关于淤地坝管护问题的探讨

随着淤地坝建设的大规模开展,加强管护在淤地坝的运行中显得越来越重要。山西省探索出了产权制度改革、“护坝田”制度等行之有效的办法,在一定程度上保障了坝系工程的安全运行和效益的持续发挥。针对淤地坝管护中存在的问题,提出了进一步推向市场、依法管护、深化产权制度改革等建议。     

黄土丘陵区淤地坝系田园综合体的构建模式

[目的] 探讨黄土丘陵区淤地坝系田园综合体的构建模式,为该区淤地坝系建设和利用提供科学支撑。[方法] 利用文献研究田园综合体的建设模式与条件,开展实例调查并分析黄土丘陵沟壑区淤地坝建设现状、运行及利用过程中存在的问题。[结果] 甘肃省已初步形成坝系建设管理体系。在运行过程中,存在病险隐患、坝地盐碱化治理不到位、水土资源利用不足等问题;以黄土丘陵区榆林沟淤地坝系为例,提出了应构建优势农业主导模式的田园综合体以及围绕现代农业、休闲旅游、田园社区营造淤地坝系田园综合体的建设思路。[结论] 构建淤地坝系田园综合体是对田园综合体发展与淤地坝系利用形式的探索与创新,有利于加强黄河流域生态保护,推动高质量发展,加快推进乡村振兴战略。     

山西省淤地坝防汛工作的经验与做法

淤地坝的大规模建设,在控制水土流失、改善生态环境、促进农村经济发展的同时,也给防汛工作提出了挑战。扎实做好淤地坝防汛工作,对于保障人民群众生命财产安全和水土保持工作的顺利开展具有重大意义。在总结近几年来全省淤地坝防汛经验的基础上,针对存在的问题,提出了完善制度与办法、加大宣传、加强防汛预报技术研究等建议。     

基于层次分析法的坝系工程除险加固防洪标准与洪水组合探讨

淤地坝建设是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的一项重要治理工程,病险淤地坝除险加固是保障淤地坝安全运行、推进黄河流域高质量发展的一项主要措施。如何科学合理地确定各坝的防洪标准,做好洪水组合计算,是坝系工程除险加固设计时需要解决的关键技术问题。基于层次分析法相关理论,以山西临县万安沟小流域坝系工程为例,将坝系内大中型淤地坝划分为若干层次,构建层次结构模型,从而直观、快捷地分析流域内各坝的分布特征及上下游坝间的相关性,并在此基础上确定各坝的防洪标准、洪水组合和水文计算方法,为坝系工程除险加固设计提供理论支撑。     

盖沙区坝前流泥问题及其防治措施

坝前流泥现象是影响盖沙区淤地坝工程安全的重要因素之一,解决好坝前流泥问题,对坝系工程建设具有十分重要的意义。目前,各地采用的防渗技术主要有黏土心墙、土工布、坝前塘和滤水带等几种。其中在坝体内设置滤水带具有造价低廉、取材方便、施工简单等优点,在实践中已被证实具有很好的防止发生坝前流泥的效果,具有广泛的推广和应用价值。     

黄土高原淤地坝安全运用管理探讨

在黄土高原地区,淤地坝作为一项有效防治水土流失的措施,不仅在减轻山洪灾害、改善生态环境方面发挥了重要作用,而且在解决人畜饮水、方便群众出行、促进农业生产等方面发挥了重要作用。通过调研发现,黄土高原淤地坝安全运用管理的各项相关制度与机制趋于完善,积累了不少新的经验,但也存在着一些问题需要进一步思考与探索。主要问题有:行政、技术和巡查责任人不落实;应急避险方案普遍无法落实;巡查、技术责任人不清楚放水设施操作流程;淤地坝工程安全隐患较为突出;部分淤地坝存在违规蓄水情况等。分析了问题存在的原因,并就加强淤地坝安全运用管理提出了意见和建议。     

