京西百花山区6种植物群落凋落物持水性能研究

于2006年7～8月通过对京西百花山区6种植物群落凋落物的不同分解层次的蓄积量、自然含水率、最大持水率、吸水速度以及有效拦蓄水量进行测定。研究结果表明：凋落物蓄积量油松（Pinus tabulaef ormis）群落最高达到18.5 t/hm^2,杂类草凋落物最低只有3.9 t/hm^2,同一植物群落凋落物不同层次蓄积量未分解层低于半分解层,自然含水率未分解层低于半分解层,不同层次自然含水率差值最大的青杨（Populuscathayana）凋落物差值为97.1%;同一植物群落凋落物不同层次持水能力,半分解层高于未分解层,从中证明凋落物的持水能力与其分解程度有关;研究结果还表明,所有的凋落物按其吸水速度的快慢都可将其吸水过程分为3个阶段：快速吸水阶段（0～1.0 h）、缓慢吸水阶段（1.0～5.0 h）、停滞吸水阶段（24.0 h）;不同植物群落凋落物层对降雨的有效拦蓄量由高到低的排列顺序依次为青杨〉刺槐〉油松〉野艾蒿〉荆条〉杂类草,相关分析得出凋落物对降雨的有效拦蓄量与凋落物蓄积量、最大持水率成正相关关系,特别是与最大持水率相关系数（0.839 6）达极显蓍水平。     

京西百花山区6种植物群落凋落物持水性能研究

于2006年7~8月通过对京西百花山区6种植物群落凋落物的不同分解层次的蓄积量、自然含水率、最大持水率、吸水速度以及有效拦蓄水量进行测定。研究结果表明:凋落物蓄积量油松(Pinus tabulaef ormis)群落最高达到18.5 t/hm2,杂类草凋落物最低只有3.9 t/hm2,同一植物群落凋落物不同层次蓄积量未分解层低于半分解层,自然含水率未分解层低于半分解层,不同层次自然含水率差值最大的青杨(Populuscathayana)凋落物差值为97.1%;同一植物群落凋落物不同层次持水能力,半分解层高于未分解层,从中证明凋落物的持水能力与其分解程度有关;研究结果还表明,所有的凋落物按其吸水速度的快慢都可将其吸水过程分为3个阶段:快速吸水阶段(0~1.0 h)、缓慢吸水阶段(1.0~5.0 h)、停滞吸水阶段(24.0 h);不同植物群落凋落物层对降雨的有效拦蓄量由高到低的排列顺序依次为青杨>刺槐>油松>野艾蒿>荆条>杂类草,相关分析得出凋落物对降雨的有效拦蓄量与凋落物蓄积量、最大持水率成正相关关系,特别是与最大持水率相关系数(0.839 6)达极显蓍水平。     

海南岛尖峰岭不同采伐方式热带雨林凋落物持水特性

以161个公里网格样地为基础,对尖峰岭热带雨林原始林和不同采伐方式(径级择伐和皆伐)下天然更新的次生林凋落物储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明,原始林、径级择伐林和皆伐林的凋落物储量分别为6.42,6.29和6.66t/hm2;最大持水量分别为9.55,10.49和11.17t/hm2。3类型森林凋落物最大持水率大小依次为皆伐林(169.2%)>径级择伐林(168.0%)>原始林(155.6%),经Kruskal—Wallis H检验表明,原始林、径级择伐林和皆伐林凋落物最大持水率间差异显著。凋落物持水量和凋落物持水率随着浸泡时间的增加符合W=alnt+b模型而变化,凋落物吸水速率随着浸泡时间的增加依W=at-b模型下降。     

甘肃省兴隆山天然林下苔藓凋落物蓄积量及持水特性

2010年,采用野外实地观测与室内浸水法,对甘肃兴隆山青杄林、青杄—白桦林林下苔藓和凋落物的累积量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明:(1)青杄—白桦林和青杄林下苔藓及凋落物层总厚度7.10~8.30cm,总重量24.66~30.69t/hm2,青杄—白桦林均高于青杄林;(2)苔藓层最大持水率明显高于凋落物层,但凋落物层最大持水量是苔藓层的11.15倍;(3)苔藓层和凋落物层持水率在开始浸水时增加较快,0.5h后增幅逐渐减慢,浸水10h后基本趋于某一稳定值;(4)凋落物层最大拦蓄量、有效拦蓄量分别是苔藓层的10.41和10.27倍;凋落物层在对降水二次分配及在吸持降水过程中发挥着重要作用,并且位于主导地位。     

