Iron Toxicity in Wetland Rice and the Role of Other Nutrients

Abstract

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a widespread nutrient disorder of wetland rice grown on acid sulfate soils, Ultisols, and sandy soils with a low cation exchange capacity, moderate to high acidity, and active Fe (easily reducible Fe) and low to moderately high in organic matter. Iron toxicity reduces rice yields by 12–100%, depending on the Fe tolerance of the genotype, intensity of Fe toxicity stress, and soil fertility status. Iron toxicity can be reduced by using Fe-tolerant rice genotypes and through soil, water, and nutrient management practices. This article critically assesses the recent literature on Fe toxicity, with emphasis on the role of other plant nutrients, in the occurrence of and tolerance to Fe toxicity in lowland rice and puts this information in perspective for future research needs. The article emphasizes the need for research to provide knowledge that would be used for increasing rice production on Fe-toxic wetlands on a sustainable basis by integration of genetic tolerance to Fe toxicity with soil, water, and nutrient management.     

Spatial interpolation of soil hydraulic properties and simulated rice yield

Abstract. Simulated estimates of crop yield were made for rainfed rice in a 50 ha dryland rice area. The aim was to investigate how soil units and management units of different sizes with different yields could be used to obtain values for areas of land. Two procedures were applied. First, yields were simulated at six sites, that were representative of six soil mapping units. Second, yields were simulated using soil information from 133 auger sites, and were interpolated over management units using block kriging. Differences between the two procedures for the total area and for a test set of 22 additionally sampled locations were small. A 60% increase in precision was achieved when relatively large management units were defined.
A Geographical Information System was used to identify areas with greatest yield potential for rainfed dryland rice. Statistical analysis showed that the six soil units could be grouped into three yield classes. The largest yields were obtained for a sub-area comprising 11% of the survey area which was associated with a slowly permeable Bg horizon in the soil profile.
It was concluded that the best procedure for the spatial interpolation of simulated rice yield should be based on preliminary simulation of crop yields. A sensitivity analysis of the impact of weather variability and soil heterogeneity on the variation of yield was useful to detect the importance of their contributions. The procedures developed in this study are of value in obtaining a reliable estimate of average yield, and can consequently be used for associated cost-benefit calculations.     

Practices sustaining soil organic matter and rice yield in a tropical monsoon region

ABSTRACT

Sandy soils are usually dominant in tropical monsoon regions, due to the high weathering potential associated with high temperatures and precipitation. The organic matter content of sandy soils is low due to low clay content and high microbial activity. Therefore, soil management practices that alter the soil organic carbon (SOC) content may be important for the sustainable management of crop yields. Thus, the present study investigates the distribution of rice yield and SOC content under different land management practices and analyzes the relationship between rice yield and SOC with pertinent management practices (manure and fertilizer applications). The soil horizons from 0- to 40-cm depths were collected in each layer to measure SOC and soil properties at 64 sites. At each sampling site, farmers were given questionnaires and the record book for the standards for good agricultural practices of farm owners were gathered to assimilate information on rice yield and their practices during 2010–2014. The mean rice yield of the whole crop year and SOC were 2.93 Mg ha^?1 and 47.09 Mg C ha^?1, respectively, in the irrigated areas, and were 2.38 Mg ha^?1 and 32.08 Mg C ha^?1 in the rain-fed areas. Significantly higher values were obtained in the irrigated areas (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between rice yield and SOC in both the irrigated areas (R² = 0.72, p < 0.01) and the rain-fed areas (R² = 0.85, p < 0.01); however, the slopes of these regression equations were significantly different. In both irrigated and rain-fed areas, manure should be applied every year, with an optimal application rate of N, P, and K fertilizers being selected. The combination of manure, fertilizer, and increasing irrigation facilities the maintenance of SOC levels and substantially increases rice yields.     