黄土高原淤地坝安全度汛存在的问题及建议

黄土高原目前有9万多座淤地坝,如何确保淤地坝安全度汛,切实保障下游群众的生命财产安全已成为亟待解决的问题。介绍了黄土高原淤地坝的基本情况,对淤地坝安全度汛方面存在的问题进行了分析,提出了落实防汛责任制、加大汛前检查力度、及时除险加固、强化日常维护、完善体制机制等多项对策。     

田家沟坝系工程防汛管理的探索与实践

田家沟小流域坝系工程建成投入运行后,泾川县把工程管理放在重要位置来抓,加大宣传力度,提高群众认识,动员全社会齐抓共管,真正把坝系工程管理成保障民生的安全工程,收到了良好效果。在工程管理方面落实了四项措施,提高了工程防御洪水灾害能力和安全性能;健全了四种体系,使淤地坝工程管理有章可循,责任明确;形成了四种模式,凸显了淤地坝工程的开发和管护效益。     

坝系工程除险加固防洪标准与洪水组合探讨——以吉县高楼沟小流域为例

淤地坝是黄土高原地区控制沟道侵蚀的一项重要工程措施,也是小流域水土流失综合治理的最后一道防线,对于保证防洪安全、粮食安全、生态安全以及改善当地交通与农民群众的生产生活条件,具有十分重要的意义。搞好淤地坝坝系工程建设和除险加固,事关淤地坝的安全运用与持续发挥效益。以吉县高楼沟小流域为例,就坝系工程除险加固设计中的防洪标准和洪水组合问题进行了研究探讨,对丰富和完善淤地坝工程设计与建设理论,推动坝系工程建设规范的制定,以便更加科学地指导坝系工程设计,提供了一定技术支持。     

山西省淤地坝运行管理现状分析

淤地坝是黄土高原地区沟道治理、保持水土的一项重要的工程措施,加强运行管理是保证淤地坝效益长期有效发挥的关键。分析了目前山西省淤地坝运行管理模式、管理中存在的问题等,并就淤地坝科学管理提出了一些建议。     

Production of Perchlorate by Laboratory Simulated Lightning Process

Perchlorate (ClO₄⁻), a thyroid hormone disruptor, is both naturally occurring and a man-made contaminant increasingly found in a variety of terrestrial environments. The environmental presence of ClO₄⁻ is considered to be the result of atmospheric formation and deposition processes. The ultimate processes, particularly heterogeneous-based reactions, leading to natural ClO₄⁻ formation are not well understood. Oxidation of chlorine species by an energetic source such as lightning is considered to be one of the potential heterogeneous sources of natural ClO₄⁻. Currently, there is very little information available on lightning-induced ClO₄⁻. We designed a laboratory electrical discharge reactor capable of evaluating ClO₄⁻ formation by the oxidation of “dry” sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosols (relative humidity (RH) <70%) in electrical discharge plasma at voltages and energies up to 24 kV and 21 kJ, respectively. Similar to other non-electrochemical ClO₄⁻ production processes, the amount of ClO₄⁻ produced (0.5–4.8 μg) was 3 orders of magnitude lower than the input Cl⁻ (7.1–60.1 mg). The amount of ClO₄⁻ generated increased with peak voltage (V) and theoretical maximum discharge energy with ΔClO₄⁻/ΔV = 0.28 × 10⁻³ μg V⁻¹ (R ² = 0.94) and ΔClO₄⁻/ΔE = 0.44 × 10⁻³ μg J⁻¹ (R ² = 0.83). The total ClO₄⁻ generated decreased with an increase in relative humidity from 2.8 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼46%) to 0.9 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼62%) indicating that the presence of moisture inhibits the formation of ClO₄⁻. Additional modifications to the reactor support the hypothesis of ClO₄⁻ formation due to the action of plasma on Cl⁻ aerosols as opposed to direct oxidation on the surface of the electrodes. Finally, the contribution of lightning-induced ClO₄⁻ in North America is calculated to have a wide range from 0.006 × 10⁵ to 5 × 10⁵ kg/year and is within the range of the measured ClO₄⁻ depositional flux in precipitation samples obtained across the USA (0.09 × 10⁵–1.2 × 10⁵ kg/y).     

