小麦栽培技术查询系统的研制

本文介绍了应用专家系统原理，采用Ｔｕｒｂｏ－Ｐｒｏｌｏｇ语言研制的“小麦栽培技术查询系统”。其主要功能是为小麦栽培、病虫草害防治等方面提供技术咨询。系统由知识库、数据库、推理机、人机接口四部分组成，采用模块化结构，易于维护，同时，知识库、数据库可按系统的提示进行增加、修改、删除。使系统的信息量能够随时得到扩充和完善。     

精准农业分布式数据采集与空间决策分析系统的设计

田间数据的实时采集、传输与处理是实施精准农业的关键环节。长期以来，困扰该环节的一个技术瓶颈是客户端实时数据采集与服务器端联动式决策的一体化处理。本文利用ArcIMS的技术框架，利用ArcXML语言，开发了适用于精准农业分布式数据采集、可独立运行、能实现空间决策分析的技术系统。系统由数据采集、数据处理、信息分析与智能决策4个模块组成。本文结合该系统在莱西市高科技农业示范园区的应用实例，揭示了这一系统的逻辑设计、物理实现、技术特色及主要功能。该系统的逻辑设计为精准农业园区高效采集、传输、处理信息和数据提供了一套可行的技术框架。     

无线传感器网络作物水分状况监测系统的上位机软件开发

该文在Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0和National Instruments LabVIEW 8.6等环境下,开发了WSN-CWSM系统的上位机软件。该上位机软件由后台管理软件和数据管理软件2个模块组成。后台管理软件由数据库、数据处理引擎、图形用户界面和后台组件4个子模块组成;数据管理软件由参数设置、数据采集、数据处理、控制输出和数据管理5个子模块组成。WSN-CWSM系统上位机软件提供了与Internet的标准接口,集成了传感器节点的校正引擎和传感数据的数据融合机制,所有人机接口采用友好的图形化界面设计。试验结果表明：所开发的上位机软件具有良好的稳定性、完善的功能性和便捷的人机接口等优点,实现了对各种传感数据和系统数据的有效组织与管理。目前,上位机软件能够满足WSN-CWSM系统的应用需求。     

农业物料力学—流变学性质测试系统的研究

研制了一个完整物料力学性质测试系统；设计了微机测试处理系统软件；能进行力—变形关系、应力松弛、蠕变等各类性质测试；具有拉伸、压缩、剪切、弯曲等试验功能，力—变形数据经传感器转化为电压量经过Ａ／Ｄ模数转换输入电子计算机，进行数据采集，绘出力、变形、时间关系曲线，通过微机测试软件进行数据处理，获得必要的力学性质参数信息。     

基于无线和短信环境安全型猪舍监控技术研究

通过无线和短信结合,实现了对环境安全型猪舍的监控。系统由无线智能传感器、无线或短信通信终端、监控中心和执行节点四部分组成,采用集散控制方法。监控中心是整个系统的核心,对数据进行集中管理、分析和处理,其他部分负责数据采集、传输和执行。     

南通市农业气象微机服务系统

南通市农业气象微机服务系统由基本气象数据库、农业气象数据库、图形库、应用程序库及相应的管理软件组成。具有图形和非图形检索、农业气象条件分析及农业气象服务功能，工作结果可打印、拷贝或通过ＦＡＸ传输给二级用户。系统的建成为农村气象服务警报网提供了有效的服务工具。     

黄土高原植被资源数据网络共享系统

在总结黄土高原生态环境与植被营造方面成果与经验的基础上,研发了一个由多专题、多形式数据组成的黄土高原植被资源数据仓库系统。本系统采用基于Internet的分布式数据仓库技术,在网络环境下建立一个包括黄土高原环境背景、植被种质资源、植被营造技术、植被与水保措施减沙效益等内容的植被资源数据共享系统,同时运用数据挖掘等原理与技术对数据库中的数据进行深层次的处理,使系统具有数据查询功能、决策支持功能和维护功能,为黄土高原生态环境改良提供宏观决策层面、技术支持层面、普通用户层面上的信息支持。     