四川省水稻高温热害风险及灾损评估

高温热害是四川省最主要的农业气象灾害之一,研究高温热害对水稻的影响对于四川省农业可持续发展、保障水稻的安全生产具有重要意义。本文以1981—2015年四川省84个气象台站的逐日气象资料、农业气象观测站水稻生育期资料和县级水稻产量资料为基础,利用水稻高温热害指数,构建四川省水稻关键生育期和全生育期综合高温热害风险模型;分离水稻气象产量,建立高温热害影响下水稻气象产量与高温热害指数间的统计模型,开展1981—2015年四川省水稻高温热害风险和灾损评估。研究结果表明：四川省水稻抽穗扬花期,高温热害较高风险区和高风险区主要集中在盆地东北大部和盆地南部的个别地区,其中达州、广安和泸州的部分地区为高风险区。而低风险区主要分布在盆地西部、南部和川西南的大部地区。灌浆结实期,水稻高温热害较高风险区和高风险区主要集中在盆地东北和盆地南部的大部分地区,其中泸州大部、南充和宜宾的个别地区为高风险区。而低风险区主要分布在盆地北部、西部和川西南的大部地区。水稻全生育阶段高温热害较高风险区和高风险区主要集中在盆地东北和盆地南部的大部分地区,其中泸州、南充和达州的部分地区为高风险区。而低风险区主要分布在盆地北部、西部和川西南的大部地区。构建的水稻高温热害灾损评估模型简单实用,验证结果表明高温热害年水稻统计产量与模拟产量间的相对误差绝对值都小于1.5%,建立的模型能反映四川省高温热害对水稻产量的影响,同时能够较好地评估高温热害下四川省水稻的产量损失。进一步的灾损评估结果表明,高温热害危害下代表站点水稻的减产率为5.6%~10.2%。     

长江中下游稻区粳型超级稻高产形成及氮素利用的研究

选用长江中下游稻区7个粳型超级稻为试验材料,以普通粳稻为对照,在大田条件下设置7个氮肥水平(N0、150、187.5、225、262.5、300、337.5 kg/hm2),研究不同氮肥条件下粳型超级稻高产形成及其氮素利用特性。结果表明,超级粳稻在300 kg/hm2条件下产量最高,普通粳稻在262.5 kg/hm2条件下产量最高。超级粳稻两年最高产量平均值较普通粳稻高8.50%。与普通粳稻相比,超级粳稻各生育时期茎蘖数消长平稳,最终成穗率高,平均达78.10%;拔节前叶面积指数和光合势较低,拔节后较高。超级粳稻拔节前干物质、氮素积累量与普通粳稻相当,而拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段干物质和氮素积累量较普通粳稻分别高7.31%、6.55%和8.98%、9.66%;超级粳稻氮素表观利用率、农学利用率和生理利用率较普通粳稻分别高3.73%、11.63%和7.95%。超级粳稻较普通粳稻更耐肥,在高肥条件下增产优势明显,且对应的氮肥利用率也较高。     

Iron Toxicity in Lowland Rice

Lowland rice is a staple food for more than 50% world population. Iron toxicity is one of the main nutritional disorders, which limits yield of lowland rice in various parts of the world. The toxicity of iron is associated with reduced soil condition of submerged or flooded soils, which increases concentration and uptake of iron (Fe^{2 +}). Higher concentration of Fe^{2 +} in the rhizosphere also has antagonistic effects on the uptake of many essential nutrients and consequently yields reduction. In addition to reduced condition, increase in concentration of Fe^{2 +} in submerged soils of lowland rice is associated with iron content of parent material, oxidation-reduction potential, soil pH, ionic concentration, fertility level, and lowland rice genotypes. Oxidation-reduction potential of highly reduced soil is in the range of –100 to –300 mV. Iron toxicity has been observed in flooded soils with a pH below 5.8 when aerobic and pH below 6.5 when anaerobic. Visual toxicity symptoms on plants, soil and plant tissue test are major diagnostic techniques for identifying iron toxicity. Appropriate management practices like liming acid soils, improving soil fertility, soil drainage at certain growth stage of crop, use of manganese as antagonistic element in the uptake of Fe^{2 +} and planting Fe^{2 +} resistant rice cultivars can reduce problem of iron toxicity.     

Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Rice Straw on Soil Aluminum Toxicity

The red soil region in China is very important to agriculture. However, soil aluminum (Al) toxicity often occurs as a result of the high soil acidity. In a long-term experiment, we analyzed soil samples to determine the effect of fertilization on soil acidity and potential Al toxicity. The results showed that after 12 years of utilization, Al toxicity occurred in the soil of the control plot. Chemical fertilizer further decreased soil pH and intensified Al toxicity. However, rice straw effectively improved soil pH and ameliorated soil Al toxicity from 0 to 50 cm deep, which may be attributed to the accumulated soil organic matter (SOM) and the decomposition of the rice straw. Corresponding to the lower Al content in soil, peanut crops grew healthier with greater yields in the rice straw plot, indicating that returning crop stalks to the field should be a feasible fertilization strategy in the region.     