Chromosome numbers and ploidy levels of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Paspalum</Emphasis> species from subtropical South America (Poaceae)

Somatic chromosome numbers of 131 accessions belonging to 55 Paspalum species from subtropical South America have been determined. All species had x = 10 as a basic chromosome number, except P. almum which had x = 6. Six ploidy levels were found among species with tetraploidy as the most frequent condition. New diploid and octoploid counts were reported. For Paspalum lilloi and P. glabrinode (both 2n = 2x = 20), and for P. ellipticum, P. erianthoides, P. ovale and P. remotum (all 2n = 8x = 80) sporophytic chromosome numbers are presented for the first time. Records that differ from previously reported counts are given for the following species: P. paucifolium (2n = 2x = 20), P. ceresia (2n = 6x = 60), P. conjugatum (2n = 6x = 60), P. alcalinum (2n = 6x = 60) and P. aff. arundinellum (2n + 1 = 5x + 1 = 51). These chromosome data are discussed in light of ploidy-level variation and implications for breeding systems within and among species.     

Nitrous oxide emission from feedlot manure and green waste compost applied to Vertisols

Application of feedlot manure (FLM) to cropping and grazing soils could provide a valuable N nutrient resource. However, because of its high but variable N concentration, FLM has the potential for environmental pollution of water bodies and N₂O emission to the atmosphere. As a potential management tool, we utilised the low-nutrient green waste compost (GWC) to assess its effectiveness in regulating N release and the amount of N₂O emission from two Vertisols when both FLM and GWC were applied together. Cumulative soil N₂O emission over 32 weeks at 24°C and field capacity (70% water-filled pore space) for a black Vertisol (Udic Paleustert) was 45 mg N₂O m⁻² from unamended soil. This increased to 274 mg N₂O m⁻² when FLM was applied at 1 kg m⁻² and to 403 mg N₂O m⁻² at 2 kg m⁻². In contrast, the emissions of 60 mg N₂O m⁻² when the soil was amended with GWC 1 kg m⁻² and 48 mg N₂O m⁻² at 2 kg m⁻² were not significantly greater than the unamended soil. Emission from a mixture of FLM and GWC applied in equal amounts (0.5 kg m⁻²) was 106 mg N₂O m⁻² and FLM applied at 0.5 kg m⁻² and GWC at 1.5 kg GWC m⁻² was 117 mg N₂O m⁻². Although cumulative N₂O emissions from an unamended grey Vertisol (Typic Chromustert) were only slightly higher than black Vertisol (57 mg N₂O m⁻²), FLM application at 1 kg m⁻² increased N₂O emissions by 14 times (792 mg N₂O m⁻²) and at 2 kg m⁻² application by 22 times (1260 mg N₂O m^-2). Application of GWC did not significantly increase N₂O emission (99 mg N₂O m⁻² at 1 kg m⁻² and 65 mg N₂O m⁻² at 2 kg m⁻²) above the unamended soil. As observed for the black Vertisol, a mixture of FLM (0.5 kg m⁻²) and GWC (0.5 or 1.5 kg m⁻²) reduced N₂O emission by >50% of that from the FLM alone, most likely by reducing the amount of mineral N (NH₄⁺–N and NO₃⁻–N) in the soil, as mineral N in soil and the N₂O emission were closely correlated.     