南亚热带5种典型人工林凋落物水文效应

以广西国有高峰林场的5种不同人工林(马尾松林、杉木林、桉树林、米老排林、红锥林)为研究对象,结合野外调查和室内浸水法,对各人工林凋落物层的水文效应进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)5种林分凋落物蓄积量范围在1.96～9.05 t/hm~2,大小顺序为红锥林杉木林马尾松林桉树林米老排林。(2)5种林分凋落物中,杉木林最大持水量最大,为14.23 t/hm~2,马尾松林最小,为6.26 t/hm~2;米老排林凋落物最大持水率最大,为577.98%,红锥林最小,为135.46%。(3)杉木林凋落物的有效拦蓄量最大,为10.18 t/hm~2,马尾松林最小,为4.07 t/hm~2;米老排林凋落物有效拦蓄率最大,为463.35%,红锥林最小,为92.38%。(4)回归分析表明,凋落物持水量与浸水时间的关系符合对数函数关系(Q=aln t+b(R~20.773)),凋落物吸水速率和浸水时间的关系符合幂函数关系(V=kt~n(R~20.997))。持水过程中,各林分凋落物均表现为在1 h内持水量迅速增加,1 h后增加速度变慢,在10～12 h之后,吸水基本停止。综上,杉木林、米老排林凋落物层水源涵养功能较强。     

滨海沙地不同人工林凋落物现存量及其持水特性

为了研究滨海沙地沿海防护林凋落物水源涵养功能,采用野外调查和室内浸泡相结合,对滨海沙地4种典型人工林(木麻黄林、湿地松林、尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林)不同分解阶段的凋落物现存量、持水率、持水量和吸水速率进行研究。结果表明:相同林龄的4种人工林凋落物现存量表现为木麻黄林(19.12 t/hm~2)湿地松林(17.51 t/hm~2)尾巨桉林(10.90 t/hm~2)纹荚相思林(10.13 t/hm~2),半分解层凋落物储量占比高于未分解层;4种人工林最大持水率在140.55%～206.47%,为尾巨桉林纹荚相思林木麻黄林湿地松林,最大持水量在20.75～30.85 t/hm~2,为木麻黄林湿地松林尾巨桉林纹荚相思林,4种人工林凋落物最大持水率和最大持水量均为半分解层大于未分解层,不同分解阶段凋落物持水率和持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系;4种人工林不同分解阶段凋落物平均吸水速率在前0.25 h内差异较大,未分解层中尾巨桉林最大为2.05 mm/h,半分解层中湿地松林最大为4.32 mm/h,不同分解阶段凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间均存在幂函数关系;凋落物有效拦蓄深为木麻黄林(2.45 mm)湿地松林(2.04 mm)尾巨桉林(1.87 mm)纹荚相思林(1.72 mm)。综合来看,木麻黄林凋落物的持水能力最强,湿地松林次之,之后是尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林,说明从凋落物水源涵养能力来看,木麻黄林和湿地松林更利于滨海沙地的水源涵养。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林凋落物的生态水文功能

对福建三明莘口教学林场不同发育阶段杉木人工林进行凋落物现存量、持水特性及失水特性研究。结果表明:不同发育阶段杉木人工林凋落物的现存量表现为老龄林(3.47t/hm2)>中龄林(2.24t/hm2)>幼龄林(1.53t/hm2)。凋落物持水量表现为老龄林>中龄林>幼龄林;最大持水量表现为老龄林(11.8t/hm2)>中龄林(7.73t/hm2)>幼龄林(4.24t/hm2);最大持水率表现为中龄林(477.48%)>幼龄林(376.57%)>老龄林(291.98%);最大失水量表现为老龄林(4.29t/hm2)>中龄林(2.91t/hm2)>幼龄林(1.71t/hm2);最大失水率表现为中龄林(129.90%)>老龄林(124.15%)>幼龄林(112.04%)。凋落物层吸水速率均表现在前0.5h内最快,说明凋落物层具有快速拦截地表径流的作用。凋落物的持水量、持水率、失水量、失水率与时间之间的最佳拟合关系式为W=a+bln t;吸水速率、失水速率与时间之间的最佳拟合关系式为V=atb。老林龄杉木凋落物层具有现存量大、持水量大、吸水速率强等特点,具有较强的生态水文功能。     