Integration of rice crop residue into sustainable rice production system

Rice is the staple food for nearly 40% of the world's population. In Malawi, rice is ranked second only to maize as a cereal food crop. In rainfed areas of Malawi, grain yields typically average 1.0–1:5 t ha^‐1 while potential yield is 4–5 t ha¹. To bridge the gap between current and potential yields, several novel nutrient management systems were studied. Many research reports indicate that rice responds to silicon (Si) application as well as to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) which are commonly applied. Rice crop residues (straws and hulls) are rich in Si and K, but are not utilized currently in rice production. The effect of rice‐hull ash, rice straw, and method of N application (prilled or briquetted urea) on a transplanted rice crop was studied through field experiments in Malawi during 1995 and 1996. Application of urea in briquette form increased rice grain yield by 1056 and 122 kg ha^‐1 compared to prilled urea in the 1995 winter and 1996 summer experiments, respectively. However in the 1996 winter experiment, prilled urea was superior to urea briquette and increased the rice grain yield by 307 kg ha¹. Incorporation of rice straw significantly increased rice grain yields over the control in three consecutive experiments. Rice‐hull ash alone increased the rice grain yields in all three experiments up to 12%; however, the increase was not statistically significant. The combination of rice straw and rice‐hull ash along with optimum N rates (60 kg ha^‐1) increased the rice grain yields significantly in 1996 winter season but the increase was not significant in the other two experiments.     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

污染土壤上水稻生长及对Pb、Cd和As的吸收

通过温室盆栽试验研究了Pb、Cd和As于中国土壤环境质量标准III级水平(Pb:400 mg/kg;Cd:1.0 mg/kg:As:40 mg/kg)时对水稻在3种不同类型土壤上的生长和吸收Pb、Cd及As的影响.结果表明:在红壤上,As处理的稻谷产量显著降低,除Cd处理对稻谷产量影响不大外,其他处理也明显降低了水稻稻谷产量,且 Pb、Cd 的存在加重了As的毒性;对稻草产量只有Pb和Pb-Cd-As两个处理与对照有显著性差异.在乌栅土上,仅As和Pb-Cd-As处理与对照相比明显降低了稻谷产量,而所有复合处理均降低了稻草产量,且对稻草产量影响要大于其对稻谷产量的影响.在青紫泥上各处理影响较小.Cd-As、Pb-Cd和Pbr-Cd-As处理红壤其稻米Cd含量较Cd单独存在时分别增加了15.7%、11.5%和25.6%;红壤上Pb处理显著增加了稻米Pb的含量.但Pb-As处理降低了稻米Pb含量.稻米中重金属含量在3种不同性质土壤上的含量大小顺序为:红壤>青紫泥>乌栅土.     

稻鱼系统中不同沟型边际弥补效果及经济效益分析

稻田养鱼在中国由来已久,并已经发展出各种模式。在沟坑模式中,作为鱼群庇护所的沟和坑会占用一定面积的水田区域,致使水稻立植面积减少,但沟坑的设置同时导致水稻群体边际区域的增加。本试验就沟坑边际效应导致的水稻增产效应对因立植面积减少而引起的产量减少的弥补效果进行了试验研究和测定计算,同时对环沟、十字沟、直沟3种沟型下水稻产量、田鱼产量及经济收益进行了比较分析,筛选出适合试验区域的稻鱼共生模式中的最佳沟坑模式。随机区组田间试验结果表明,沟际边1行单蔸粒重的边际效应值平均可达52.45%;沟坑边际效应弥补效果也较为显著,平均达80%左右。且不同沟型弥补效果不一:环沟弥补效果最佳,达95.89%,几乎可弥补沟坑占地损失;十字沟次之,为85.58%;直沟最差,仅可弥补58.02%。各类沟型的水稻稻谷产量及田鱼产量差异均不显著,而产出收益以十字沟表现最佳。研究认为十字沟为稻田养鱼模式下的最优沟型。     

Soil management options for Alfisols in the semi-arid tropics: annual and perennial crop production

