火山岩海岛土壤硒元素空间分异及富集机制研究——以广西涠洲岛为例

选择广西北海涠洲岛作为研究区，网格化采集涠洲岛表层土壤样品106件、成土母岩16件，对亚热带环境下火山岩海岛土壤硒元素空间分布特征及赋存形态进行研究，并探讨其影响机制。结果表明，涠洲岛表层土壤中全硒自然变化范围为0.005~0.567 mg/kg，平均为0.287 mg/kg，足硒和富硒土壤占全岛总面积的70.87%。涠洲岛表层土壤中硒赋存形态的分布规律为：残渣态（78.06%）>有机结合态（10.58%）>酸溶态（7.76%）>可交换态（2.86%）>水溶态（0.74%）。不同成土母岩的全硒含量有显著差异，全硒含量最高的是火山碎屑岩，其次是玄武岩和含生物碎屑海滩沉积物。成土母岩与其相应土壤中全硒含量变化具有很好的套合性，全硒含量由火山碎屑岩、玄武岩和含生物碎屑海滩沉积物发育的土壤中依次递减。火山岩风化土壤中硒元素的富集主要归因于对火山岩高背景硒含量的继承，同时硒元素在表生演化过程中容易被火山岩土壤中的铁、铝氧化物和有机质（OM）吸附。这种由火山岩风化形成的富硒土壤对海岛土地资源农业开发利用具有积极意义。     

鲁中碳酸盐岩区土壤硒来源、有效性及影响因素

碳酸盐岩在山东省青州市西南部大面积发育，是土壤母质的重要物源，以该地区土壤作为中心环节，分析了岩石、大气、土壤中的硒及土壤性质，研究了土壤硒的来源、有效性及影响因素。结果表明，土壤全硒含量均值为0.28 mg/kg，以足硒土壤为主，土壤有效硒含量均值为15.03 μg/kg，有效度均值为5.70%，有效硒含量与全硒含量呈显著正相关。岩石硒含量均值为0.035 5 mg/kg，与对应的土壤硒含量呈显著正相关。土壤全硒、有效硒含量与土壤pH均呈显著负相关，与有机质含量均呈显著正相关；有效硒含量与土壤黏粒含量呈显著负相关。大气降尘的硒含量均值为1.77 mg/kg，年沉降通量为0.28 mg/m²，表层土壤硒的年增量为0.000 9 mg/kg，年增长速率为0.33%。鲁中碳酸盐岩区土壤硒含量水平主要受控于母岩，同时大气降尘对土壤硒也有所贡献，土壤理化性质对硒及其有效性影响显著。     

安徽省宁国市土壤和农产品硒地球化学特征及影响因素

以安徽省宁国市全域表层土壤和主要农产品为研究对象,系统采集了6 278件土壤样品和216件农作物样品,研究了土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其主要影响因素,分析了土壤有效硒含量特征和农产品硒含量特征。结果表明:宁国市土壤全硒含量平均值为0.645 mg/kg,富硒土壤样点数和面积占比分别为57.45%、70.30%。土壤硒含量主要受成土母质控制,震旦系和寒武系下统发育土壤硒含量显著高于其他成土母质;不同土地利用方式对土壤硒含量有一定的影响,园地和林地土壤比水田、旱地土壤更易富集硒元素;土壤硒含量与有机质、重金属元素含量存在显著的正相关关系(P0.01),与土壤p H没有显著相关性。土壤有效硒含量平均值为0.023 mg/kg,水稻、山核桃、茶叶中硒含量平均值分别为0.065、0.022、0.074 mg/kg,水稻、山核桃富硒率高达24.04%和54.88%,富硒山核桃具有广阔的开发前景。     

云南耕地土壤硒含量空间分布及其影响因素研究

为了解云南耕地土壤硒含量状况,采集了640个云南代表性耕地表层土壤样品,对土壤硒含量空间分布特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:(1)云南省耕地土壤硒总量变幅在0.05～7.12 mg/kg,平均含量为0.51 mg/kg,达到富硒水平;(2)不同成土母质发育的土壤硒含量差异较大,基型结晶盐类的玄武岩等发育的土壤硒含量最高,平均为0.77 mg/kg;(3)土壤类型对硒的含量影响明显,其中棕壤硒含量平均为1.24mg/kg,显著高于其他土壤类型,石灰(岩)土硒含量最低仅为0.21mg/kg;从行政区看位于滇东的曲靖市和昭通市土壤硒平均含量明显高于其他州市;(4)相关分析表明,土壤硒含量与土壤p H之间的相关性均没有达到显著水平;而土壤硒含量与土壤有机质呈极显著的正相关性(r=0.110,P 0.001),说明有机质影响土壤硒的含量。     