贺兰山4种典型森林类型凋落物持水性能研究

采用野外实地观测与室内浸提法,对贺兰山4种典型森林类型(油松青海云杉混交林、油松山杨混交林、油松纯林和青海云杉纯林)林地凋落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明:4种类型的林分凋落物储量大小依次为青海云杉纯林>油松云杉混交林>油松纯林>油松山杨混交林;油松纯林、油松云杉混交林、青海云杉纯林和油松山杨混交林的凋落物最大持水量分别为38.46,40.11,46.78,36.35t/hm2;最大持水率分别为152.56%、150.79%、144.43%和184.14%,各林分凋落物的持水量和持水率都随着浸泡时间的增加按照对数方程增加;吸水速率呈现油松山杨混交林>油松云杉混交林≥油松纯林>青海云杉纯林,且各林分的凋落物吸水速率随浸泡时间的增长按幂函数方程下降。有效拦蓄量林型间变化范围为10.7～15.73t/hm2,油松山杨混交林最大,为15.73t/hm2,油松纯林(14.05t/hm2)和油松云杉混交林(11.98t/hm2)次之,青海云杉纯林最小,仅为10.7t/hm2。     

珠江流域中游主要森林类型凋落物持水特性

采用野外实地调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对珠江流域中游苍梧县的5种森林类型的凋落物累积量和持水量、持水率、吸水速率等持水特性进行了研究。结果表明:不同森林类型凋落物总储量为湿地松(Pinus elliottii)+荷木(Schima superba)混交林(40.18t/hm~2)桉树(Eucalyptus)林(11.77t/hm~2)马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林(10.97t/hm~2)红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)林(8.75t/hm~2)大叶栎(Quercus griffithii)林(7.71t/hm~2),且半分解层累积量所占比例均大于未分解层,马尾松林则相反;5种森林类型不同分解程度的凋落物持水量和持水率与浸泡时间均呈对数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系;凋落物最大持水量为13.12~77.09t/hm~2,湿地松+荷木混交林最大,红锥林最小;最大持水率为150.8~187.9%,大叶栎林最大,红锥林最小;有效拦蓄量为8.26~49.31t/hm~2,大小顺序为湿地松+荷木混交林大叶栎林红锥林桉树林马尾松林。综合考虑,研究区5种森林类型中湿地松+荷木针阔混交林持水能力最强,且优势明显,因此,水源涵养林宜优先选择针阔混交林模式。     

东江中上游主要森林类型枯落物的持水特性

为了定量评价森林枯落物的水文功能,通过浸水法和野外观测,调查了东江中上游主要森林植被类型枯落物的蓄积量,分析了枯落物的持水能力与过程。结果表明,枯落物蓄积量介于4.76～12.13t/hm2,表现为针阔混交林杉木林阔叶林马尾松林杂灌林;不同森林类型的枯落物最大持水量为4.89～18.17t/hm2,最大拦蓄量为3.34～14.39t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为2.60～11.66t/hm2,均表现为杉木林针阔混交林阔叶林杂灌林马尾松林。枯落物浸水实验表明,枯落物持水率与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈反函数关系;不同森林类型枯落物持水率和吸水速率随时间的动态变化规律基本相似。随浸水历时的延长,枯落物持水率呈增加趋势,在浸泡10～12h后,持水率增幅趋于平缓;不同森林类型枯落物吸水速率在前2h内变化最快,之后逐渐变缓,24h时吸水基本停止。     

pH对磷钾铝石形成的影响

Effects of column temperature and flow rate on separation of organic acids were studied by determining nine low-molecular-weight organic acids on reversed-phase C18 column using high performace liquid chromatography(HPLC) with a wavelength of UV(ultraviolet)214 nm and a mobile phase of 18 mmol L^-1 KH2PO4 buffer solution (pH2.1).The thermal stabiltiy of organic acids was determined by comparing the recoveries of organic acids in different temperature treatments.The relationships between column temperature,flow rate or solvent pH and retention time were analyzed.At low solvent pH,separatioin efficiency of organic acids was increased by raising the flow rate of the solvent because of lowering the retention time or organic acids.High column temperature was unfavorable for the separation of organic acids.The separating effect can be enhanced through reducing column temperature in organic acid determination due to increasing retention time.High thermal stability of organic acids with low concentrations was observed at temperature of 40℃-45℃,Sensitivity and separation effect of organic acid determination by HPLC were clearly improved by a combination of raising flow rate and lowering column temperature at low solvent pH.     

