征。以黄土高原丘陵区子午岭林地和开垦28年的侵蚀坡面为研究对象,分析土壤主要性质和养分含量的变化情况,运用经典统计学和地统计法分析坡面土壤基本性质和养分空间分布规律。林地开垦后坡面土壤pH增加了0.24个单位,有机质、全氮、全磷和铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾分别降低了13.77,1.14,0.10 g/kg和6.05,1.63,4.99,58.44 mg/kg。林地的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的变异系数大于开垦地,而pH和各速效养分的变异系数小于开垦地。开垦后中坡位和下坡位养分含量减少幅度较大,上坡位减少幅度较小。林地和开垦地的土壤各指标都呈中等或强烈的空间自相关。林地开垦增强了有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间异质性,但减小了pH的空间异质性,地形等结构性因子主导了土壤养分空间异质性的形成。林地开垦后,pH、有机质、全氮和全磷变程增大,铵态氮、硝态氮和速效钾变程减小,速效磷在2个坡面上的变化趋势不一致。研究结果表明林地开垦极大地减少了坡面土壤养分含量,但减少幅度与坡位和坡面形态有关。同时,开垦增大了坡面土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的空间依赖性,减小了速效养分的空间依赖性。     

冀西北坝上地区退化防护林的土壤性质

为了解冀西北坝上防护林退化与土壤性质的关系,以河北省张北坝上地区杨树防护林为研究对象,比较了不同退化程度杨树防护林的土壤养分和土壤硬度。研究结果表明:1随林分退化程度的增加,土壤硬度和出现钙积层的概率均有增加的趋势。2除速效钾表现出明显差异外,不同退化程度防护林土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷、全氮、碱解氮、全钾含量无明显差异。3张北坝上地区土壤养分含量总体处于较低水平。根据全国第2次土壤普查养分分级标准,其有机质为4级,磷素和氮素为6级,钾素为5级。4土壤有机质含量与全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷和速效磷含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,全氮与碱解氮、全钾与速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系,全磷与速效磷含量没有明显的相关关系。尽管张北坝上的地区土壤养分含量普遍较低,但防护林退化程度与多数土壤养分含量没有明显的相关关系,而与土壤硬度的高低及钙积层的有无具有一定的相关性。     

不同有机物料与部分化肥长期定位配合施用对土壤养分的调控效应

为了明确有机物料替代部分化肥长期定位施用对冬小麦连作农田土壤养分的调控效应。在陇东黄土旱塬进行连续11年的定位试验,比较不施肥(CK)、施用等量氮磷养分的3种有机物料(生物有机肥、秸秆还田、农家肥)与氮磷化肥配施的农田土壤养分含量变化。结果显示:2016年冬小麦收获后,相比于CK,施用有机肥明显增加了0~60 cm土层硝态氮积累量,而有机质、全量氮磷钾及其速效养分含量在0~60 cm土层范围内随土层深度增加逐渐降低,且0~20 cm土层为硝态氮、有机质、全量氮磷钾及速效氮、磷富集区。从0~20 cm土层平均养分含量来看,施用有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量。其中生物有机肥处理11年土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较CK提高了18.39%、11.49%、15.62%、2.76%、14.94%、143.25%、36.33%,农家肥处理分别提高了14.42%、14.94%、14.06%、2.84%、10.87%、100.7%、41.58%,秸秆还田分别提高了7.20%、10.34%、9.38%、1.46%、9.24%、54.66%、8.82%。因此,在陇东半湿润偏旱雨养农业区,采用化肥与有机肥配施,兼顾钾肥的施肥措施是最合理的施肥方式,有利于保持黑垆土养分平衡,促进农田生产力稳定可持续。     

黄土丘陵区人工林土壤养分效应研究

以人工油松林和人工刺槐林为例进行比较,分析了黄土丘陵区人工林土壤养分特征及分布,进行了人工林土壤养分效应的研究。结果表明：该研究区人工林土壤肥力处于低水平;人工林表层土壤养分中有机质和全磷的空间变异性较大;各种养分在剖面中的含量具有明显的层次性,表层（0—20cm）养分含量最高,向下层逐渐降低;在人工刺槐林中,土壤有机质含量与全氮含量相关性显著,有机质含量与全磷含量、速效钾含量相关性较为显著,与速效磷含量相关性不显著;在人工油松林中,土壤有机质含量与全氮含量相关性显著,有机质含量与速效磷含量、速效钾含量相关性较为显著,与全磷含量相关性不显著。     