恩施典型富硒区土壤硒与其他元素组合特征及来源分析

硒是重要的人体和动物必需微量元素之一,在功能农业发展中起着重要的作用。为了研究高硒土壤中硒与其他元素组合特征及来源,从而支撑富硒资源的安全有效利用,本研究在恩施市沙地乡系统采集并分析了200个表层土壤样和2组土壤垂向剖面样品,运用统计学工具进行了聚类分析和因子分析。结果表明:研究区表层土壤硒含量平均值为1.88 mg/kg±2.51 mg/kg,明显高于全国表层土壤硒含量平均值。研究区土壤元素组合特征可分为三类,第一类中硒与钼、钒、铬、镉和镍等元素具有较强的伴生关系,与黑色岩系分布密切相关;第二类为三氧化二铝、铅和砷等元素/氧化物,与土壤中黏土矿物有关;第三类为钙和锶等元素,表明该同族元素的地球化学性质具有相似性。因子分析结果进一步证实了土壤硒和镉伴生主要发生在黑色岩系,不同成土母质硒等元素差异较大。     

重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒资源初探

通过测试分析发现,重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒含量在0.0697~0.5814 mg/kg,平均值为0.2905mg/kg。该镇土壤硒含量总体处于中硒偏高硒水平,其中高硒土壤占8.0%,中硒土壤占83.5%,低硒土壤占8.5%。土壤硒呈片状分布,中硒土壤布局整个区域,高硒、低硒土壤集中独立成片。成土母岩、土壤pH、土壤有机质、土壤质地是影响李市镇硒含量水平、分布的重要因素。提出建议:(1)充分利用三叠系须家河组发育的冷沙黄泥土壤,大力发展茶叶种植。(2)在有利条件下,充分利用水稻土优势,极力打造富硒水稻基地,发展富硒大米产业链。     

重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒资源初探

通过测试分析发现,重庆市江津区李市镇土壤硒含量在0.0697~0.5814 mg/kg,平均值为0.2905mg/kg。该镇土壤硒含量总体处于中硒偏高硒水平,其中高硒土壤占8.0%,中硒土壤占83.5%,低硒土壤占8.5%。土壤硒呈片状分布,中硒土壤布局整个区域,高硒、低硒土壤集中独立成片。成土母岩、土壤pH、土壤有机质、土壤质地是影响李市镇硒含量水平、分布的重要因素。提出建议:(1)充分利用三叠系须家河组发育的冷沙黄泥土壤,大力发展茶叶种植。(2)在有利条件下,充分利用水稻土优势,极力打造富硒水稻基地,发展富硒大米产业链。     

浔郁平原富硒土壤成因及其影响因素研究

富硒土壤是发展富硒产业的前提条件。以浔郁平原1∶50 000土地质量地球化学调查和多年定位试验结果为基础,分析了浔郁平原富硒土壤比例,并初步探讨了富硒土壤成因及影响因素。结果表明,浔郁平原的覃塘、桂平、平南和港南等4个县(市、区)的土壤硒含量明显高于全国平均水平(0.29 mg/kg),最高的覃塘区达到0.77 mg/kg。覃塘、桂平、平南3区县硒含量≥0.4 mg/kg的土壤均超过50%,其中覃塘区高达88.5%。桂平市的土壤对成土母质硒元素具有明显的继承性。土壤pH与土壤硒呈明显负相关关系,pH5的土壤硒含量高达0.58mg/kg。林地、草地、果园和水田的土壤硒含量依次降低,水田土壤硒含量只有林地的65.45%。因此,浔郁平原土壤硒资源丰富,成土母质、土地利用方式及土壤pH是影响土壤硒水平的重要因素。     