滚动轴承数显测试仪的研制

介绍了新型计量仪器——滚动轴承数显测试仪的结构、功能、工作原理、技术指标、模拟电路设计、８０９８单片微机系统的硬件及软件设计等。     

多旋翼无人机近地遥感光谱成像装置研制

为了满足多旋翼植保无人机悬停、定速飞行2种作业模式下近地遥感的需求,该文设计了一套液晶光谱成像装置。首先,通过硬件、软件开发,实现了装置采集模块、控制模块和通信模块3部分的协同工作。其中,采集模块由16位CCD灰度相机、消色差镜头、液晶可调滤光器以及UV镜组成,控制模块由微电脑处理器和USB连接器组成,通信模块由数传、北斗定位系统和地面工作站组成。由5V3A电源供电。开发相应软件实现各硬件模块之间的协同控制,以及数据处理的功能。数据处理功能既可用于拍摄前装置的参数调节,又可单独用于光谱图像分析。基于本装置的数据采集方法,实现了光谱图像采集与旋翼无人机2种飞行模式的匹配。通过室内模拟飞行试验和田间试验,对装置性能进行测试。结果显示装置可获得清晰的光谱图像,光谱范围400~720 nm,光谱间隔最高可达到2 nm,空间分辨率1392×1040,且光谱连续平滑、特征稳定可靠。本装置基于面阵分光原理,采用密接耦合光路设计、核心器件同步触发技术,结构紧凑、抗震性好、稳定度高,适合植保作业,有望应用于精准农药喷施、作物处方图生成等多个领域。     

小水电站及输电网络的微机监测系统

我国小水电站数量多、分布广,提高其运行与自动化水平,是工农业发展及电力工业发展的需要。“七五”期间我们为四川省宁南县老木河小水电站及松新变电站设计建立了输电网络微机监测系统。该系统采用了上、下微机集散控制,是当前国内、外一种先进的控制方式。 1.系统硬件 系统硬件主要由变送器,开关量转换电路,载波机,模拟屏等外围设备以及计算机系统构成。计算机系统由上位PC机和下位STD总线工业控制机系统组成。上位机选用IBM-PC/XT286主     

The impact of soil and crop management practices on soil-borne root diseases and wheat yields

Abstract. The most important root diseases of wheat in southern Australia are take-all, rhizoctonia bare patch and cereal cyst nematode. Control of grasses in annual pastures in the year preceding wheat crops decreased take-all on wheat and the amount of the take-all fungus in soil, decreased the damage caused by Rhizoctonia , and gave yield increases. Fumigation of cereal-growing soils gave yield increases in wheat of 0.75 to 2.8 tonnes per hectare, indicating that in southern Australia soil-borne root diseases impose a major constraint on productivity. Residues of the herbicide chlorsulfuron one year after application to an alkaline soil increased root damage by Rhizoctonia in barley and decreased grain yields by 1.5 tonnes per hectare. Root damage by cereal cyst nematode was decreased by direct drilling wheat and also by having a barley cultivar resistant to the pathogen as a preceding crop. The number of cysts of cereal cyst nematode on wheat roots was increased by the application of superphosphate in bands with the seed. These results show that in southern Australia soil management strategies which decrease the levels of root disease greatly increase grain yields.     

Phosphorus relationships in no‐till small grains

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations for no‐till small grain production are poorly defined. These studies were conducted to determine small grain‐P response relative to the Olsen‐P soil test and compare P‐fertilizer placements with the seed and banded below and to the side of the seed under no‐till field conditions. Phosphorus rates of 0 to 26 kg P/ha were evaluated on seven spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 11 spring wheat, and six winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) locations in central and northcentral Montana between 1986 and 1990. Grain yield, grain protein, test weight, above‐ground crop yield, plant P concentration at maturity, and P uptake were measured. One winter wheat location had a significant yield response to P; all other locations had non‐significant yield responses. Grain protein, test weight, P concentration, and P uptake were all unaffected by P rate or P placement. Both the ANOVA and paired t‐test were used to analyze the P‐placement data and were all nonsignificant. Slopes of grain yield response (grain yield for each P rate minus the grain yield without P), P concentration, and P uptake versus P rate were analyzed with the t‐test; none of the P‐response slopes were greater than zero. The P responses by individual crop were regressed against P rate, Olsen‐P soil test, available soil water at planting, and pH. Phosphorus rate was not a significant factor in any of the equations. Significant and useful predictive equations for grain yield response could not be generated; however, equations predicting P concentration and P uptake were developed. The Cate‐Nelson graphical analysis was unsuccessful in estimating an Olsen‐P soil test critical level. All attempts failed to relate grain yield or grain yield response to the Olsen‐P soil test and/or P rate. When P soil tests are higher than 12 mg/kg, no‐till grain growers should consider applying a maintenance level of P fertilizer, about 5 to 10 kg P/ha either banded below or with the seed, to maintain soil P levels.     