A field experiment was conducted in the semi arid tropics to study the effects of soil structural modification on cropping systems. The aim was to improve crop production and land resource protection using innovative soil management practices. Tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems were compared for 5 years in an Alfisol at ICRISAT in India. Crop yield parameters, including grain and biomass yield, leaf area index, crop cover, and plant height were measured. Results indicate significant benefits to annual crop yield (maize, sorghum) from improved water supply due to mulching with farmyard manure or and rice straw, and due to rotation with prior-perennial crops. Grain yields were 16 to 59% higher in mulched treatments compared to unmulched treatments, with similar increases for fodder yields. Annual crop yields after 4 years of perennials were 14 to 81% higher than unmulched treatments, except for low fertility maize grown after buffel grass. The interaction with chemical fertility was less clear than for water supply. The results have implications for soil management throughout the semi-arid tropics.     

基于空间统计的重庆市水稻生产地理集聚时空演变

掌握农作物区域地理种植格局动态变化是进行种植结构调整和优化的重要基础。本研究以2000—2015年重庆市属区县水稻生产调查数据为基础,运用排序方法、空间统计方法剖析了16年来重庆水稻种植时空分布特点、不同区县时空演变的趋同性和相异性、区域水稻种植重心的转移特征、重庆水稻产业的地理集聚程度与分布的演化路径,以量化重庆市水稻生产的空间演化格局与动态。结果表明,16年间重庆市水稻种植面积和产量都存在波动,2007年以前水稻面积不断下降,2008年后面积逐渐恢复;在研究的各个时段内,无论单产、面积占比还是总产,重庆市的水稻生产均呈现出西部高于东部,南部高于北部的特征。重庆市以区县为统计单位的水稻生产可分为大面积高单产、小面积高单产、大面积低单产、小面积低单产4个类型;重庆市水稻产量重心位于区域西南部,但逐年向东北方向偏移;重庆水稻产业表现出高值聚集的特征,但空间聚集程度随时间推移逐渐降低,空间均质化程度提高。区域自然条件、社会经济、种植技术发展、政策引导等影响水稻产业的集聚格局,在今后的工作中需针对区域特征进行水稻种植规划和优化管理。     

广东省酸性硫酸盐水稻土作物产量的主要限制因子分析

【目的】酸性硫酸盐水稻土(ASPS,简称反酸田)因强酸严重限制水稻生长,其产量远低于全国平均水平,是我国南方典型中低产田。为了进一步提高反酸田的水稻产量,需要对反酸田土壤的主要限制因子进行分析,以更好地对症下药,有效合理地改良土壤。本研究调查了不同产量水平下酸性硫酸盐水稻田的理化性状,探讨限制水稻生长的关键土壤化学因子,为反酸田的改良提供理论依据。【方法】 根据前期调查结果,选择3种产量水平(4500、 3000、 1500 kg/hm2)的代表性反酸田为研究对象,并以因强酸而撂荒的水稻田作为对照,于2013年6月28日在不同采样点各采集8个耕作层土壤样品,测定其有机质, 酸度, 氮、 磷、 钾养分以及微量元素含量等化学性状指标,比较不同田块间各种化学性状的差异,并通过相关分析、 主成分分析探讨影响反酸田水稻生长的关键土壤化学因子。【结果】反酸田的酸度水平极高,其pH值在3.0~4.0之间,水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸含量分别达到0.6~5.6、 2.7~6.3和1.3~14.1 cmol/kg; 不同调查田块的酸度水平差异显著,高产田块的各种形态酸含量均显著低于低产田块,尤以水溶性酸和吸持性酸的差异更明显。随产量水平的降低,反酸田的有效磷、 速效钾含量显著降低,而水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性锰、 交换性铝含量显著提高,交换性钙、 交换性锌、 交换性铜含量差异不显著,反映出缺磷、 缺钾、 硫酸盐含量过高、 铝毒、 锰毒显著限制了反酸田的水稻产量。相关分析表明,土壤有效磷、 速效钾与各种形态酸含量和硫酸盐含量显著负相关,而交换性钙、 锰、 铜、 锌、 铝与各种形态酸含量和硫酸盐含量显著正相关,表明反酸田水稻产量的主要限制化学因子受土壤酸含量及硫酸盐含量的水平影响。主成分分析表明,水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性铝、 交换性酸、 交换性锰、 水溶性酸、 吸持性酸、 pH值、 有效磷、 速效钾等组成一个相对均质的变量群组,概括了64.99%的不同产量水平下反酸田理化性状的总变异度,为影响反酸田产量的主要土壤化学因子。其中水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性铝、 交换性酸、 交换性锰、 水溶性酸、 吸持性酸为影响反酸田产量水平的负效应变量,而pH值、 有效磷、 速效钾为影响反酸田产量水平的正效应变量。【结论】硫酸根含量过高、 铝毒、 锰毒、 酸毒、 缺磷、 缺钾是限制反酸田产量的主要土壤化学因子。酸、 硫酸盐是反酸田的发育产物,是影响广东省反酸田水稻生长的原生及根本性障碍因素,而铝毒、 锰毒、 缺磷、 缺钾等是因土壤中酸、 硫酸盐含量较高时引起的次生障碍因素。因此,在反酸田的改良过程中需以减缓黄铁矿氧化、 促进黄钾铁矾水解,降低耕层土壤酸、 硫酸盐含量为主要目标。     