青海东部农田土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素

植物中硒被认为是人体摄入硒的主要来源,而且大多数植物是从土壤中吸收硒。因此,不同地区土壤硒含量的高低直接影响到该地区食物中的硒含量。本研究以青海省平安地区农田土壤为研究对象,用原子荧光光谱法进行了土壤全硒含量和形态及价态的测定,对平安地区农田土壤全硒含量分布特征及其与成土母质、土壤类型的关系进行了研究。结果表明,平安地区土壤全硒含量变化范围为0.089~0.782 mg/kg,平均值为0.418 mg/kg,其中58%的土壤属于富硒土壤范畴。研究区域耕种淡栗钙土全硒含量最高,平均值为0.574 mg/kg;而灌淤黄土全硒含量最低,平均值为0.293 mg/kg。成土母质中,古近–新近系西宁群红色泥岩中硒含量最高,平均值为0.82 mg/kg。平安地区富硒土壤中硒的富集主要来源于古近–新近系西宁群红色泥岩风化。土壤中硒的赋存形态主要以有机结合态为主,铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量最少。可溶态硒和可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒均以六价硒为主要赋存价态。平安地区富硒土壤中硒含量适宜,供硒潜力较大,且该地区受外界环境污染较少,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

长期施肥对塿土硝态氮分布、累积和移动的影响

利用 18年长期定位试验研究了冬小麦 夏玉米轮作制度下 ,有机 无机肥配合施用对土剖面NO₃-N的分布累积和阶段性移动的影响。结果表明 ,土壤剖面中NO₃-N的总量与氮肥施用量直接相关 ,而作物对化肥氮的利用率与施肥量呈相反趋势。低氮处理 (75kg/hm²)及其与有机肥配合施用 ,NO₃-N主要累积在 0～100cm土层内 ;高氮处理 (120kg/km²)及其与有机肥配合施用 ,NO₃-N在剖面出现 2个累积峰 ,且在400cm土层处NO₃-N的含量接近或超过 10mg/kg。适宜的氮肥用量、施用有机肥及合理的有机 无机肥料配比是减少NO₃-N在土壤剖面中的累积和淋失的有效措施     

Effects of different concentrations of Se6+ on selenium absorption,transportation, and distribution of citrus seedlings (C. junos cv. Ziyang xiangcheng)

Different concentrations of selenium (Se⁶⁺) were added in order to detect the rules of Se absorption, transportation, and distribution in seedlings of Ziyang xiangcheng. After two months of treatments, seedling growth parameters, Se concentrations in different parts, and rhizosphere microbial counts were detected. We found 1–8 mg Se⁶⁺/L treatments promoted plant growth, especially at 2 mg/L. The seedling Se concentrations were also improved with the increase of Se dose. Both Se concentrations and total Se content were the largest in leaves, followed by roots and stems. The counts of bacteria and fungi were maximized at the dose of 2 mg Se⁶⁺/L. With the increase of Se dose, Se transaction factors were reduced. Moreover, bioconcentration factors (BCFs) viz BCF_root/soil and BCF_stem/soil were maximized at the dose of 2 mg/L Se⁶⁺. These results indicated that the optimized growth Se content is at the dose of 2 mg Se⁶⁺/L.     

滕州表层土壤硒异常特征及来源分析

为确定影响滕州地区表层土壤硒含量变化的因素,对研究区土壤的地球化学指标进行统计分析,结果显示,研究区土壤硒背景值为0.08mg/kg,异常下限值为0.17 mg/kg,表层土壤硒平均含量为0.23 mg/kg,标准差为0.144 mg/kg,变异系数为62.6%。综合相关性分析、主成分分析以及富集因子分析结果,表明表层土壤硒异常主要受人为因素的影响。不同区域表层土壤硒含量由高到低依次为煤矿区交通繁忙区农田区。在土壤垂直方向上,煤矿周边土壤中硒含量自下而上增加的趋势要明显快于不受煤矿直接影响的区域,同时前者的变化速率和转折端的出现均快于后者。因此,滕州地区表层土壤硒异常主要受煤矿开发的影响。     