两份大麦品种单倍体细胞与植株水平耐盐性的关系

为了确定盐胁迫下大麦籽粒产量和萌发期生长指标与小孢子培养阶段盐胁迫下愈伤组织产量之间是否存在一致性,以2份大麦品种为供试材料,进行了以下3项研究:(1)诱导培养基中NaCl含量对小孢子培养愈伤组织产量的影响;(2)萌发液中NaCl含量对大麦种子萌发期生长指标的影响;(3)NaCl 胁迫处理对大麦单株产量的影响.结果表明...     

Effects of late-terminal drought stress on seed germination and vigor of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Late-terminal drought stress during grain filling has recently become more common in the semi-arid Mediterranean region, where barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is grown as an important winter cereal crop. Little information is available in the literature about the effect of late-terminal drought stress on seed germination and vigor of barley. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of late-terminal drought stress on seed germination and vigor of barley as estimated by the germination after accelerated aging test. Drought stress reduced grain yield of barley. Grain yield was correlated positively with leaf gross photosynthetic rate and negatively with leaf osmotic potential. Late-drought stress had no effect on standard germination, but reduced the germination after the accelerated aging test. These data suggested that late-terminal drought stress had a greater effect on seed vigor than standard germination in barley.     

基于Mallat算法的谷物流量信号小波去噪方法

针对联合收获机在复杂噪声背景作业过程中难以获取可靠的谷物流量信息的难题,提出了利用小波变换(wavelet transform,WT)对谷物流量传感器输出信号去噪处理方法。根据流量原始信号和噪声的频谱特性确定小波函数和分解尺度,将采集的流量原始信号通过Mallat算法进行小波分解,滤除高频噪声分量重构流量有效信号,由单片机AD通道对流量有效信号进行标定,标定试验后的传感器在不同谷物流量下累积质量最大相对误差为1.68%。利用北斗定位模块进行差分定位提高定位精度,测产装置信息由8051F单片机存储用以绘制农田作业产量图,将设计的测产系统安装在联合收获机上进行模拟水稻作业试验,试验结果表明:对流量传感器输出信号进行小波分解后,谷物流量测量相对误差最大为6.18%,平均相对误差为5.37%。通过对流量传感器输出原始信息进行小波变换,对比小波去噪前后信号的频谱曲线,验证了基于Mallat算法的流量信号去噪和流量有效信息重构方法的可行性和准确性,该研究可为研究农业机械复杂作业环境下原始信息去噪与有效信息重构提供参考。     

Crop yield forecasting on the Canadian Prairies using MODIS NDVI data

Although Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor have been extensively used to assess crop condition and yield on the Canadian Prairies and elsewhere, NDVI data derived from the new moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor have so far not been used for crop yield prediction on the Canadian Prairies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using MODIS-NDVI to forecast crop yield on the Canadian Prairies and also to identify the best time for making a reliable crop yield forecast. Growing season (May-August) MODIS 10-day composite NDVI data for the years 2000-2006 were obtained from the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). Crop yield data (i.e., barley, canola, field peas and spring wheat) for each Census Agricultural Region (CAR) were obtained from Statistics Canada. Correlation and regression analyses were performed using 10-day composite NDVI and running average NDVI for 2, 3 and 4 dekads with the highest correlation coefficients (r) as the independent variables and crop grain yield as the dependent variable. To test the robustness and the ability of the generated regression models to forecast crops grain yield, one year at a time was removed and new regression models were developed, which were then used to predict the grain yield for the missing year. Results showed that MODIS-NDVI data can be used effectively to predict crop yield on the Canadian Prairies. Depending on the agro-climatic zone, the power function models developed for each crop accounted for 48 to 90%, 32 to 82%, 53 to 89% and 47 to 80% of the grain yield variability for barley, canola, field peas and spring wheat, respectively, with the best prediction in the semi-arid zone. Overall (54 out of 84), the % difference of the predicted from the actual grain yield was within ±10%. On the whole, RMSE values ranged from 150 to 654, 108 to 475, 204 to 677 and 104 to 714 kg ha⁻¹ for barley, canola, field peas and spring wheat, respectively. When expressed as percentages of actual yield, the RMSE values ranged from 8 to 25% for barley, 10 to 58% for canola, 10 to 38% for field peas and 6 to 34% for spring wheat. The MAE values followed a similar trend but were slightly lower than the RMSE values. For all the crops, the best time for making grain yield predictions was found to be from the third dekad of June through the third dekad of July in the sub-humid zone and from the first dekad of July through the first dekad of August in both the semi-arid and arid zones. This means that accurate crop grain yield forecasts using the developed regression models can be made one to two months before harvest.     