陕西省耕地土壤养分现状与分布特征

本研究利用2017年陕西省耕地质量评价与等级划分项目土壤调查数据,运用统计学和克里金插值方法研究了陕西省耕层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、缓效钾等养分含量现状及分布特征,为陕西省耕地土壤科学合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,当前全省土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、缓效钾平均含量为14.7 g kg~(-1)、0.9 g kg~(-1)、19.2 mg kg~(-1)、173.9 mg kg~(-1)、1153.5 mg kg~(-1),土壤有机质含量主要分布于中等水平,所占比例为44.8%,在高等和极高水平所占比例分别为24.5%和5.7%;全氮含量在中等水平所占比例为31.3%,在高等和极高水平所占比例分别为18.5%和5.0%;速效磷含量在中等水平所占比例为25.6%,在高等和极高水平所占比例分别为13.1%和14.2%;速效钾含量在低等水平所占比例最高,为34.0%,在中等及中等水平以上所占比例为50.6%;缓效钾含量主要分布于中等水平,所占比例为45.4%。土壤各养分含量之间呈极显著正相关。从空间分布来看,土壤有机质、全氮均呈现由北向南逐渐增加的趋势,即陕南秦巴山区关中平原渭北旱塬陕北高原;速效磷含量表现为关中平原陕南秦巴山区渭北旱塬陕北高原;速效钾和缓效钾含量为中部高南北低,即关中平原渭北旱塬陕南秦巴山区陕北高原。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区不同坡位退耕还林还草地土壤养分的变异规律

在宁南山区黄土丘陵区开展了退耕还林还草工程效益监测研究,测定了不同坡位退耕还林还草地的土壤养分。对土壤养分单因子分析结果表明:在同一坡面上,随着坡位的降低,退耕还林还草地0—100 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷平均含量增加;从不同坡位退耕还林还草地各层土壤养分含量来看,随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量在降低。说明半干旱黄土丘陵区林带间种植的苜蓿经营粗放,加剧了土壤养分的失调。     

茶陵县烟稻复种区土壤养分时空变异特征

采用传统统计学、地统计学的分析方法,使用2009年、2014年和2018年茶陵县烟稻复种区土壤养分含量数据,对该区土壤养分的时空变异特征及其与地形因子的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:2009年土壤有机质、速效钾含量偏低,pH适中,全氮含量适宜,全磷含量极低;2009年至2014年间土壤pH降低,氮、磷、钾养分含量升高;2014年至2018年间,土壤pH值升高,有机质、全氮含量降低,全磷、速效钾、可溶性氯含量继续升高。地统计学分析表明,随烟稻复种年限的增加,土壤pH、有机质变化受随机因素影响增大,速效钾、水溶性氯离子含量始终表现为强空间相关性。坡度对土壤pH、有机质含量影响显著,坡向对土壤速效养分含量影响较强,而时间和地形双因素间的交互作用对土壤养分含量的影响不显著。综上所述,湘东茶陵烟稻复种区的耕作制度有利于土壤肥力提高;整体而言,在现有施肥水平基础上,应适当增加氮肥用量、稳定磷肥投入,减少钾肥施用,以确保作物高产、地力可持续提升。     

Chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and histidinoalanine in food and other proteins

Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health.     

Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages

Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Detection, accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol residues in poultry muscle, liver, and gizzard

Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period.     