宜章县耕地土壤硒含量空间分布特征及成因

弄清宜章县耕地土壤硒含量及其空间分布和影响因素，对掌握区域内耕地富硒程度、开发特色富硒农产品和保障人体健康具有重大意义。采用网格布点、野外调查采样、分析测定、GS+半方差函数模型、克里金插值研究了宜章县耕地土壤硒含量及其空间分布特征；结合SPSS软件进行相关性分析和方差分析，揭示了土壤硒含量的影响因素。研究结果表明，（1）宜章县耕层土壤硒含量平均值0.64mg/kg，变幅为0.13~2.80mg/kg，变异系数为44.57%，属中等变异程度，耕地土壤富硒面积占比达到97.8%，；（2）土壤硒含量呈聚集性分布，中部有一条自东北向南从玉溪镇经梅田镇、浆水镇、长村乡、一六镇、笆篱镇、天塘乡的中高富硒带，块金效应值为0.505，说明宜章县土壤硒空间自相关性程度为中等，土壤硒含量受空间结构因素（自然因素）和随机因素（人为因素）共同影响；（3）不同成土母质发育的土壤硒含量差异较大，板页岩发育的耕地土壤硒含量最高，平均硒含量达到0.76mg/kg；（4）不同土壤类型对硒含量有明显影响，潮土和黑色石灰土的土壤硒平均含量最高，均达到了0.68mg/kg，紫色土和黄壤硒含量较低，平均硒含量分别只有0.54mg/kg和0.53mg/kg；（5）相关分析表明:土壤硒含量与pH呈显著负相关，与有机质、锰、铜、锌和CEC显著正相关；在富硒农产品开发时，需考虑土壤硒含量分布特征，并结合相应土壤管理、科学施肥、农艺措施等进行。     

粉煤灰堆场附近农田土壤硒环境污染评价

对贞观山煤灰库附近农田土壤、土壤剖面、灌溉水、母岩以及稻米,蔬菜等农作物中Se含量特征及污染现状进行了系统分析与评价.结果显示:煤灰库周围的农田土壤Se含量范围为0.15～6.12mg/kg,受到不同程度污染.土壤Se含量空间分布特征表明.离煤灰库越近的农田土壤Se污染越严重.农田土壤Se污染主要是由Se含量超标地表水灌溉以及煤灰库的长期处置所引起的,受母岩的影响不大.研究区稻米Se含量较高,为0.04～1.12mg/kg,部分稻米样品Se含量超标严重,并且受土壤Se污染影响明显.长期食用Se含量超标大米对人体健康会产生潜在危害.     

兰州碱性土壤与农产品中硒分布及形态研究

通过对兰州市主要农业区表层土壤总硒有效硒调查和部分农产品总硒有机硒测定,研究了兰州市碱性农田土壤与农产品中硒的积累特征和分布规律。结果表明,兰州市农田表层土壤pH 8.39±0.26,总硒含量为(0.179±0.066)mg/kg(n=473),处于全国中等水平。全市土壤总硒含量区域性差别较大,市辖区明显低于三县,榆中县居全市之首。土壤有效硒与总硒含量显著正相关,有效硒占比为4.63%～15.8%,平均8.27%。农产品中玫瑰(Rosa rugosa),部分西兰花(Brassicaoleracea var.italica)和芹菜(Apium graveolens)样品硒含量高于0.015 mg/kg,为该市天然富硒农产品。农产品中有机硒占总硒比例较高,均值为73.4%。从区域整体来看,土壤硒含量较高的县区农产品硒含量相对也较高,适合富有机硒优质农产品开发。     

Underlying dynamics and effects of humic acid on selenium and cadmium uptake in rice seedlings

Purpose

Natural organic acids, such as humic acid (HA), play crucial roles in biogeochemistry of anions and cations in soil due to their numerous functional groups on their surfaces. Selenium (Se) and cadmium (Cd) could bind strongly to HA; nevertheless, it is still unclear as to the effects of HA on Se and Cd uptake in rice which will be focused on in this paper.

Materials and methods

Pot experiments were carried out at Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Agricultural soils were treated with different concentrations of HA (0, 4, and 8 g kg^?1 soil) and Se (Se^IV or Se^VI) (0 and 2 mg kg^?1 soil) as well as with base fertilizer 3 days prior to planting. For Cd treatment, experimental soils were treated with Cd (0 and 2 mg kg^?1 soil) 1 month before sowing. For element determination, root (after DCB extraction) and shoot samples were digested with a mixed solution of HNO₃-HClO₄, and the Se and Cd in digest solution were measured by HG-AFS and ICP-MS, respectively. Fe, Se, and Cd in iron plaque were extracted by DCB extraction and measured by AAS, HG-AFS, and ICP-MS, respectively.