Phosphorus seed coating as starter fertilization for spring malting barley

Abstract

Experiments were conducted with malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in 2003 and 2004 in central, western and southern Lithuania to test phosphorus (P) availability at early seedling growth stage with P seed coating. Phosphorus seed coating resulted in alteration to plant stand structure traits. Despite the fact that seedling emergence sometimes decreased, the number of total and productive stems, number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight increased. The positive effect of P seed coating on grain yield was revealed when the growth conditions during post-anthesis were favourable for exploiting the potential that was obtained during the pre-anthesis phase. In our experiment favourable conditions were considered those that generated a grain yield over 6 t ha^?1. According to path coefficients analyses the significant positive effect of P seed coating on malting barley yield increase was related to seed weight increase. Although P seed coating slightly increased single grain N concentration and thus grain protein concentration, grain protein concentration ranged from 8.6% to 10.2% and met the quality standard requirements for malting barley in all trials and treatments.     

雨养条件下不同筋力小麦品种籽粒形态、品质性状及产量要素分析

为明确雨养条件下不同筋力类型小麦品种品质性状、产量要素构成和籽粒形态间的关系,于2017—2020年小麦生长季开展田间试验,选用黄淮海地区主推的5个强筋小麦品种和11个中筋小麦品种为材料,采用近红外光谱分析技术测定籽粒吸水率、硬度、容重、沉降值、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、延伸性、最大抗延阻力,并采用种子图像分析技术测定籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、面积等主要形态指标,分析不同品种籽粒形态、品质性状及产量要素的相关性。结果表明,对16个供试小麦品种的综合品质进行聚类分析,共划分为5种类型,三年度中Ⅴ类小麦品种(师栾02-1、济麦20和泰科麦33)品质指标显著高于其余类小麦品种,其中,强筋小麦品种济麦20产量显著高于其余强筋小麦品种,中筋小麦品种烟农999、泰麦1918、烟农173产量显著高于其余中筋小麦品种,且泰麦1918品质较好且较稳定。小麦籽粒形态(籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、面积)和千粒重呈显著正相关关系,而二者与小麦品质性状呈显著负相关关系。综上考虑,强筋小麦品种济麦20和中筋小麦品种泰麦1918是适宜半湿润偏旱的鲁东地区雨养条件下种植的高产优质小麦品种,近红外光谱分析技术与种子图像分析技术的综合利用可作为小麦品质检测的有效技术方法。本研究结果可为鲁东地区高产优质小麦品种的筛选与品质分析鉴定提供理论依据。     

Changes in Grain Production,Mechanisms for Sale of Grain and Possible Effects on Grain Quality in Lithuania in the Period 1990-1999

The main objective was to compare the response of grain yield to fertiliser N in a winter wheat-white clover intercropping system with the response in wheat alone. Clover was undersown in spring barley and remained established in two consecutive crops of wheat in two field experiments. Clover reduced grain yield in the first crop of wheat and increased it in the second. There was more inorganic N in the soil and a higher concentration of N in the grains in the intercropping system. The grain and N yield response to fertiliser N was equal or less with intercropped than with wheat alone. The reduction of clover biomass with a herbicide increased grain yield of the first crop of wheat without reducing the clover biomass or the positive residual effect in the second wheat crop. It was concluded that in order to produce large grain yields, competition from clover needs to be kept small when wheat is at the tillering stage.     

水稻精量穴直播机播量监测系统研制

播种量是水稻精量穴直播机的关键技术参数。为了实时监测水稻精量穴直播机的播种量,提高播种作业性能,该文以环形布置安装于排种管的面源式光电传感器为主要监测元件,设计了水稻精量穴直播机播量监测系统。根据型孔式排种器结构与工作原理,确定了面源式光电传感器和旋转编码器的安装方式。采用高速摄像技术建立了水稻种子流通过监测区时种子数量与脉冲宽度之间的数学模型;通过时间分割节点得到穴粒数监测时间窗口,根据监测时间窗口内的脉冲宽度信息得到每穴播种粒数。选用南粳46和象牙香占2种具有代表性的水稻品种,对水稻精量穴直播机播量监测系统进行试验,将人工统计数据与监测系统统计数据进行对比分析,台架试验结果表明:对于南粳46(短粒型品种),平均穴粒数监测误差不超过7.99%,穴数监测误差不超过6.07%;对于象牙香占(长粒型品种),平均穴粒数监测误差不超过24.07%,穴数监测误差不超过5.66%。该系统基本满足不同工作转速下不同粒型的水稻播种量实时监测要求,可为后期实现水稻精量穴直播机大田作业参数监测提供了参考。