Growth and Ca,Mg, K,and P uptake by triticale,wheat, and rye at four al levels

This study was conducted to determine relationships between Al toxicity and mineral uptake of triticale (X Triticosecale, Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). Two culti‐vars of each species were grown in 1/5‐strength Steinberg solution with 0, 3, 6, or 12 ppm Al added. The solutions were adjusted to pH 4.8 at transplanting and were not adjusted thereafter. The plants were grown in a growth chamber for 19 days before harvesting to determine nutrient solution pH, dry weights, and Al, Ca, Mg, K, and P levels in plants. Increasing Al concentration reduced the final pH of solutions. The addition of 12 ppm Al severely reduced the growth and increased Al concentration of plant tops. The Al levels in roots generally increased with increments of added Al up to 6 ppm. Increasing Al decreased the uptake of Ca, Mg, and P by plant tops more than that of K. Regression analyses indicated that Al toxicity was associated with increasing K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratios and decreasing P concentration in plant tops. Differences between species were: higher Al concentration in rye than wheat with 6 and 12 ppm Al, higher translocation of Ca from roots to tops in wheat than in rye and Mg in triticale and wheat than rye; K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratios associated with 50% reduction in top growth followed the order: triticales > tolerant wheat > sensitive wheat > rye. Differences in mineral uptake associated with Al toxicity in wheat were more indicative of differential Al sensitivity in wheat than in triticale and rye which have higher internal Al tolerance.     

Tillage,lime, and poultry litter effects on soil zinc,manganese, and copper

Abstract

Long‐term no‐tillage has profound effects on soil properties which can affect the availability of plant nutrient elements. The objectives were to study the effects of tillage and lime treatments on soil pH and extractable soil micronutrients where poultry litter was used as a nitrogen (N) source. Surface soil samples were taken in the spring and fall for two years from a long‐term tillage experiment that had been in place for nine years. There were two tillage treatments [conventional (CT) and no‐tillage (NT)] and six lime/ gypsum treatments (control, 8,960 kg gypsum ha^‐1 every fourth year, 4,480 kg lime ha^‐1 every fourth year, and three treatments of 8,960 kg lime ha^‐1 in a four‐year period divided by application times into 1, 2, and 4 treatments per year). Poultry litter was applied each year of the two‐year experiment at a rate of 8.96 Mg ha^‐1 on a dry weight basis. The crop was corn (Zea maize L.). Soil samples were analyzed for pH and Mehlich‐1 zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Soil pH was higher for NT than CT and was higher in the spring than in the fall. Lime rates resulted in soil pH increases, but showed less difference for CT than NT. The three 8,960 kg ha^‐1 per four yr treatments caused an interaction in that for CT the pH increased more for 2,240 kg ha^‐1each year than for 8,960 kg ha^‐1 every fourth year and the opposite was true for NT. Extractable Zn, Mn, and Cu all responded to this interaction being lower for the higher pH plots. Extractable Zn was higher for NT possibly due to high Zn from the poultry litter and non‐incorporation for NT. Extractable Cu was lower for NT as expected from the soil pH, whereas extractable Mn was not affected by tillage. Extractable Zn and Cu both increased over time due to inputs from the poultry litter. Neither extractable Zn nor Mn responded to increasing lime rates, however Cu decreased with increasing lime rate. Extractable Cu was influenced mainly by soil pH differences due to tillage and lime. Extractable Zn was influenced much more by tillage and from inputs by the poultry litter and not as much by pH differences. Extractable Mn was the least responsive to tillage and lime treatments of the three micronutrients studied.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

Concentrations of arsenic,cadmium, mercury,and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children,adolescents, adults,and seniors of Catalonia,Spain

This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain. The concentrations of these elements were determined in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia between June and August 2000. A total of 11 food groups were included in the study. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb levels were measured by ICP-MS and AAS. The dietary intake of these elements was determined by a total diet study. Calculations were carried out on the basis of recent data on the consumption of the selected food items. Trace element intake was estimated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male and female adults, and seniors. The highest dietary intakes of As (223.6 microg/day), Cd (15.7 microg/day), Hg (21.2 microg/day), and Pb (28.4 microg/day) corresponded to male adults. For all analyzed elements, fish and shellfish was the group showing the highest contribution to the respective intakes. In comparison with previous results, a general decrease in As, Cd, Hg, and Pb intake has occurred. The dietary intake of these elements was also compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb by the population of Catalonia are currently well below the respective PTWIs.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.