陶瓷膜预处理猪场沼液的工艺参数及效果研究

针对沼液中悬浮物含量高、重金属残留等问题，该研究采用陶瓷膜进行预处理，开展膜过滤工艺参数优化和污染物去除效果的试验。首先证明7种不同孔径陶瓷膜中10～50 nm超滤陶瓷膜通量较高，再选择20 nm膜进行后续沼液温度、膜面流速和浓缩倍数等因素对陶瓷膜通量影响的研究。结果显示：20 nm陶瓷膜通量随温度升高呈指数型增长；较适宜的膜面流速为3.0 m/s，对应的膜通量可达175 L/(m2·h)；经济性较高的变频器运行频率范围为40～45 Hz；20 nm陶瓷膜的极限浓缩倍数大于10倍，优于100 nm膜。20 nm陶瓷膜可完全去除沼液中浊度，同时较好的保留溶解性有机质和氮磷钾等无机营养，并对沼液中多种重金属具有良好的阻控效果，综合考虑其生产工艺和使用成本，20 nm陶瓷膜有广阔的实际应用前景。     

利用海水汲取液的沼液正渗透浓缩技术

为实现沼液浓缩以提高其应用价值,该试验以海水作为汲取液,采用正渗透技术对山东某海滨猪场的沼液进行浓缩。试验结果表明,正渗透浓缩倍数为2时的膜通量最高可达到9.5 L/(m2·h);沼液浓缩后的总含盐量、总钾、总磷、总氮、化学需氧量的回收率均可以达到96.7%以上,在保证较高膜通量的条件下沼液体积最高可减小为原液的1/4;对数据拟合分析的结果表明,在沼液浓缩倍数为3时,正渗透膜具有较高的浓缩效率,可达到3.9 L2/(m2·h·g)。综上,采用正渗透技术对沼液进行浓缩的方式是可行的,这不仅缓解了沼液不能及时消纳所造成的资源浪费,而且还可以提高沼液作为肥料的应用价值。     

外界因素对纳滤膜浓缩沼液的影响研究

以规模化养殖场沼液为研究对象,采用纳滤膜分离技术,研究了在不破坏沼液中有效物质的前提下,设置不同外界因素对纳滤膜浓缩沼液的影响。试验结果表明,随着操作压力的升高,沼液的浓缩速度呈升高趋势,沼液的浓缩效果也呈上升趋势,但上升趋势逐渐变缓;随着沼液pH的升高,沼液的浓缩速度变小,浓缩效果变差;随着温度的升高,沼液的浓缩速度上升,浓缩效果从25～30℃升高明显,从30～40℃出现波动;浓缩速率和浓缩效果均随沼液浓度的升高而下降,因此纳滤膜浓缩不适用于浓度很高的沼液。     

柑桔汁陶瓷膜微滤澄清和污染阻力试验

为了探讨柑桔汁微滤澄清技术及微滤膜污染阻力,建立膜清洗方法,研究以0.2 mm陶瓷膜微滤柑桔汁时膜通量变化及处理效果,结果表明：当温度30℃、压差0.16 MPa及膜面流速4 m/s时,全循环模式下稳定膜通量为22.4 L/(m2·h),浓缩模式下体积浓缩因子为12时,膜通量为10.6 L/(m2·h),澄清汁得率达91.67%;澄清汁浊度仅为0.62 NTU,澄清度高达99.93%,且各主要营养成分变化不大。通过建立膜污染阻力模型,考察操作参数对各分解阻力的影响,进而研究膜污染动力学后发现：压差对不可逆极化层阻力影响最为明显;增大膜面流速显著降低各极化层阻力,但对不可逆污染阻力作用不大;升高温度使得各阻力下降;膜污染可用拟二级速率方程描述。研究污染膜清洗过程,结果表明采用去离子水、1% NaOH和0.5% NaClO混合液、0.2% HNO3溶液依次清洗膜,膜通量可迅速恢复。     

沼液基含腐植酸水溶性液体肥制取工艺参数优化

为探索沼液开发含腐植酸水溶性液体肥的可行性和工艺方法,促进沼液无害化处理和资源化利用,该文以沼液为基料,以黄瓜配方肥为基肥,螯合剂、稳定剂为辅料,开展了不同工艺参数(沼液添加量、稳定剂添加量、螯合剂添加量,反应温度,反应时间)对含腐植酸水溶性液体肥质量指标影响的单因素和正交试验。结果表明:沼液、螯合剂、稳定剂添加量以及反应温度、时间对液体肥中水不溶物含量有重要影响,沼液制取黄瓜专用型含腐植酸水溶性液体肥的较优工艺参数为:基肥添加量为原料质量的39.6%,沼液添加量为59%,螯合剂添加量为4%,稳定剂添加量为0.4%,反应温度为40℃、反应时间为1.5 h的条件下,所获得的液体肥中总养分质量浓度为220.47 g/L,腐植酸质量浓度为33.25 g/L,水不溶物质量浓度为18.6 g/L,利用该工艺方法生产出来的沼液基含腐植酸水溶性液体肥料产品具有腐植酸、氮磷钾营养元素含量高、水不溶物含量低等特点。该研究为利用沼液开发高品质含腐植酸水溶性液体肥提供技术支撑。     