Influence of temperature and drought on seasonal and interannual variations of soil, bole and ecosystem respiration in a boreal aspen stand

Continuous half-hourly measurements of soil (R_s) and bole respiration (R_b), as well as whole-ecosystem CO₂ exchange, were made with a non steady-state automated chamber system and with the eddy covariance (EC) technique, respectively, in a mature trembling aspen stand between January 2001 and December 2003. Our main objective was to investigate the influence of long-term variations of environmental and biological variables on component-specific and whole-ecosystem respiration (R_e) processes. During the study period, the stand was exposed to severe drought conditions that affected much of the western plains of North America. Over the 3 years, daily mean R_s varied from a minimum of 0.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during winter to a maximum of 9.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in mid-summer. Seasonal variations of R_s were highly correlated with variations of soil temperature (T_s) and water content (θ) in the surface soil layers. Both variables explained 96, 95 and 90% of the variance in daily mean R_s from 2001 to 2003. Aspen daily mean R_b varied from negligible during winter to a maximum of 2.5 μmol m⁻² bark s⁻¹ (2.2 μmol m⁻² ground s⁻¹) during the growing season. Maximum R_b occurred at the end of the aspen radial growth increment and leaf emergence period during each year. This was 2 months before the peak in bole temperature (T_b) in 2001 and 2003. Nonetheless, R_b was highly correlated with T_b and this variable explained 77, 87 and 62% of the variance in R_b in the respective years. Partitioning of R_b between its maintenance (R_bm) and growth (R_bg) components using the mature tissue method showed that daily mean R_bg occurred at the same time as aspen radial growth increment during each growing season. This method led, however, to systematic over- and underestimations of R_bm and R_bg, respectively, during each year. Annual totals of R_s, R_b and estimated foliage respiration (R_f) from hazelnut and aspen trees were, on average, 829, 159 and 202 g C m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively, over the 3 years. These totals corresponded to 70, 14 and 16%, respectively, of scaled-up respiration estimates of R_e from chamber measurements. Scaled R_e estimates were 25% higher (1190 g C m⁻² year⁻¹) than the annual totals of R_e obtained from EC (949 g C m⁻² year⁻¹). The independent effects of temperature and drought on annual totals of R_e and its components were difficult to separate because the two variables co-varied during the 3 years. However, recalculation of annual totals of R_s to remove the limitations imposed by low θ, suggests that drought played a more important role than temperature in explaining interannual variations of R_s and R_e.     

Subtropical plantations are large carbon sinks: Evidence from two monoculture plantations in South China

Quantifying the net carbon (C) storage of forest plantations is required to assess their potential to offset fossil fuel emissions. In this study, a biometric approach was used to estimate net ecosystem productivity (NEP) for two monoculture plantations in South China: Acacia crassicarpa and Eucalyptus urophylla. This approach was based on stand-level net primary productivity (NPP, based on direct biometric inventory) and heterotrophic respiration (R_h). In comparisons of R_h determination based on trenching vs. tree girdling, both trenching and tree girdling changed soil temperature and soil moisture relative to undisturbed control plots, and we assess the effects of corrections for disturbances of soil moisture and soil moisture on the estimation of soil CO₂ efflux partitioning. Soil microbial biomass and dissolved organic carbon were significantly lower in trenched plots than in tree girdled plots for both plantations. Annual soil CO₂ flux in trenched plots (R_h-t) was significantly lower than in tree-girdled plots (R_h-g) in both plantations. The estimates of R_h-t and R_h-g, expressed as a percentage of total soil respiration, were 58 ± 4% and 74 ± 6%, respectively, for A. crassicarpa, and 64 ± 3% and 78 ± 5%, respectively, for E. urophylla. By the end of experiment, the difference in soil CO₂ efflux between the trenched plots and tree-girdled plots had become small for both plantations. Annual R_h (mean of the annual R_h-t and R_h-g) and net primary production (NPP) were 470 ± 25 and 800 ± 118 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively, for A. crassicarpa, and 420 ± 35 and 2380 ± 187 g C m⁻² yr⁻², respectively, for E. urophylla. The two plantations in the developmental stage were large carbon sinks: NEP was 330 ± 76 C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for A. crassicarpa and 1960 ± 178 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for E. urophylla.     