Emission of carbon dioxide and dynamics of inorganic N in a gradient of alkaline saline soils of the former lake Texcoco

A plan was developed to apply biosolid to soil of the former lake Texcoco to fertilize the pioneer vegetation. Because, no information exists about how differences in electrolytic conductivity (EC) might affect mineralization of biosolid and dynamics of C and N in soil, 20 soil samples forming a gradient in EC ranging from 22 to 150 dS m⁻¹ were characterized, amended with 500 mg biosolid C kg⁻¹ dry soil and incubated aerobically at 22 ± 2 °C while production of CO₂, concentrations of ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂⁻), and nitrate (NO₃⁻), and NH₃ volatilization were monitored at 22 ± 2 °C for 70 days. Soil characteristics showed large variations with maximum values often >10-times larger than minimum values. The production of CO₂ in the unamended soil ranged from 25 to 159 mg CO₂-C kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and NH₃ volatilization from 0 to 189 μg NH₃-N kg⁻¹ day⁻¹_. Application of biosolid increased production of CO₂ significantly 1.4-fold and volatilization of NH₃ 11.5-fold. The EC explained most of the variation in production of CO₂, while particle size distribution explained most of the variation in volatilization of NH₃. The concentration of NH₄⁺ in the biosolid-amended soil decreased sharply in the first 14 days, with the EC explaining most of the variation found, and remained constant thereafter with a small increase at day 70. Significant increases in the concentration of NO₃⁻ were generally found in soil with EC < 64 dS m⁻¹. The EC explained most of the variation in production of CO₂, and dynamics of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ while clay positively and sand content negatively affected NH₃ volatilization. It was found that increases in EC inhibited C and N mineralization in soil of the former lake Texcoco.     

华北土石山区天然植被种间联结和生态位研究

 在华北土石山区潮关西沟流域天然森林植被调查的基础上,对森林植被群落种间联结和生态位进行研究。结果表明:种间正联结关系非常显著的有柞栎和蒙椴、柞栎和迎红杜鹃、蒙椴和山杨、蒙椴和白蜡、山杨和白蜡、春榆和北京丁香、春榆和大花溲疏、臭椿和山杏、臭檀和栾树、臭檀和大花溲疏、锐齿鼠李和孩儿拳头、小叶鼠李和酸枣。另外,依据种间联结关系,划分了4个生态种组。分析了主要乔灌木的生态位宽度,乔木树种蒙椴、柞栎、春榆和灌木树种荆条、小叶朴和酸枣的生态位宽度均较大。比较了不同种对的生态位重叠指数,乔木不同种对中,山杏和北京丁香、柞栎和白蜡、蒙椴和春榆具有较大的生态位重叠,灌木不同种对组合中,荆条和酸枣、绣线菊和迎红杜鹃、荆条和小叶朴、蚂蚱腿子和迎红杜鹃的生态位重叠较大。     

Hydrochemistry of Waters of Volcanic Rocks: The Case of The Volcanosedimentary Rocks of Thrace, Greece