Rice cultivation and its environmental conditions in the mediterranean countries I. Climate and physiography in relation to rice cultivation

In order to characterize the rice cultivation in the Mediterranean countries, climate and physiography of rice growing areas in Italy, Spain, and Portugal were studied. In northern Italy rice is extensively cultivated on terraces and fluvial plains of the Po and its tributaries, making use of the supply of water from Alpine glaciers in addition to the relatively abundant rainfalls of the area. In the Iberian peninsula summer climate is so dry that rice is cultivable only where the ratio of catchment area to rice land area is sufficiently large, thus rice lands are practically limited to the floodplains and deltas of the big rivers, such as the Sado and the Tejo in Portugal and the Guadalquivir and the Ebro in Spain.

In order to characterize the rice cultivation in the Mediterranean countries, climate and physiography of rice growing areas in Italy, Spain, and Portugal were studied. In northern Italy rice is extensively cultivated on terraces and fluvial plains of the Po and its tributaries, making use of the supply of water from Alpine glaciers in addition to the relatively abundant rainfalls of the area. In the Iberian peninsula summer climate is so dry that rice is cultivable only where the ratio of catchment area to rice land area is sufficiently large, thus rice lands are practically limited to the floodplains and deltas of the big rivers, such as the Sado and the Tejo in Portugal and the Guadalquivir and the Ebro in Spain.     

秸秆还田对稻麦轮作农田活性有机碳组分含量、酶活性及产量的短期效应

【目的】秸秆还田作为一种有效的秸秆处理方式不仅能够提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量,还可以缓解农田生态压力。研究稻麦轮作系统下不同秸秆还田量对土壤活性有机碳库、酶活性和作物产量的短期影响,可为提出适宜当地生产的秸秆还田量提供理论依据。【方法】利用稻麦轮作农田定位试验进行了研究。采用随机区组设计,设7个处理,以稻麦季秸秆均不还田为对照处理(CK),6个不同秸秆还田量处理。测定了秸秆还田后土壤活性有机碳库和土壤酶活性的变化,稻麦产量以及三者之间的相关关系。【结果】1)与秸秆不还田处理相比,试验范围内的秸秆还田量能在一定程度上提高土壤活性碳组分的含量和土壤酶活性,并能增加水稻和小麦的产量及其构成因素;2)土壤总有机碳和微生物生物量碳的含量随着秸秆还田量增加,增幅呈先增大后减小的趋势,以连续两季50%秸秆还田量处理下显著较高,而水溶性有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数在连续两季25%秸秆还田量处理下最高;3)相比秸秆不还田处理,连续两季25%秸秆还田量对土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响均最显著;4)水稻和小麦的产量均为在连续两季25%和50%秸秆还田量处理下增产较显著,与秸秆不还田相比,水稻增产达9.0%,小麦增产达11.45%;5)土壤碳库、土壤酶活性以及水稻和小麦产量之间均存在显著相关。【结论】在本试验条件下,连续两季25%和50%秸秆还田量表现出显著提高土壤碳汇能力和增加作物产量的优势。     