Nitrate leaching in soil: Tracing the NO3 sources with the help of stable N and O isotopes

Legumes increase the plant-available N pool in soil, but might also increase NO₃⁻ leaching to groundwater. To minimize NO₃⁻ leaching, N-release processes and the contribution of legumes to NO₃⁻ concentrations in soil must be known. Our objectives were (1) to quantify NO₃⁻-N export to >0.3 m soil depth from three legume monocultures (Medicago x varia Martyn, Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., Lathyrus pratensis L.) and from three bare ground plots. Furthermore, we (2) tested if it is possible to apply a mixing model for NO₃⁻ in soil solution based on its dual isotope signals, and (3) estimated the contribution of legume mineralization to NO₃⁻ concentrations in soil solution under field conditions. We collected rainfall and soil solution at 0.3 m soil depth during 1 year, and determined NO₃⁻ concentrations and δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O of NO₃⁻ for >11.5 mg NO₃⁻-N l⁻¹. We incubated soil samples to assess potential N release by mineralization and determined δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O signals of NO₃⁻ derived from mineralization of non-leguminous and leguminous organic matter.Mean annual N export to >0.3 m soil depth was highest in bare ground plots (9.7 g NO₃⁻-N m⁻²; the SD reflects the spatial variation) followed by Medicago x varia monoculture (6.0 g NO₃⁻-N m⁻²). The O. viciifolia and L. pratensis monocultures had a much lower mean annual N export (0.5 and 0.3 g NO₃⁻-N m⁻²). The averaged NO₃⁻-N leaching during 70 days was not significantly different between field estimates and incubation for the Medicago x varia Martyn monoculture.The δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values in NO₃⁻ of rainfall (δ¹⁵N: 3.3±0.8‰; δ¹⁸O: 30.8±4.7‰), mineralization of non-leguminous SOM (9.3±0.9‰; 6.7±0.8‰), and mineralization of leguminous SOM (1.5±0.6‰; 5.1±0.9‰) were markedly different. Applying a linear mixing model based on these three sources to δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values in NO₃⁻ of soil solution during winter 2003, we calculated 18-41% to originate from rainfall, 38-57% from mineralization of non-leguminous SOM, and 18-40% from mineralization of leguminous SOM.Our results demonstrate that (1) even under legumes NO₃⁻-N leaching was reduced compared to bare ground, (2) the application of a three-end-member mixing model for NO₃⁻ based on its dual isotope signals produced plausible results and suggests that under particular circumstances such models can be used to estimate the contributions of different NO₃⁻ sources in soil solution, and (3) in the 2nd year after establishment of legumes, they contributed approximately one-fourth to NO₃⁻-N loss.     

Chemical composition, or quality, of agroforestry residues influences N2O emissions after their addition to soil

Emissions of N₂O were measured following addition of ¹⁵N-labelled (2.6-4.7 atom% excess ¹⁵N) agroforestry residues (Sesbania sesban, mixed Sesbania/Macroptilium atropurpureum, Crotalaria grahamiana and Calliandra calothyrsus) to a Kenyan oxisol at a rate of 100 mg N kg soil⁻¹ under controlled environment conditions. Emissions were increased following addition of residues, with 22.6 mg N m⁻² (124.4 mg N m⁻² kg biomass⁻¹; 1.1 mg ¹⁵N m⁻²; 1.03% of ¹⁵N applied) emitted as N₂O over 29 d after addition of both Sesbania and Macroptilium residues in the mixed treatment. Fluxes of N₂O were positively correlated with CO₂ fluxes, and N₂O emissions and available soil N were negatively correlated with residue lignin content (r=−0.49;P<0.05), polyphenol content (r=−0.94;P<0.05), protein binding capacity (r=−0.92;P<0.05) and with (lignin+polyphenol)-to-N ratio (r=−0.55;P<0.05). Lower emission (13.6 mg N m⁻² over 29 d; 94.5 mg N m⁻² kg biomass⁻¹; 0.6 mg ¹⁵N m⁻²; 0.29% of ¹⁵N applied) after addition of Calliandra residue was attributed to the high polyphenol content (7.4%) and high polyphenol protein binding capacity (383 μg BSA mg plant⁻¹) of this residue binding to plant protein and reducing its availability for microbial attack, despite the residue having a N content of 2.9%. Our results indicate that residue chemical composition, or quality, needs to be considered when proposing mitigation strategies to reduce N₂O emissions from systems relying on incorporation of plant biomass, e.g. improved-fallow agroforestry systems, and that this consideration should extend beyond the C-to-N ratio of the residue to include polyphenol content and their protein binding capacity.     