This work is referred to the characterization of the environmental hydrochemistry in the broader Sapes area – Thrace region, on the basis of physico-chemical properties of surface and groundwaters occurring in the volcanosedimentary formations of this area, where gold mining activities are planned to operate. Volcanic rocks are considerably altered where they are in contact with hydrothermal solutions. Aquifers are formed within these formations. Surface and ground waters are strongly metalliferous and their hydrochemical facies present similar but complex water types. Certain characteristic chemical types are the following: Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄, Ca-Mg-SO₄-HCO₃. Ca-SO₄, Ca-Mg-SO₄. Ca-Na-Cl-HCO₃, Na-Cl. A small majority of the water samples present the following order of anion dominance HCO₃ ^? > SO₄ ^2? > Cl^?. Calcium is the dominant cation. Bicarbonates and sulfate ions are the dominant anions. The order of dominance for the heavy metals in surface and ground waters is as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu. The saturation index of waters regarding minerals is low. Computer simulation indicates that calcite and dolomite are common minerals in all water samples which are saturated in respect to quartz and argillaceous-siliceous minerals. The most pronounced property of waters is their acidic character. The high metal concentrations are related to water with low pH. Sulfide minerals control the low pH values of waters which is an important control factor for the evolution of the water chemical composition. The abundance of sulfates is attributed to the dissolution of the minerals pyrite (FeS₂) and alunite (KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆. The water–mineral interactions are responsible for the chemical composition of waters. Water quality problems can be successfully handled by the use factor analysis. 17 chemical parameters can be substituted by five factors which successfully represent the hydrochemical processes as well as their geographic distribution. Volcanic rocks in the study area have the potential to produce acid drainage.     

Mechanisms of persistence of low numbers of bacteria preyed upon by protozoa

Tetrahymena pyriformis cultures were maintained when transferred serially in solutions containing 10⁵ to 10⁷Klebsiella pneumoniae cells.ml^?1, bacterial numbers that were observed to persist in the presence of protozoa. The number of cells of one strain of K. pneumoniae surviving predation in solution was essentially the same in the absence of an alternative prey as in the presence of a second K. pneumoniae strain. Toxins deleterious to protozoa did not appear as the animal consumed the bacteria. T. pyriformis reduced the abundance of Escherichia coli from about 10⁸ to 10⁶.ml^?1. but the latter number persisted for 15 days; however, in solutions containing chloramphenicol, the abundance of E. coli fell to 590 cells. ml^?1 in 15 days. In solutions containing the antibiotic, T. pyriformis reduced the Rhizobium sp. population from more than 10⁶ to less than 10³ cells in 10 days and K. pneumoniae from more than 10⁸.ml^?1 to zero in 18 days. An appreciable decline in abundance of these bacteria did not occur in the antibiotic-amended liquid free of protozoa. T. pyriformis did not greatly reduce Rhizobium sp. numbers when both were added to irradiated soil, but the predator caused the bacterial population to decline from 4 × 10⁸ to fewer than 10⁵.g^?1 in 16 days in chloramphenicol-treated soil. Colpoda sp. inoculated with Rhizobium sp. into soil sterilized by autoclaving only reduced the prey abundance from 10⁹ to 10⁸.g^?1, but the protozoan caused the bacterial population to fall to about 100.g^?1 in 15 days in the presence of the antibiotic. The population of Rhizobium sp. added to nonsterile soil dropped from in excess of 10⁸ to 6 × 10⁶.g^?1 in 29 days. but it declined to 550. g^?1 in the same period when chloramphenicol was also introduced. It is concluded that the ability of these bacteria to maintain themselves in solution and in soil is governed by their capacity to reproduce and replace the cells consumed by predation.     

Effect of reducing conditions on P sorption of soils

Abstract

The phosphate sorption (P _sor) capacity of soils increased when the soils were reduced (Willet and Higgins, Aust. J. Soil Res., 16, 319–326, 1978). The present study aimed at the elucidation of this mechanism using Na₂S₂O₄ and 5 different soils. The P _sor of the 5 soils increased with the addition of a small amount of Na₂S₂O₄. Fe(II) was released from the soils with the addition of the same small amount of Na₂S₂O₄. Furthermore, when the amount of FeCl₂ corresponding to the amount of Fe(II) released along with the small amount of Na₂S₂O₄ was added, the P _sor of the soil increased. However, the P _sor of the lowland soils, of which the hydrous Fe oxide content was lower than the others, decreased when the amount of Na₂S₂O₄ addition was increased up to 150–200 g kg^?1. Based on these results, the following process is inferred for the increase in the P _sor of the soils when they are reduced. Hydrous Fe oxide in soil takes the form of very fine, high-density particles and reacts with P mainly on their surface. When a small amount of Na₂S₂O₄ is added, the hydrous Fe oxide is partially reduced, dissolved and finally re-precipitates with P by oxidation with O₂ from the air during the experiment.     