Results and discussion

HA reduced Se (or Cd)-induced growth stimulation and Se and Cd uptake in rice seedlings, whereas iron plaque formation varied little with different treatments. HA inhibited Se^IV (or Se^VI) uptake in rice seedlings by reducing Se translocations from soil to iron plaque (or by increasing Se adsorption capacity of iron plaque and decreasing Se transport from iron plaque to root). HA reduced Cd uptake in rice seedlings by reducing Cd transport from soil to iron plaque and from iron plaque to root. Compared with single addition of Se^IV or Se^VI or HA, adding HA combined with Se^IV or Se^VI could further reduce Cd uptake in rice seedlings, whereas Se contents of aerial tissues did not change obviously.

Conclusions

HA inhibited the accumulation of Se (Se^IV or Se^VI) and Cd in rice seedlings; nevertheless, the mechanism was different. Compared with adding Se (or HA) alone, application of Se mixed with HA might be a more effective way to produce Se-enriched and Cd-deficient crop in Cd-contaminated soil.

     

Mineral magnetic properties of a weathering sequence of soils derived from basalt in Eastern China

The magnetic properties and magnetic mineralogy of a weathering sequence of soils developed on basalt parent material from eastern China, were studied by rock magnetism, X-ray diffraction and soil chemical analyses to establish the connection between mineral magnetic properties and pedogenic development in a subtropical region. The magnetic susceptibility of soils formed on basalt varied greatly and did not increase with the degree of pedogenic development. The frequency-dependent susceptibility (χfd) values of soils ranged from 1.0 to 11.1% and increased with the pedogenic development. Highly significant linear relationship was found between the frequency-dependent susceptibility and the Fe_d content (R² = 0.683) and Fe_d/Fe_t ratio (R² = 0.780) in soils, indicating that pedogenic SP ferrimagnetic grains were associated with enrichment of the secondary iron oxide minerals in the weathering process of soil. Rock magnetism analysis showed that the major magnetic carriers in the weakly weathered soil profiles are magnetite and/or maghemite, and the highly developed soil profiles are generally enriched in magnetite/maghemite grains of pedogenic origin and the magnetically hard haematite, indicating that the magnetic component was transformed from a ferrimagnetic phase (magnetite) to antiferromagnetic phase (hematite) during pedogenic development. Results indicated that some of the magnetic parameters of soils, in this case χfd, can be useful for pedogenic comparisons and age correlations in the weathering sequence of soil. It is thus suggested that multiparameter rock magnetic investigations represent a more powerful approach for pedogenesis.     

Selenium accumulation in selected vegetables

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine selenium (Se) uptake by sulfur‐accumulating vegetables. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and collards (Brassica Oleracea var. acephda) were grown in a soil mix to which 4.5 mg of selenate or selenite had been added per kg of soil. Plants were grown to maturity, separated into plant organs, and the tissues analyzed for Se and sulfate (SO₄). Vegetables grown in selenate laden soil significantly (P<0.05) accumulated higher concentrations of Se than plants grown in selenite laden soil. The highest concentrations of Se and SO₄ were found in the broccoli floret and vegetable leaf tissues.

A second greenhouse experiment examined the uptake of Se and SO₄ in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) grown hydroponically with increasing Se concentrations. Treatments consisted of three Se concentrations (2, 6, and 15 mg of selenate, added as Na₂SeO₄/L to a synthetic water solution, including SO₄). Solution samples were taken weekly and analyzed for Se and SO₄. The removal or uptake of both Se and SO₄ by broccoli was positively related (P<0.05) with time at each Se concentration. After 6 weeks in Se treatments, uptake responses of Se and SO₄ were significantly different (P<0.05) based apon analyses of covariance. Composite leave samples were also taken from the broccoli plants and analyzed for Se and SO₄. Selenium concentrations were negatively correlated (P<0.08) with SO₄ concentrations in the leaf tissue.