Quantifying the contribution of soil organic matter turnover to forest soil respiration, using natural abundance δC

Quantifying the loss of soil carbon through respiration has proved difficult, due to the challenge of measuring the losses associated with the turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) as distinct from autotrophic components. In forest ecosystems the δ¹³C value of respiration from turnover of SOM (δ¹³CR_SOM) is typically 2-4‰ enriched compared with that from roots and associated microbes (δ¹³CR_ROOTS), with that from the litter (δ¹³CR_LITTER) lying between the two. We measured soil respiration at 50 locations in a forest soil and then used differences in isotopic signatures to quantify the proportion of soil respiration arising from the turnover of SOM (fR_SOM) at a subset of 30 locations, chosen randomly. The soil surface CO₂ efflux was collected using an open chamber system supplied with CO₂-free air and the δ¹³C signature (δ¹³CR_S) measured, giving a mean (±SD) value across the site of −26.1 ± 0.58‰. The values of δ¹³CR_ROOTS, δ¹³CR_LITTER and δ¹³CR_SOM were measured at each location by incubation of roots, litter and root-free soil and collection of the CO₂ for isotopic analysis. δ¹³CR_SOM became progressively depleted with length of incubation (1.5‰ after 8 h), so CO₂ was collected after 20 min. The mean value of δ¹³CR_LITTER was −27.2 ± 0.68 ‰, which was indistinguishable from δ¹³CR_ROOTS of −27.6 ± 0.51‰, while δ¹³CR_SOM was −25.1 ± 0.88‰. δ¹³CR_ROOTS and δ¹³CR_SOM measured at each location were used as the end points of a two component mixing model to calculate fR_SOM, giving a mean value for fR_SOM of 0.61 ± 0.28. It was not possible to estimate fR_SOM using the total C contents of the roots and soil which were significantly depleted in ¹³C in comparison to their respired CO₂. However, at seven locations the δ¹³CR_S was slightly enriched compared with δ¹³CR_SOM (mean 0.3‰), which was not considered significantly different so fR_SOM was constrained to 1.0. If these seven rings were excluded mean fR_SOM was 0.49 ± 0.20. We have shown the possibility of using natural abundance ¹³C discrimination to quantify fR_SOM in a forest soil with an input of carbon only from C₃ photosynthesis.     

Sorption of manganese,cobalt, zinc,strontium, and cesium onto agricultural soils: Statistical analysis on effects of soil properties

In this study, distribution coefficients (K _d s) of five radionuclides (⁵⁴Mn, ⁶⁰Co, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁸⁵Sr, ¹³⁷Cs) were measured by a batch technique for 36 agricultural soils (paddy and upland soils) collected in Japan. Twelve properties of the soils and measured K _d ss were examined for their probability distributions. Soil properties showed log-normal type distributions, except pH(H₂O), and total calcium and potassium contents for which distributions were normal. The K _d s distributions were also lognormal types except for ⁵⁴Mn-K _d s? No significant difference in soil K _d s was found between upland and paddy soils. The K _d s were analyzed for correlations with each soil property. The combinations showing the highest correlation were: the exchangeable calcium for ⁵⁴Mn and ⁶⁰Co; the water content for ⁶⁵Zn; the cation exchange capacity for ⁸⁵Sr; and the exchangeable potassium for ¹³⁷Cs, For ⁵⁴Mn and ⁶⁰Co, their K _d s also correlated with supernatant pH. Only ⁸⁵Sr-K _d s showed an adequate correlation with the value if the CEC divided by the supernatant EC. For the other four nuclides, some other mechanisms besides ion exchange seemed to be working.