Evidence of Long-Range Transport of Pollutants from the Size-Fractionated Ionic Composition of Aerosols in the Jeju Island of Korea

The ionic composition of total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine (PM_2.5) fractions was investigated from an 1,100 site in the middle of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island, Korea from March to November 2006. The sum concentrations of cation and anion species in TSP fraction were 205 ± 170 and 183 ± 164 neq m^?3, respectively, while those for PM_2.5 as 118 ± 129 and 88.5 ± 89.3 neq m^?3, respectively. In TSP, the concentration of the major ions changed in the order of SO₄ ^2? > NH₄ ⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?, while its PM_2.5 counterpart as NH₄ ⁺ > SO₄ ^2? > Ca²⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?. Inspection of the temporal variabilities of ionic components indicated that most ions peaked in spring or fall months. The back trajectory analysis showed that the atmospheric composition of the major ionic species was affected fairly sensitively by long-range transport from China under the favorable meteorological conditions. In contrast, the lowest ionic concentration levels were seen most abundantly, when air masses passed from South Sea. Hence, the analysis of ionic concentration data suggests that their distributions are controlled by the combined effects of various source processes including the most prominent Chinese origin and the meteorological condition favorable for such transport.     

Determination of surface charge density of soils

Abstract

A simple and precise method for determination of surface charge density of soils is described. It involves saturating the negative and positive exchange sites with NH⁺ ₄ and NO^‐ ₃ ions, respectively, removing the excess solution by centrifugation, and determining the ions on the exchange sites by a steam distillation method. Results showed that the concentration and type of saturating ions and the extractant used significantly affected the surface negative charge densities. The average value of surface negative charge densities of 10 surface soils from Iowa, Chile, and Costa Rica by the proposed method agreed closely with that obtained by the original method proposed by Schofield in 1949 (14.6 vs. 13.7 cmol(‐) kg^‐1 soil). The advantages of the proposed method are no need for the laborious extraction steps and simplicity of the steam distillation method for determination of NH⁺ ₄ and NO^‐ ₃ in soil samples.     

Evaluation of nitrogen fixation by different strains of theAzolla-Anabaena symbiosis in the presence of a high level of ammonium

Summary The proportion of N derived from N₂ fixation for 99 strains ofAzolla spp. (comprising all known species) in the presence of ammonium (40 mg/1) was assessed using a¹⁵N-dilution technique. The percentage of N derived from air varied from 29.5% to 79.9%. Although the N concentration ofAzolla spp. was not correlated with fertilizer N, it correlated fairly well with N₂ fixation. Regression analysis suggests that the N yield ofAzolla spp. is more dependent on N₂ fixation than on ammonium assimilation. The high correlation between N yield and isotopically determined, fixed N₂ indicates that the N yield could be used as a parameter in the selection ofAzolla spp. strains that are capable of maintaining high N₂ fixation in the presence of a high level of ammonium.     

Mechanisms of fixation and release of ammonium in paddy soils after flooding II. Effect of transformation of nitrogen forms on ammonium fixation

An incubation experiment under aseptic and septic conditions using ¹⁵N-labelled NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^–-N, was carried out to study the effect of N transformations after flooding on NH₄⁺ fixation in a paddy soil from China. After flooding ammonification was favoured, providing NH₄⁺ for fixation by clay minerals. NH₄⁺ fixation was more pronounced under low redox potential (E_h) conditions. Close correlations existed between exchangeable NH₄⁺, E_h, and non-exchangeable NH₄⁺. Therefore, two major conditions for NH₄⁺ fixation induced by flooding in paddy soil were found, namely flooding promoted net production of NH₄⁺ due to the deamination of organic N and, in addition, decreased the E_h of the soil. A lower E_h was caused by reduction and dissolution of Fe oxide coating on the clay minerals' surfaces, eliminating the obstacles for NH₄⁺ diffusing into or out of the interlayers of clay minerals. A higher concentration of exchangeable NH₄⁺ from deamination of organic N would drive NH₄⁺ diffusing from the soil solution into the interlayers of clay minerals. ¹⁵N-labelled NO₃^– incorporated into the flooded soil was not reduced to NH₃. The addition of NO₃^– retarded the decrease in the soil E_h and, therefore, NH₄⁺ fixation.