有机-无机肥配施对水稻产量、品质及氮素吸收的影响

通过田间试验,研究氮施用量相同的条件下,有机肥和化肥不同比例（有机肥氮分别占100%、70%、40%、20%和0%）,对早稻、晚稻及单季稻施用对水稻产量、品质和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,有机肥氮为40%、20%、40%时,早稻、晚稻和单季稻产量最高,分别比单施化肥区增8.5%、2.8%和4.6%。有机肥氮在20%～40%之间,稻米品质较佳,比例过高则稻米易碎、垩白上升和蛋白质含量下降。有机肥氮为20%水稻氮素累积量最高,有利于氮素的吸收、利用。     

Rice Milling Quality,Grain Dimensions,and Starch Branching as Affected by High Night Temperatures

Important rice grain quality characteristics such as percentage of chalky rice kernels are affected by both high and low night temperatures and by different day and day/night temperature combinations. High nighttime temperatures have also been suspected of reducing rice milling quality including head rice yields. Experiments to confirm or refute this have not been reported. A controlled climate experiment was conducted. Conditions in the chambers were identical except between 2400 and 0500 hours (midnight and 5 am). For those times, two temperature treatments were imposed: 1) 18°C (low temperature treatment) and 2) 24°C (high temperature treatment). Two cultivars were tested: LaGrue and Cypress. The high temperature treatment reduced head rice yields compared with the low temperature treatment. Grain widths were reduced for the high temperature treatment compared with the low temperature treatment. There was no effect of temperature on grain length or thickness. Amylopectin chain lengths 13–24 were increased by the high temperature treatment by ≈1%. Future research will focus on determining whether genetic variability exists among cultivars in their head rice yield response to high temperatures. After identifying a source of resistance to high temperature effects, this characteristic can be incorporated into rice cultivars. In addition, ways to reduce this effect, including biotechnological remedies, have the potential for increasing rice yield and quality.     

Towards an understanding of the high productivity of rice with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) management from the perspectives of soil and plant physiological processes

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is based on a set of practices such as transplanting young seedlings and aerobic soil management during the vegetative stage without using costly external input, which attracted rice researchers because of higher yields compared with conventional flooded practices. This review assesses some field data for SRI performance in light of current knowledge about certain agronomic practices, focusing particularly on nitrate production in aerobic paddy soil and the possible effect of differences in nitrate uptake on rice growth, as this could help explain some part of rice performance with SRI. Aerobic soil environments realized with SRI management might be favorable for nitrification as well as for the expansion of rhizosphere area, which could enhance nitrate uptake and boost the yield potential of rice. The effect of nitrate uptake and assimilation under SRI practice on dry matter production should be studied comprehensively to explore the possibility of breaking the yield ceiling of rice.     

杂交稻高产高效施氮研究进展与展望

【目的】在杂交稻育种工作不断取得突破的同时,杂交稻高产高效栽培技术也得到不断创新发展,确保了杂交稻品种高产潜力的发挥。本文总结了杂交稻氮素吸收利用特点和高产高效施氮技术的研究进展,以便在新形势下为杂交稻的生产提供技术支撑。主要进展杂交稻每生产100 kg籽粒约需氮1.4～2.0 kg,总体上低于常规稻,但因其生物量大、产量潜力高,单位种植面积的需氮量仍然高于常规稻。杂交稻的氮肥利用率高于常规稻,在精确定量施氮等栽培技术配合下高产品种的氮素当季利用率已达到40%～45%。与早期三系杂交稻品种相比,两系和超级杂交稻品种进一步提高了生物量和氮素吸收能力,稳定了氮素利用率,为高产奠定了营养基础。与常规稻相比,杂交稻叶片叶绿素含量高,颜色深绿,基于叶色与氮代谢的相关性,建立了叶绿素计法、光谱监测法和叶色差法等氮素营养诊断方法。为提高杂交稻产量和氮素利用效率,开发应用了缓控释肥、聚天门冬氨酸尿素等增效肥和添加硝化抑制剂等的新型高效肥料,建立了以“实时实地氮肥管理理论”和“氮肥后移”为核心的不同生育时期氮肥运筹比例和施肥方法,其中精确定量施氮、“三定”栽培施氮、规律性适期施氮等氮肥管理技术更能适应大面积生产需要,也开发了氮肥与其他肥料的配施技术。展望在强化以提高氮肥利用率为核心的减施增效管理技术研究和氮肥施用的机械化技术开发的同时,加强氮高效杂交稻品种的“因种施氮”和新型肥料的“因肥施技”研究,是杂交稻高产高效施氮技术的发展方向。