风速对鸡粪沼液氨挥发特性的影响

针对不同风速储存条件沼液氨挥发特性及理化指标变化规律不明晰等问题,设计沼液储存及氨气挥发测定装置,使用强制通风法对氨气取样监测,研究鸡粪沼液在风速0(密闭储存,WS0)、1(气体流量32.33 m3/h,WS1)、2(气体流量65.72 m3/h,WS2)m/s储存条件下的氨挥发特性及总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、化学需氧量(chemical oxygendemand,COD)等降解情况。结果表明,沼液氨挥发通量均呈现先升后降的趋势,均于第12天达到挥发峰值,分别为2.28、4.42和7.21 g/(m2·d),总挥发量分别为1.80、3.90、7.12 g。储存期间沼液温度在13～24℃范围波动,总体温度和变化趋势均与室温相似。鸡粪沼液呈现弱碱性,初始pH值为8.38,3组试验在储存过程中pH值均不断上升,试验结束后达到了9.17、8.82、8.92;沼液中氮素主要以铵态氮形式存在,初始铵态氮占总氮含量的84.99%;储存过程中沼液铵态氮质量浓度均呈现先升后降的变化规律,均于第7天达到最高值,分别为3 451.27,3 562.60,3 582.67 mg/L,试验结束后下降到3 030.20、2 762.67、2 794.87 mg/L,降幅为7.64%、15.79%、14.81%。TN和COD降幅均随着风速的增大而增大,TN依次下降了10.97%、18.95%、25.83%;COD依次下降了10.38%、18.61%、20.35%。研究结果可为沼液合理储存以及氨气减排措施的设计提供数据支撑。     

不同温度下紫色土与黄壤的水分持续性耗散特征

[目的]研究温度对紫色土和黄壤耕地表土水分耗散的影响,为紫色土区田间土壤水分管理提供依据。[方法]采集紫色土和黄壤耕地表层土壤,分别在20℃,30℃和40℃下恒温观测土壤水分耗散过程,并计算不同时段的蒸发量和蒸发速率、平均蒸发速率、累积蒸发量等指标。[结果]①紫色土和黄壤的水分时段蒸发量、时段蒸发速率、平均蒸发速率及累积蒸发量均表现为:40℃30℃20℃,但仅在土壤水分蒸发量递增阶段存在显著差异(p0.05)。②3种温度条件下,紫色土和黄壤时段蒸发量、时段蒸发速率、平均蒸发速率均呈先增后减趋势,最终趋于稳定。相比而言,紫色土累积蒸发量均小于黄壤,且差值随着时间的推移而增大。③紫色土和黄壤水分累积蒸发量整体呈先快速变化后缓慢变化趋势。[结论]紫色土和黄壤水分耗散过程受温度影响较大,在相同温度下也存在差异,尤其是在高含水率阶段较为明显。     

中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白工艺及膜清洗方案

以燕麦蛋白回收率、总糖清除率、膜的污染度、浓缩效率及膜通量恢复率为指标,优化了中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白的工艺参数及膜的清洗方案。在温度35℃、压力0.02 MPa、pH值=8、流量25 L/h条件下利用MOF503分离经滤纸预处理的燕麦蛋白提取液,燕麦蛋白回收率、总糖清除率、膜的污染度及浓缩效率分别为80.3%、79.5%、41%、 43.5 L/(m2·h),同时,若采用分批超滤方式并辅以定期在线负压反冲清洗更有利于MOF503超滤处理燕麦蛋白提取液;通过物理和化学清洗方法对MOF503清洗效果的研究,表明物理清洗中的负压反冲清洗效果要明显优于等压水力清洗,化学清洗中HCl(pH值=2)和NaOH+H2O2+HCl比其他的效果要好,若物理和化学清洗协同作用,可使MOF503膜通量恢复率达94.74%。该研究表明利用中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白是可行的,并且将为膜分离蛋白的研究提供一定的技术依据。     

蚯蚓粪覆盖对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响

通过模拟试验研究蚯蚓粪覆盖对土壤水分蒸发过程的影响,以蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度和覆盖度为试验变量,试验处理设置如下:覆盖度90%时,4个处理分别为覆盖1 cm、2.5 cm、4 cm和裸土;覆盖厚度2 cm时,4个处理分别为覆盖度30%、60%、90%及裸土,均连续测定15 d的土壤日蒸发量和12 h的日变化量,以及蒸发前后蚯蚓粪和土壤的有机质含量。结果表明:在覆盖度一定的条件下,土壤蒸发量随蚯蚓粪覆盖厚度的增大而减少;当覆盖厚度一定时,覆盖度越大,对土壤蒸发的抑制作用越强,但覆盖度对土壤蒸发过程的影响小于覆盖厚度。因此,蚯蚓粪覆盖对土壤蒸发有一定的抑制作用,土壤蒸发量随着蚯蚓粪覆盖度和厚度的增加而减小。由于蚯蚓粪具有良好的保水性能,且能够有效增加土壤有机质含量,因而对提高土壤持水能力有促进作用。     

气象因素对潜水蒸发影响探讨

根据鞍山市台安径流试验站1999年实测数据资料,分析了温度、湿度、风速、日照等对潜水蒸发的影响,并对变化规律进行了研究和探讨。分析结果显示:在其他条件相同时,温度越高,热动力增大,潜水蒸发量就越大;潜水蒸发受降水影响在地下水埋深小于1.0 m范围内表现较为明显。降水期间潜水蒸发系数较小;风力是潜水蒸发量与液面蒸发量均有所增大的根本原因;空气湿度大,气压高时,潜水蒸发量及液面蒸发量要比空气湿度小,气压低时变少。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.